■il^r'. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


fcai2.8 


125 

2.2 


1.1 


lis 

U 


■  4.0 


2.0 


IL25  HI  1.4 


li& 


11^  I 


(.6 


.;-#v 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTfR.N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)S73-4903 


V 


•^ 


N> 


^^^->^ 

^V" 


'-U"^^-*' 

^ 


<s 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  inttitut*  for  Historical  Microroproductions  /  Inttitut  Canadian  da  microraprodiictiona  historiquat 


Taehnieal  and  Bibliographio  Notaa/Not**  tachniquaa  at  bibiiographiquaa 


Tha 
toti 


Tha  Inatituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  boat 
original  copy  avaiiabia  for  filming.  Paaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographioally  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raprodMCtion,  or  which  may  aignifieantly  ehanga 
tha  uaual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  ohaclcad  balow. 


□   Colourad  covara/ 
Couvartura  da  eoulaur 


r~1   Covara  damagad/ 


D 


D 
D 


D 


Couvartura  andommag4a 

Covara  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  raatauria  at/ou  pallieulAa 


I — I   Covar  titia  miaaing/ 


La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 

r 

Colourad  mapa/ 

Cartaa  g^ographiquaa  on  eoulaur 

Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  or  blaek)/ 
Encra  da  eoulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  Maua  ou  noira) 


p~|  Colourad  plataa  and/or  illuatrationa/ 


D 


Planehaa  at/ou  illuatrationa  it  eoulaur 


Bound  with  othar  material/ 
RalM  avac  d'autraa  doeumanta 


Tight  binding  may  eauaa  ahadowa  or  diatortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliura  aerrie  pout  eauaar  da  i'ombre  ou  do  la 
diatoralon  la  long  da  la  marga  inlAriaura 

Blank  laavaa  added  during  reatoretion  may 
appeer  within  the  text.  Whenever  poaaibie,  theae 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  ae  peut  que  eertainee  pagae  blanchea  ajoutiae 
lora  d'une  reatauration  apparaiaaant  dana  la  texte. 
mala,  ioraqua  cela  itait  poaaibie,  cee  pagae  n'ont 
pea  «t«  film4ae. 

Additionel  eommenta:/ 
Commanteirea  supplAmentairaa; 


L'Inatitut  a  microfilmi  le  meiiieur  exemplaira 
qu'il  iui  e  iti  poaaibie  de  te  procurer.  Les  ditaiis 
da  cat  axempleire  qui  aont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographiqua,  qui  peuvant  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  una 
modification  dana  la  mAthode  normaia  da  filmaga 
aont  indiquAa  ci-daaaoua. 


□  Colourad  pagea/ 
Pagae 


D 


Pagae  de  couleur 

Pagae  damaged/ 
Pagae  andommagtea 

Pagea  raatorad  and/oi 

Pagea  reataurAea  at/ou  paliiculAes 

Pegee  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pagea  dicoloreas,  tachattes  ou  piqutes 

Pagea  detached/ 
Pagea  dAtachias 

Showthrough/ 
Tranaparence 

Quality  of  prin 

Quallt*  inigala  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  matarii 
Comprend  du  matiriai  supplAmentaira 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seuie  Mition  diaponibia 


pn  Pagae  damaged/ 

r~|  Pagea  raatorad  and/or  laminated/ 

r~ri  Pegee  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

r~n  Pagea  detached/ 

rT\  Showthrough/ 

|~n  Quality  of  print  variaa/ 

rn  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I — I  Only  edition  available/ 


The 
pow 
ofti 
film 


Orifl 

bagi 

the 

aion 

oth4 

firai 

aion 

or  11 


The 

ahal 
TIN 
whi 

Mai 
diff( 
anti 
bag 
righ 
reqi 
met 


Pagea  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partieilemant 
obscurcias  par  un  fauillet  d'errata.  una  palura. 
etc..  ont  4te  filmies  A  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtanir  la  mailleure  imege  poaaibie. 


Thia  item  is  filmed  at  tha  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  eat  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-deaaoua. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


XX 


■ 

y 

12X 


16X 


aox 


24X 


28X 


32X 


TiM  copy  fllm«d  h%n  hu  bMn  r«produo«d  thanks 
to  tiM  o«n«ro«ity  of: 


L'oxmnpteiro  fllmA  fut  roproduit  gHko  A  la 
QAnArositA  da: 


Harold  CampMI  Vaughan  Mamorial  Library 
Acadia  Univanity 

Tha  imagas  appaaring  Kara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
possibia  oonaidaring  tha  condition  and  iagibiiity 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  wKh  tha 
filming  contract  spacif ieationa. 


Harold  Campball  Vau«han  Mamorial  Library 
Atiadia  Univanity 

Las  imagaa  sulvantas  ont  *t4  raproduitaa  avae  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  ia  nattati  da  I'axamplaira  filmA,  at  an 
conformiti  avac  laa  condMom  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  copies  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  fllmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impras- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  fllmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  wMi  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  imprassion. 


Las  axamplairaa  orlginaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
paplar  aat  ImprimAa  sont  filmis  an  commandant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  aoit  par  la 
darnMra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
dimpraaalon  ou  dlllustration,  solt  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  caa.  Toua  laa  autraa  axamplairaa 
orlginaux  aont  fllmto  an  commandant  par  la 
pramlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'Impraaalon  ou  d'illuatration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darniAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  talla 
amprainta. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  -^  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  y  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  applias. 


Un  daa  aymbdoa  suhranta  apparattra  sur  la 
darnlAra  imaga  da  chaqua  microfloha,  aalon  ia 
cas:  la  aymbola  — ►  aignifia  "A  8UIVRE",  ia 
aymbola  ▼  aignifia  "FIN". 


Maps,  plataa,  charta,  ate,  may  ba  fllmad  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratios.  Thoaa  too  larga  to  ba 
antiraly  included  in  ona  axpoaura  ara  fllmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  iaft  hand  corner,  laft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  frames  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrama  illuatrata  the 
method: 


Lea  cartea,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmte  A  daa  taux  da  rMuction  dIffArenta. 
Lorsqua  la  document  eat  trap  grand  pour  Atra 
reproduit  en  un  aeul  clichi,  11  eat  filmA  A  partir 
da  i'angia  supArieur  gauche,  do  gauche  A  droKe, 
et  do  haut  en  baa,  an  prenant  la  nombre 
d'imagea  nAcaaaaira.  Laa  diagrammea  auhrants 
illustrent  ia  mAthode. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

il 


•n'il 


\> 


■,  •\Mf-vr^,:''Tvyw';-n—^.ry'' 


APPLETON'S 


NORTHERN  AND  EASTERN 


■  f 


S^~ 


TRAVELLER'S    GUIDE: 


•.vtr 


t\ 


1^ 


K  ^- . 


WITH 
NEW  AND  AUTHENTIC  MAPS  # 

J 

ILLUSTRATING  THOSE  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  COXJNTRT. 
rOKMINQ,  UKEWISB,  A  OOHPLITB  GUIDE  TO 

THE  MIDDLE  STATES, 
CANADA,  NEW  BRUNSWICK,  AND  NOVA  SCOTL^ 

The  White  MonntaioB,  Catskill  Motmtains,  Niagara  and  Trenton  FaDsi 

Saratoga  and  Virginia  Springs,  &c.  With  the  places  of  Fashionable 

and  Healthful  Resort,  and  full  and  accurate  Descriptions  of 

the  Principal  Cities,  Towns,  and  Villages ;  with    .  , , 

Distances)  Fares,  fcc 

lUttStvateti  toftli  numeroiis  ilXaps  anti  ^lans  of  €Ct(e« 

>  ENQBATXD  ON  STEEL,  ',-. 

.  \V(P.  HBVERAL  WOOD  ENGRAVINGS  ,^ 


H: 


BY   W.  WILLIAMS. 


;;•  I 


m 


.  ^„' 


NEW-YORK: 
D.  APPLETON  &  COMPANY,  200  BROADWAY. 


1851. 


U: 


IjlMtavUcS. 

22>»tmoyvico's 

iJtJansixmSo. 


RCrCRKN 


*BorvdeAWartl\3fuJ>\ 
UvuAsonsX. 

|63Kn^C7t. 
7  aa^  Motel 
9  Crotan. 
%3?0ft  Office 
So. 


I8D 


nfcdl  IZB  ED  |n^»^3 1 


per:!! 
nscmi 

[3B9I 

□  I 
□EC  I 


\i.%.Vnix>-n, 
M.iJWcuUton-  ^9\  >  x  \ 


Eixtr-tiCacarriima  toAu  of  Canareis.tnthevear ]M7hy'WWiiham-f  in  the  Clerks  Offuf  cftheBirtria Court. cf  ^10 Southenil 


cr  cH^thBDistriaCcun.tTf^utSaicAemJJirtrict  t^NtwYcrh. 


Di-HTO.&KTvgi'by-'WTOTliainu  X.YI 


K 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1850, 

Bt  W.  WILLIAMS, 

In  the  Clerk's  Offlce  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Southern  District  of 

NevrYork. 


M 


NOTICE 

Toe  author  claims  the  plan,  Ac.  of  the  present  work  as  his  own ;  and 
having  been  at  great  expense  and  trouble,  and  devoted  much  time  to  its 
production,  he  therefore  respectfully  cautions  others  biterested  in,  or 
getting  up,  similar  works,  not  to  infringe  upon  his  mfyrigki. 


fl 


•/t 


XT 


TO  THE  TRAVELLING  PUBLIC. 


The  want  of  a  Guide  such  as  the  one  here  presented  to 
the  Travelling  Public,  has  been  so  long  felt  and  so  generally 
acknowledged,  that  an  apology  for  the  present  work  would 
be  an  impeachment  of  the  judgment  of  the  intelligent  Tourist 

This  work,  although  more  particularly  designed  for  the  use 
of  travellers,  will  be  found  of  great  service  to  the  public  gen- 
erally,—especially  to  those  directly  interested  in  the  prose- 
cution of  works  of  internal  in^[Hrovement,  or  who  may  con- 
template becoming  so.  Investments  in  railroad  stock  are  the 
safest  and  most  profitable  in  the  country.  Such  is  the  char- 
acter of  the  country,  so  rapidly  is  it  increasing  in  population, 
and  so  greatly  is  its  production  yearly  augmented,  that  the 
keen  eye  of  American  enterprise  seldom  fails  in  making  a 
judicious  selection  of  a  route.  For  another  class,  our  work 
will  have  a  higher  interest  than  that  derived  from  the  calcu- 
lations of  pecuniary  advantage.  The  eye  of  patriotism  will 
here  see  portrayed  those  mighty  works,  whether  c(«npleted 
or  in  progress,  that  are  bringing  the  most  distant  parts  of  the 
Union  into  neighborhood ;  and  which,  by  blending  into  one 
the  interests  of  the  East  and  the  West,  the  North  and  tiie 
South,  are  creating  an  additional  guarantee  for  the  repose 
and  permanence  of  our  great  confederacy. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  book,  the  old  plan  of  filling  the 
pages  with  TiMe^  cf  Routes,  which,  from  their  complexity, 
it  is  difficult  to  trace  or  to  understand,  has  been  discarded ; 
and  instead  of  a  General  Map  only,  which,  from  the  smallness 
of  the  scale  on  which  it  is  ^aduated,  is  of  very  little  practical 
use  in  a  railroad  car — and  which,  from  its  size,  and  the  ne- 
cessity of  its  being  opened  and  re-opened,  folded  and  re* 


3.4-^76' 


,-'^', 


h 


TO  THE  TRAVETiLINO  FUBLIO. 


\ 


-folded,  is  extremely  inconvenient  in  a  crowded  conveyance, 
as  well  as  an  annoyance  to  its  possessor  and  his  fellow-pas- 
sengers—for the  present  work,  maps  of  the  several  routes 
have  been  engraved ;  and  where  it  is  a  long  one,  the  route 
has  been  continued  on  another  map,  in  such  a  way  as  to  be 
*WBi\y  understood — ^thereby  obtaining  a  much  larger  scale  for  it. 

The  distances  (instead  of  being  placed  as  formerly  between 
Mch  town,  thereby  giving  the  Traveller  the  continual  trou- 
ble of  reckoning  up)  have  been  carried  on  in  regular  order, 
from  the  starting-place — an  arrangement  that  will  be  found 
far  more  convenient  than  the  old  one. 

The  "  Tours"  commence  at  BostoTiy  not  only  because  that 
city  is  the  centre  of  a  great  railroad  system,  but  also  because 
it  is  the  most  convenient  for  the  plan  we  have  adopted. 

With  this  book  in  his  hand,  the  Traveller,  as  he  proceeds 
on  his  journey  in  the  railroad  car,  or  glides  along  in  the  swift 
and  graceful  steamboat,  can  open  to  the  route  he  is  going, 
and  follow  it  through  without  trouble  or  inconvenience.  The 
descriptive  matter  which  follows  the  maps,  will  enable  him 
to  form  a  pretty  accurate  conception  of  Uie  places  through 
or  by  which  he  is  so  rapidly  passing ;  and  when  arrived  in  a 
large  city,  he  has  but  to  refer  to  the  text  under  the  name  of 
the  place,  to  find  all  the  requisite  infommtion  respecting  ho- 
tels, &c.,  and  the  charges  for  boarding — ^places  of  amuse- 
ment— interesting  localities  in  the  vicinity,  &.C.,  &c. 

The  materials  for  this  publication  have  been  drawn  from 
the  latest  and  most,  authentic  sources.  A  large  portion  of 
the  work  is  the  result  of  actual  observation,  and  a  corre- 
spondence with  individuals  connected  with  the  routes ;  for 
numerous  facts  we  are  indebted  to  friends  resident  in  many 
of  the  sections  described.  The  article  on  the  Origin  and  Pro- 
gress of  Railroads  will,  we  trust,  be  found  of  interest.  Their 
extension  is  becoming  so  general,  that  any  information  on  the 
subject  cannot  be  otherwise  than  acceptable. 

The  mapSy  which  are  engraved  on  steely  will  be  found  clear 
and  distinct,  a  feature  that  will  much  enhance  their  value; 


V 


ff 


LIST  OF  MAPS. 


and  the  introduction  of  city  maps  (a  thing  entirely  new  in 
works  of  this  description)  will,  we  trust,  be  duly  appreciated 
both  by  citizens  and  strangers.  The  embellishments  have 
been  engraved  by  the  best  artists,  from  appropriate  designs, 
many  of  which  were  taken  expressly  for  this  publication. 

Having  stated  some  of  the  original  and  more  prominent 
features  of  the  work,  wo  submit  it  with  confidence  to  the 
judgment  of  that  class  for  whom  it  is  more  especially  de- 
signed. We  have  withheld  neither  labor  nor  expense  in  our 
efforts  to  make  it  worthy  of  public  patronage :  and  we  pledge 
ourselves  to  keep  it  up  to  its  present  standard  of  usefulness 
by  thorough  periodical  revisions. 

0^  Railroad  and  Steamboat  Companies  are  requested  to  forward  ns 
the  latest  information  relative  to  their  respective  lines,  which  shall  be 
attended  to  in  our  corrected  editions.  Residents  of  the  places  described 
in  this  volume,  and  travellers  also,  who  may  suggest  any  corrections  or 
additions,  the  result  of  personal  observations,  and  written  down,  not 
from  memory,  but  on  the  spot,  will  confer  a  great  obligation  by  ad- 
dressing  us,  under  cover  to  the  publisher^,  and  thus  serve  to  render  this 
volume  at  all  times  a  faultless  guide  to  the  traveling  public. 


LIST  OP  MAPS  CONTAINED  IN  TfflS  VOLUME. 

rag* 

No.  1— Cities  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  Williamsburg,  Jersey 

City,  andHoboken, 1 

No.  8— County  Map  of  the  Southern  New  England  states,  showing 
the  railroads,  and  their  connection  with  the  cities  of  New 

York,  Boston,  and  Albany,  fcc 19 

No.  8— Plan  of  Boston,  with  parts  of  East  and  South  Boston  ;  also 

portions  of  Charlestown,  Cambridge,  Jtc 87 

No.  4— Great  Travelling  Routes  north  of  Boston,  fcc,  Ace 41 

No.  5— Routes  to  the  White  Mountains  and  Winnipiseogee  Lake  ; 

showing  also  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad,  dec.    Ml 

No.  6— Boston  and  Fitchburg,  and  Worcester  routes,  &c 88 

No.7--Westem  Railroad  to  Springfield,  &c 09 

No.  8— Western  Railroad  to  Albany,  and  a  portion  of  the  Housa- 
tonic  Railroad ;  with  the  Connecticut  River  and  the  Hud- 
son and  Berkshire  railroads 77 


LIST  OF  MAFS. 


\ 


Fact 

No.  0— Thli  map  shows  the  railroads  diverging  from  Concord,  N.  R., 

with  the  Cheshire  and  Sullivan  railroads,  and  a  portion  of 
the  Rutland  Railroad ;  also  the  Vermont  and  Massachu- 
setts Railroad,  tLO.,k.o 8ft 

No.  10— Lake  Champlain,  and  railroads  from  Connecticut  rirer 
to  Montreal  ,■  the  Vermont  Central,  and  the  Connecticut 
and  Passumpeic  Rivers  Railroad,  dec 00 

No.  11— Fall  River,  and  Taunton  and  New  Bedford  railroads,  k.o. .    04 

No.  IS— Old  Colony  Railroad,  and  a  portion  of  the  Fall  River  route 

from  Boston,  4co 05 

No.  13— New  Haven,  Hartford,  and  SpringAeld  Railroad  ;  also  the 

Canal  Railroad,  and  part  of  the  Housatonic  Railroad  •  •. .  lOS 

No.  14— Providence  and  Stonington  railroads,  Norwich  and  Wor- 
cester, &c 103 

No.  19— Long  Island,  Long  Island  Railroad,  Long  Island  Sound, 

and  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  fco 140 

No.  10— New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  from  the  Hudson  to  the  Dela- 
ware river  140 

No.  17— New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  to  Binghamton,  fco. ;  Ithaca 

and  Owego  Railroad,  &.c 140 

No.  18— Hudson  River  Railroad ;  Harlem  Railroad  ;  and  the  New 

York  and  Erie  from  New  York  to  Otisville,  4u: 159 

No.  10— Routes  to  Saratoga  Springs,  and  a  portion  of  the  routes  to 

Buffalo,  4lc 100 

No.  30— Continuation  of  routes  from  Albany  to  Buffalo,  Ice..  • 101 

No.  31— Erie  Cannl  and  Railroad  from  Syracuse  to  Rochester,  and 

Railroad  and  Canal  from  Syracuse  to  Oswego 800 

No.  33— Routes  from  Rochester  to  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls,  ko. .  801 

No.  33— Great  Travelling  Routes  between  N.  York  and  Philadel- 
phia, with  other  routes  in  New  Jersey  ;  also  the  railroads 
diverging  from  Philadelphia 881 

No.  34— Plan  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia 330 

No.  85— Continuation  of  routes  from  Philadelphia  to  Baltimore 
and  Washington,  and  to  Harrisburg,  Ice. ;  also  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  Railroad 848 

No.  80— Plan  of  Baltimore 30S 

No.  87— Termination  of  routes  from  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore  to 

Pittsburg  and  Wheeling ;  also  to  the  Virginia  Springs,  he.  884 

No  38— Map  of  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States,  ft.o.,  and  the  Brit- 
ish Provinces,  showing  the  connection  of  the  routes  ....  313 

No.  39— Falls  of  Niagara 313 

No.  30— Land  and  Water  routes  from  Cleveland  to  Detroit  and 

Chicago SIS 


I 


S5 


go 

M 

05 

loa 

103 
140 
140 


INDEX 


Par* 

Aetoa 71 

AlbMr 161 

Albany  (rouin  rrom) IM 

Albanjr  to  BM(on 16C 

Albany  to  Buflalo  and  Niagara  Falli....  lU 

Albany  to  Ntw  York IM 

Albany  an«l  Behtntetatly  Railroad IDI 

Albany  and  Troy  to  Balltion  Bpa  and 

Baratofa  Sprinf* 160 

Albany  and  Troy  to  Buflkloand  Niagara 

Falla WO 

Albany  and  Troy  to  llontraal  and  Quo- 

b«e 176 

AllafhanyCity 119 

Alltghany  Portaft  Railroad IM 

Alltntown 847 

Amhtnt 84 

Amhartt  Collaft 84 

Anutardam IM 

Andaluiia M8 

Andovar 47 

Anthony'a  NoM Ifl6 

Apponauf 106 

AtbiabulaiO SM 

Aatoria IM 

Athol 88 

Atlantic  Dock 110 

Atiantio  and  St.  Lawranoa  Railroad. ...    60 

Attica  and  Budklo  Railroad S07 

Auburn SOO 

Auburn  Siau  Priion 801 

Auburn  and  Rocbtater  Ratlrond 801 

Auburn  and  Syracuaa  Railroad 800 

Aufuata 61 

Avoa8prin(t 806 

Ballimora  (dty). i6S 

—^— Benevolent  Inatltutiona 868 

Churchee 866 

'——  Hackney-coach  fare 871 

Hotel 871 

—— —  Literary  and  Hcientiflc  ine....  867 

Miecellaneoue   objeoie    of   in- 
tereet 868 

Munumenle 804 

— —  Plaeeiofamueement 169 

Public  Buildinyi 866 

Baltimore  (routee  from) ITS 

Baltimore  to  Annapolis. 871 

Baltimore  lo  Charleaton  and  inurmediau 

„  .places 800 

Baltimore  to  Columbia 178 

Baltimore  to  Cumberland 873 

Baltimore  to  Prederiek,  Harper's  Ferry, 

Wincheateir.aud  CumCerland 888 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  RaOroad 881 


Baltlfflort  to  Plttehurf  and  Wheelinf . . .  W4 

Baltimore  to  the  Virrtnia  Bprinf 871 

Baltimore  to  Washiiiflon 871 

Ballsion  Bpa 168 

Banf or Ol 

Barnef  at 168 

Bath... 64 

Bsifast 66 

Bellows  Falls 88 

Belvldere lH 

Bethlehem 847 

Beverly 41 

Birmingham 860 

Birmiiurham,  Vi |80 

BloodyBrook  VUlage 84 

Bloomingdale 114 

Bortleniowii 810 

Boecawen 80 

Boston  (city). 87 

ianlt 86 

Bridges 88 

.—-  CburcNe It 

Common 89 

(East) 89 

— —  Hackney-coach  fares,  frc 40 

Harbor 89 

Hotele M 

Placee  worth  visiting 18 

Public  Buildinga II 

?8ouih). 88 

— —  Bieamboal  conveyaneee  flrom  ....    40 

Theatres,  Jbo 17 

Water N 

'— -  Watering  placaa  in  the  vicinity 

of. II 

Wharves II 

Boston  to  Albany 80 

Boston  to  Athol 88 

Boston  to  Cincinnati 890 

Boston,  Concord,  and  Montreal  Rail- 
road.,     86 

Boston  to  Daiivars 46 

Boston  to  Dedham, 101 

Boeton  to  Fitchburg 70 

Boeton  to  Holliston  and  Milford 101 

Boston  to  Gloucester 46 

Boeton  to  Leiington 71 

Boston  and  Lowell  Railroad 48 

Boston  to  Lowell  and  Concord 49 

Boston  to  Fall  River 9' 

Boston  to  Keene,  N.  H 89 

Boeton  and  Maine  Railroad 40 

Boston  to  MarbleheNd 46 

Boston  to  New  York,  via  Fall  River  and 

Newpon M 

Boston  to  Providence 101 


INDEX. 


■-■*■ 


Paf« 

iMton  to  Niw  York,  tw  Providanea  and 

Stoninrton 106 

Boston  aniT  ProTidenco,  and  Btoninf  ton 

railroadt , 109 

Boston   to  New  York,  ria  Sprinyfleld, 

Hartford,  and  New  Haven 109 

Boston  to  New  Yorkt  via  Worcester  and 

Norwich 107 

Boston  to  PIvinoutb. 94 

Boston   tc  Portland,  via  Haverhill  and 

Dover 46 

Boston  to  Portland,  via  Salem,  Newbu- 

ryport,  and  Portsmouth 41 

Boston  to  Taunton  and  New  Bedlurd.. .    99 

Boston  to  West  Townsrnd 99 

Boston  and  Worceiter  Railroad 73 

Boston  to  Woreesur 74 

Boucherville 185 

Bradford,  Mass 47 

Brandon 91 

Brandy  wine  Springs - 946 

Brattleboro* 88 

firidesburif 198 

Bridg'epor! 114 

Bridrewaier  Branch  Railroad 96 

Brighton 74 

Bristol 998 

Brooklyn 136 

Atlantic  Dock 139 

Churches 138 

Dry  Dock 138 

Greenwood  Cemetery 139 

Marine  Hospital 138 

Naval  Lyceum 138 

Navy  Yard 138 

Public  Building* 137 

Buffalo J07 

Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad. ...  909 

Buffalo  to  Detroit  and  Chicago 998 

Buffalo  to  Niagara  Falls 909 

Bull's  Ferry 153 

Burlington 179 

Burning  Spring 90S 

Buttermilk  FaUs. 156 

Cabotville 89 

Caldwell 179 

Caldwell's  Landing 165 

Camden 944 

Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad 930 

Canaan  Falls 115 

Canaloharie 199 

Canal  Railroad 114 

Ganandaigua 90S 

Canandaigua  Lake 903 

Canton 103 

Cape  Cod  Branch  Railroad 99 

Cape  May 146 

Cape  Rouge 186 

Cape  Vincent '. 919 

Carbondale,Pa 150 

Carlisle : 9£4 

Castleton 163 

Caiskill 160 

CaukillFa-  « 161 

CatskUl  MoOntains. 161 

Catskill  Mountain  House. 160 

Cayuga 901 

Cayuga  Bridge 901 

CayugaLak* SOI 

Chambemburff 954 

Charleston,  8.  C 991 

duwleston  to  New  Orleani 991 


Pag* 

Charleston  to  Savannah,  Macon,  and 

Columbus 99S 

Charlesiown,  Mass 70 

Cherry  Valley 19f 

Cheshire  Railroad 89 

Chester,  Pa 91 

Chester,  N.  Y 148 

Chicago 301 

Cliicago  to  Galena SOI 

Chicago  to  St.  Louis SOI 

Chickope«  Bramsh  Railroad 83 

Chickopee  Falls 89 

Cincinnati I9( 

Cincinnati  to  New  York  and  Boston ....  996 

Cleveland |M 

Coeyman's , 161 

Cuhaaset M 

Cohoes  Falls 168 

Cold  Spring Is9 

Columbia 951 

Columbia  Railroad 951 

Concord,  Mass 71 

Conoord,N.  H M 

Concord  to  Lebanon £8 

Concord  (routes  from) 86 

Coney  Island .^134 

Connecticut  and  Paseumpsic  riven  Rail 

road ^ 93 

Connecticut  River  Railroad 81 

Cooperstown 191 

Corning 151 

Cornwall, Conn IIS 

Cornwall,  N.Y 159 

Coxsackie  Landing , Itt 

Crown  Point 178 

Cumberland 184 

Cumberland  Valley  Railroad 154 

DecHleld 84 

Delaware  Water  Gap SIS 

Detroit 999 

Detroit  to  Chicago 199 

Dobb'a  Ferry. 151 

Dorchester 94 

LwVQrf  JN«  <!••  ••••  ••••  •  ■•■  •  •••  •  •••  ••••  «      40 

Duxbury 96 

East  Canada  Creek 191 

Eastern  Railroad 41 

Easton I9t 

Eastport 65 

Elizabvthtnwn 916 

Ellicott's  Mills 989 

Elmira 151 

Erie,  Pa 998 

Erie  Canal 191 

Essex 179 

Exeter 48 

Fair  Haven Ill 

Fairmount  Water  works 93S 

Fall  River 97 

Fall  River  Railroad 97 

Falls  of  Niagara 910 

Fisherville 88 

Fish  House  Village 191 

Fitcbbuig 78 

Fitchburg  Railroad 69 

Fitchburg  (routes  from). 87 

Five  Mile  Point 178 

Flatbush 1S4 

Flushing ISS 

Fonda.? 191 


k' 


INDEX. 


9 


Fort  Ann 176 

Fort  Edward 178 

Fort  Hamilton It4 

Fort  Lee lU 

Fort  Miller 176 

Fort  Tieonderopi 177 

Fort  Waebington. lU 

Foxboro' lOS 

Framinrham. 76 

Franklin f)8 

Franklin  Railroad S55 

Frederick,  Md 983 

Frederiekton,  N.  B..... 66 

Gardner*!  Iiland 141 

GeneMeFalie 905 

Genera 909 

Germantown 945 

Oibbonstrille 167 

GleniFallt 176 

GirardCollrffij 935 

Goiiien 148 

Grafton 75 

Grand  Gulf  Railway. 904 

Great  Fall* 48 

GreenOeld 84 

Greenfield  (routee  from) 90 

Greenport 149 

Greenwood  Cemetery 139 

Groton 71 

Halifax 67 

Hamilton. 917 

Hampton,  .i IS9 

Hampton , 43 

Hampton  Beach 43 

Hampton  Falli 43 

nsnoTsr  ■•••••••••■•••••••••••••■«««««    q7 

nKriciu  a^e******  •»••••■•••••••••»•••.•  145 

Harlem  Railroad 144 

Harper**  Ferry 983 

Hartford Ill 

Harvard 71 

Harritburf 953 

Harriibur;  and  Lancaeter  Railroad ....  953 

HMlinw 153 

Hatfield 83 

Haverhill 4g 

Haveratraw I55 

Hawley'e  Basin 198 

Hempitead 149 

Herkimer 195 

Uiffblands |S6 

rlinrham... 9S 

Hollidayaburg 957 

HolmeiburjT 999 

Holroei'  Hole loi 

Honeidale,  Pa IM 

Hopkinton 7$ 

Hotiiatonic  Railroad 114 

nuuton.  ••••  •••■  ••••  ••••  ••••  •••,  •••«,«*  16S 

Hudion  and  Berkihire  Railroad 116 

Hudion  River  Railroad 145 

Huron ggg 

Ipmrieh 43 

Island  ofSt.  Helen '.,  185 

lele  aux  Noix  and  Fort 181 

lele  of  Shoals. 4s 

Ithaca 151 

Jamaica  Piaini 109 

Jamaica  Pond log 


Jftmaiea,L.  I. Til 

Jersey  City. 9M 

Johnstown,  N.  Y M 

Johnstown,  Pa M7 

Kaiffan'i  Point MS 

Katahdin  Mountain 6S 

Keene 89 

Keeseville , 179 

Kinderhook  Landing 163 

Kingston 918 

Kinpton  Landing..... 160 

La  Chine 184 

Lake  Gbamplain 176 

Lake  Georre 173 

Lake  St.  Pater 185 

Lancaster 953 

La  Prairie 181 

Lehijfh  Water  Gap 9S3 

Lewiston,  Me 61 

Lewiston,  N.  T 917 

Lexinzton  and  W.  Cambridge  Raik>  -■>:  l     n 

Litchfield 50 

Little  Falls 194 

Lockport  906 

Long  Branch 135 

Long  Island  BAilroad 140 

Long  Lake 171 

Lowell 49 

Lynu,Maafc 41 

Madiaon's  Cave,  Va. 990 

MnMen 47 

Manchester. 60 

Manbattanville 134 

Mansfield 103 

At  any  una.  .............................  s-iu 

Marshfleld i€ 

Martha's  Vineyard 11)1 

Mauch  Chunk 9t<' 

Medford 4!> 

Memphis  to  New  York 9  t 

Michigan  Central  Railroad xmt 

Middlebury 91 

Middtetowu 149 

Milford 149 

Milford  Branch  Railroad 101 

Millbury  Branch  Raihroad 75 

Milwauki 301 

Minissippi  and  Ohio  rivers  (distances 

fromPitUburg) 995 

Mobile 994 

Mobile  to  New  Orleans S99 

Monroe 999 

Montgomery  to  Mobile 999 

Muntpelier 93 

Montreal 181 

Montreal  to  Quebec 185 

Monument  Mountain 115 

Moosi  Head  Lake 64 

Morris  and  Esses  Railroad 9Ji9 

MorrisTille 928 

Mount  Auburn  Cemetery 79 

Mount  Hope  Cemetery 905 

Mount  Hope 178 

Mount  Independence 178 

Mount  Toby 84 

Mount  Tom 88 

Nantucket 101 

Nashua 50 

Nashua  and  Concord  Railroad 41 


i    I 


10 


INDEX. 


Pan 

Naahua and  Worcester  Railroad i7 

NaihrilU M 

Natiok 75 

Natural  Briikre.  Va S89 

Naiareth...^ S47 

Needbam 74 

Neponeet  Village 96 

Newark 7? 9U 

New  Baltimore 163 

New  Bedford 100 

New  Bedford  and  Taunton  Railroad  ...    99 

NewBrifbton 135,8^ 

New  BruMwick,  proTince  of. 65 

New  BruiMwick,  N.  J 8S6 

Newburf 159 

Newburyport 4S 

New  Hamburg 159 

New  Haven 109 

New  Jersey  (railroad  routes  in) 891 

New  Lebanon 117 

New  Lebsnon  Springs  (routes  to) 116 

New  London...'. 107 

New   London  and  Willimaniic   Rail- 
road  108 

New  Orleans 103 

Newport 98 

Newton 74 

Newton  Qorner 74 

New  Windsor 159 

New  York  City 118 

Banks 125 

—  Churches,  Public  Buildinrs, 

&c ?..  Itl 

City  Hall 184 

Croton  Water-works 139 

■  Custom-House 185 

distances  Ironi  the  City  Hall,  138 

Exhibitions  of  the  Fine  Arts.  189 

HijrhBridge 189 

Hackney-coach  fares,  Slc...  138 

Hotels,  &c 187 

■ Insurance  Companies 186 

Literary  Inst  itutions 186 

Merchants'  Exchange 184 

—-  places  in  the  vicinity  of 133 

places  of  Amusement 128 

Post  Office 125 

Public  Walks,  Squares,  &.C.,  180 

Steamboat  Lines 130 

■ "Tombs" 185 

• Trinity  Church 188 

Trinity  Tower 183 

New  York  to  Albany  and  Troy 130 

New  York  to  A I  bany  ( winter  route} 114 

New  York  to  Boston,  via  New  Haven, 

Hartford,  and  Spnngfleld 131 

New  York  to  Boston,  via  Newpor.  snd 

Full  River |3I 

New  York  to  Boston,  via  Norwich  and 

Worcester |3i 

New  York  to  Boston,  via  Stoning'toii  and 

Providence 131 

New  York  to  Bridgeport,  Slc 1 14 

New  York  to  Cincinnati 896 

New  York  (trip  from )  to  Detroit  and  Cfai- 

cazo,  via  toe  great  lakes 300 

New  Yurkand  Erie  Railroad 146 

New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad. . .  143 
New   York   to   New  Haven,  Hartford, 

Springfield,  &c I09 

New  York  to  Murristown  and  Schooley's 

Mountain,N.  J 881 

New  York  to  Fatanou,  N.  J 8SI 


Pan 

New  York  to  Philadelphia,  Baltimore, 

and  Washington 9t4 

New   York   to   Philadalpbia  (railroad 

route) 994 

New  York  to  Philadelphia  (ateamboat 

and  railroad  route) 999 

New  York  to  Piermont 148 

New  York  to  Port  Jervi 148 

New  York  to  Somerville 999 

Niagara  Falls 910 

Niagara  Falls  to  Hamilton,  Detroit,  &e>  917 
Niagara  Falls  to  Montreal  and  Quebec    917 

Niagara  Suspension  Bridge 914 

Norfolk  County  Railroad 10* 

Norristown 945 

Northampton 83 

North  Boscawen 86 

Noriheni  Railroad 85 

Northfield 88 

Nova  Scotia 65 

Norwalk 148 

Norwich , 107 

Norwich  and  Worcester  Railroad 106 

Nyack 164 

Ocean  House,  N.  J 136 

Ogdensburg 819. 

Ogdensburr  Railroad 890 

Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers  (distances 

from  Pittsburg) 996 

Old  Colon  v  Railroad 94 

Origin  and  Progress  of  Railroads 13 

Oswego 199 

Oswego  and  Syracuse  Railroad 199 

Otisville 149 

Overslaugh 163 

Owego 163 

Palatine 193 

Palatine  Bridge Ili9 

Passage  up  the  Hudson 159 

Passaic  Falls 981 

Paterron 8S1 

Paterson  and  Ramapo  Railroad 891 

Pawtuxet  Village 105 

Peekskill 156 

Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad 860 

Petersboro'  and  Shirley  Railroad 99 

Philadelphia 230 

— Banks 99< 

———  Benevolent  Institutions. ...  838 

Churches 897 

■  Fairmount  Water-works  . .  839 

Girard  College 835 

Hackney-coach  fares 943 

Hotels 843 

Laurel  Hill  Cemetery 849 

Literary  and  Scientiftt,  In- 
stitutions  999 

Medical  Institutions 840 

places  of  Amusement 8^ 

places  worth  visiting 941 

— —  —  Prisons 841 

Public  Buildings 834 

Public  Squares 839 

Philadelphia   (grand    routes   from)   to 

Pitt*t>urg  and  the  W^st 956 

Philadelphia  to  Baltimore 8ti9 

Philadelphia  to  Baltimore   (sieaiuboai 

route) 969 

Philadelphia    to     Bethlehem,     Mauch 

Chunk,  tte 947 

Philadelphia  to  Columbia Ml 


INDEX. 


:^. 


Pace 

Philadelphia  to  Harrieburr  and  Pitta- 
bur/ ■ 247 

Philadelphia  to  Lancauer  and  Harrie> 

burjfT 163 

Philadelphia  to  New  York S46 

Philadelphia,  Reading,  aiid   Po'.Uville 

Railroad 7. S« 

Philadelphia  (route*  from) 846 

PliUadelphia  (routea  from)  to  Baltimore 

and  Wathinf'.on 861 

Philadelphia  to  Reading  and  Potuville. .  848 
Philadelphia,  Wilmington,    and  Balti- 
more Railroad*  ••■•••■•••••••••••••  161 

siermont  ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••  iwi 

Piitiburc 867 

Pittaburr  (routea  from) 898 

Pitufleld. 81 

Piitafleld  and  North  Adama  Railroad. . .    80 

PlatUburf. 180 

Plymouth 96 

Point  auz  Tremble* 186 

Port  Clinton 849 

Port  Geneeee 819 

Port  Henr; 178 

Port  Jerri* 149 

Port  Kent 179 

Portland 44 

Portland  (roufe*  from) IB 

Portland  to  Eaatport 64 

Portland  to  Quebec 69 

Port  Richmond 136,  899 

Portimouth 43 

Portimouth  to  Concord 46 

Poufhkeepeie 159 

Potutown 849 

PotUTille £49 

Princeton 887 

Providence 103 

Providence  toStonington 106 

Providence  and  Worceiter  Railroad. ...  108 
Providence  to  Worceater 108 

Quebec 136 

Quebec  (railroada  rmdiaiing  (Mm) 189 

Queenaton 815 

Quinejr 96 

Racine 308 

fvAOWK^c  ••••  ••••  ••••  ••••  ••••  •••■  •  «*•  ••  SSA 

nAinftpo.  ••«•«•••  •••«  •••••••••••  ••••••  148 

Rtpidiof  St.  Mary 185 

"eauuig*. ...■...•..•.•..•....0........    47 

Keauing,  Fa.. •••••..•.......••••......  849 

Red  Banlc 135 

Red  Mountain 59 

Reniielaer  and  Saratoga  Railroad 167 

Aninebeck.  ■•...•.•••••...•  ••«.  ••......  160 

Richelieu  Rapid* I8f 

Richfield  Bpriog* 195 

Riverhead |48 

Roeheeter 804 

Rockaway  Beach 134 

Aoroe  •.....«•.•.•••••.,.•..•..«.....•.  198 

Rondout^ 100 

RouM**  Point 180 

?'*^*'*y'  ••••••»•.•..•.•«••..••...«•....  49 

Roxburv log 

Rutland 91 

Rutland  Railioad 90 


Sachem**  Head 

Saekett'a  Harbor.... 


•  •••••>• 


»••  •  • •• 


Ill 

819 

44 


PaM 
Saihr'a  Snug  Harbor W 

DwIVlUa   ••■••••■   •■•■•««•••••   ••■••••••«••  'ft 

BAint  AnClKWB*.  aoeeea  ••••■••••••••••••       v7 

Saint  Anne'* 18i 

Saint  John,  N.  B M 

Saint  Johna,  Can 181 

Saini  Jobnaville 19S 

Saint  LawrcRce  and  Atlantic  Railroad.  184 

St.  Loui* 308 

St.  Loui*  to  the  Pall*  of  St.  Anthony. . .  896 

St.  Loui*  to  New  Orlean*. 308 

Saliabury  Beach 48 

BaiHDurjTf  vt.  ....•••..«..•...«..•.... .    VI 

Saltpetre  Cave,  Va.. 890 

Sanduakv  City 896 

SaudyHill 176 

Saratoga  and  Schenectady  Railroad. ...  168 
Saratoga  and  Waahington  Railroad. .. .  171 

Saratoga  Lake 17' 

Saratoga  Springe. 160^ 

Saratoga  to  Montreal  and  Quebec 1 7f 

Saugertie* 160 

Savannah 891 

SHiouville 75 

Saionville  Branch  Railroad 75 

Schenectady 191 

Schodac  Landing 161 

Schooley'a  Mountain 888 

Schuylkill  (Fall*  of  the) 846 

Schuylkill  Haven 849 

Schuylkill  Viaducu 846 

Seabrook 43 

Seneca  fall* 808 

Seneca  Lake 903 

Shaker  Village 89 

Sharon 103 

SliaroD  Spring* 198 

Sheffield...... 115 

Shippeniburg 864 

Shrewibury 13ft 

Sillery  Cove 186 

Sing  Sing 154 

Skancatele* 800 

Skaneatele*  Lake 800 

Somerville  and  £a*ton  Railroad 883 

Somereworth 48 

Sorel 181 

South  Amboy 830 

South  Berwick 48 

Soutbboro* 76 

South  Hadley  Fall* 84 

South  Hadley  Village 84 

South  Reading 47 

South  Shore  Railroad 96 

Bpllt  HiOCK.  •••■••••••••■•••••••    ••••«••   17V 

BpOt  IrOIIU*  ••••  ••••••••••••••••••«••»«•     47 

Springfield 80 

Springfield  to  Northampton  and  Green- 

flfid ; 88 

Spuyten  Diiyvel  Creek 153 

S<iuaro  Lake 59 

Staien  letand 135,830 

Stillwater 175 

Stoneham  .............................    47 

Stonington 106 

Stoniiiglou  Railroad 108 

Stuyveeant 163 

Sullivan  Railroad 89 

Sunbury 851 

Suubury,  Danville,  and  Potieville  Rail* 

rOMtl«  ••  a  •••  •■••  ••■•  ••••  •••■  ••••  ••••    Svl 

DjfVwCIIvB  ■  ••••  •  •••  ••  ••  •  ■*•  ••••  ■••••••••    IW 

Syracuae  and  Uiioa  Railroad 181 


12 


INDEX. 


Pare 

Ttconjr Hi 

TanTtuwn.... 164 

Taunton 100 

Taunton  Branch  Railroad 99 

Tboma«oii 64 

ThouMutd  Isles S19 

Three  Rirere 185 

Tinton  Falls ISA 

Toledo 899 

Tonawanda  Railroad S07 

Toronto 918 

Troy 186 

Troy  to  Ballston  Spa  tt  8aratc«a  Sprinfs  166 

Troy  to  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls 191 

Troy  and  Oreenbush  Railroad 186 

Troy  to  Montreal  and  Quebec 1 7S 

Trenton S87 

Trenton  Falls 196 

Union,  Fa S85 

UUca 196 

Uticaand  Schenectady  Railroad 199 

Upper  Red  Hook 160 

Valley  Forge 949 

Vernnnes 98 

Vermont  Central  Railroad 98 

Vermont  and  MassachusetU  Railroad  . .    87 

Verona  Centre 198 

Virginia  Springs 287 

Virginia  Springs  (route*  to) 886 

Wacbusett  Mountain 77 

Waldoborougb 64 

Waltham 71 

WampsTille 196 

Waiebam 99 

Warren 64 

Warwick 106 

Washington  City 873 

— — — —  Hackney-coaches,  fares. ...  881 

Hotels 881 

Washington,  Pa., 886 

Washington  Branch  Railroad 173 

Washington  to  Baltimore 87S 

Waierford 167 

Waterloo 808 


Watertown 73 

Weehawken 161 

Wenham 41 

Weir'iCave 88B 

Weiiboro* 76 

West  Cambridge 71 

West  Concord 86 

Western  Railroad,  Mass. 77 

Westlleld 81 

Weston 71 

West  Point. 166 

Westport. ITS 

Weet  Springfield 81 

West  Stockbridge 116 

West  Troy 167 

WeetWbately 83 

Wheeling 886 

Whitehall 176 

White  Mountains 61 

White  Mountains  (routes  to) 66 

White  Plains..... 146 

Whitesboro' 198 

Wilkesbarre 860 

William  Henry 186 

Williamsburg 138 

Williamsport 861 

Wilmington 47 

Wilmington,  Del 168 

Wilton  Railroad 98 

Winnipiseogee  Lake 68 

Winnipiseogee  Lake  (routes  to) 68 

Wiscaiset." ; 64 

Wissahickon  Creek 846 

Woburn 49 

Woodbury 844 

Wood's  Hole 101 

Worcester. 76 

Worcester  Railroad U    71 

Worcester  to  Norwich 106 

Worcester  to  Proridence lOS 

Wnniham lOS 

Tonken 16t 

York 861 

York  and  WrighUville  Railroad 861 

YorkWUe....]!: 14f 


'Ta 

, 16t 

« 

980 

7» 

71 

86 

77 

81 

71 

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DrKv»ni6  En.g*"by"Wyroii«(ms  19T. 


BAILBOAD   AND  STEAMBOAT 
COMPANION. 


ORIGIN  AND  PROGHESS  OF  RAILROADS. 

TBI  flnt  nilwfty  of  which  we  have  any  latlsfaotonr  notice,  wm  cm 
eonstnicted  near  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  England,  about  the  middtoof 
the  Mrenteenth  century.  It  was  adopted  in  order  to  reduce  the  labor 
of  drawing  coals  from  the  pits  to  the  places  of  shipment,  and  consisted 
simply  of  pieces  of  wood  imbedded  in  the  ordinary  road.  TbiMe  tracks 
presented  a  much  smoother  surface  for  the  wheels  to  run  on,  than  was 
previously  used,  and  therefore  greatly  increased  the  availaUe  power  of 
the  horses.  The  advantages  of  even  this  kind  of  railroad  were  so  great 
as  to  cause  its  eztensiTe  introduction  into  various  mining  districts ;  whtte 
improvements,  from  time  to  time,  were  made  upon  it. 

This  description  of  road  continued  in  use  for  a  century  a&d  a  half 
without  any  important  step  being  taken  for  the  introduction  of  a  more 
durable  material.  Stoneways,  it  is  true,  were  constructed  tot  rimilar 
purposes,  but,  although  posseiuing  some  advantages,  they  wore  not  aa> 
smooth  as  wood.  The  next  material  imiwovement  was  the  Use  of  cast> 
iron  plates  fixed  upon  the  wooden  rails-— the  result  rather  of  fortoltoai 
circumstances  than  of  premeditation,  notwithstanding  the  weU-kaowa 
effect  of  iron  in  diminishing  resistance.  This  was  first  tried  upon  a 
wooden  railroad  at  the  Colebrook  Dale  iroii>works  in  Shropshire,  Eng- 
land,  about  the  year  1707.  In  consequence  of  the  price  of  iron  becoofr* 
ing  very  low,  and  in  order  to  keep  the  furnaces  at  work,  it  was  deter* 
mined  to  cast  bars  which  might  be  laid  upon  the  wooden  rails,  and  in 
ease  of  a  sudden  rise  in  the  price,  taken  up  and  sold  as  **  pigs."  This 
plan  was  first  suggested  by  Mr.  William  Reynolds,  the  gentleman  who 
erected  at  Colebrook  Dale  the  first  iron  bri^  in  England.  The  plates 
of  iron  Were  five  feet  in  length,  four  inches  tooad,  and  a  quarter  of 
an  inch  thick,  with  three  holes  in  each  for  nailhig  to  the  wood. 

The  introduction  of  malleaUe  iron  as  a  material  ftMr  rails  is  an  im- 
provement which  may  perhaps  be  considered  to  have  done  more  than 
any  other  in  preparing  railroad*  for  becoming  the  principal  highways 
of  »  oomroereial  country.  The  brtttlesess  of  ttwl-irov  rendered  it 
necessary  that  the  rails  should  be  made  of  much  greater  strength  tiiaa 
was  sufiloient  to  bear  ordkiary  loads,  that  theymight  be  able  to  rwist 
■oeUsntal  strains  and  shocks.  So  long  as  the  travelling  was  rettrioted 
li  ft  low  rate  of  speed,  the  accidents  and  del^rs  thus  occasioned  wwt 


14 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMP ANION. 


I 


of  minor  ioiporUnoe ;  but  the  difflculty  of  guarding  against  them  would 
no  doubt  Iwre  greatly  retarded  the  use  of  railways  for  the  conveyance 
of  passengers,  if  an  adequate  remedy  had  not  been  provided  before  the 
experiment  was  made. 

Bars  of  malleable  iron  were  laid  down  as  rails  to  a  limited  extent 
about  the  year  1808,  and  some  engine^  advocated  their  use,  notwith- 
standing  the  inconvenience  arising  firom  their  unsuitable  form ;  no  ma- 
chinery being  then  used  by  which  they  could  be  made  economically  in 
any  other  than  a  square  or  flat  form.  The  desire  to  introduce  a  more 
durable  rail  led  also  to  experiments  on  the  combination  of  wrought  and 
•last  iron ;  but  these  ,and  all  similar  contrivances  were  superseded  in 
1810,  by  the  Invedtlott'of  an  effloient  and  cheap  method  of  rolling  iron 
bars  suitable  for  raits  amdother  purposes.  Malleable  rails,  when  in  use, 
do  not  rust  to  any  material  extent,  while  the  same  rails,  if  lying  on  tlw 
ground  beside  the  traok,  rapidly  waste  away.  ;7h<(.l  ■ 

Animal  power  was  the  only  means  of  ioOomotion  originaUyolnployed 
on  railways  to  any  considerable  extent ;  but  the  purpose  to  whleh  it  was 
applied,  was  simply  that  of  conveying  mineral  produce  to  d  place  of 
shipment,  ^mewhere  in  the  neighborhood. 

An  ingenious  contrivance  was  introduced  in  the  latter  phrt  of  the  last 
century  for  ascending  and  descending  declivities.  When  a  declivity 
occurs  steeper  than  is  convenient  for  the  ordinary  power,  a  ulf-aetrng 
meHmd  fimm  is' sometimes  resorted  to ;  on  which  a  train  of  carriages  is 
allowed  torun  down  by  the  force  of  gravity,  drawing  a  rope,  which, 
after  pasitti^r  lound  a  wheel  at  tiie  top  of  the  plane,  is  conducted  down 
theslo^  and  attached  to  in  empty  train-^the  force  of  the  descent  of 
the  loaded  vehicles  being  sufficient  to  cause  the  em;pty  train  to  run  up 
to  the  top  Of  the  plane.  Statlenayy  steam-engihes,  viHUidi  draw  the  car* 
riages  by  means  of  ifopes  guided  by  pulleys  in  the  centre  of  the  tracks 
have  been  used  from  aneaity  period. 

The  following  is  a  Mef  notiee  tof  the  steps  by  which  the  locomotive 
engine  has  bden  brought  to  its  present  state  of  perfection. 

The  possibility  of  applying  the  steam-engine  to  the  purposes  of  loeo> 
motion  wae  conceived  by  sevehd  of  Its  earliiist  Improvers,  but  it  does 
not  appear  tint  any  carried  Uwir  idea*  into  inraBttee  until  about  the  year 
180S.  Richard  Trevithick  and  Andrew  ¥ivian,  two  Cornish  engineers, 
(he  jinventors  of  the  high-pressure  steam-engine,  were  the  first  \krhd  ap^ 
plied  steam  as  a  locomotive  power.  Watt,  in  1784,  first  conceived  the 
Idea  that  two  persons  ni^t  probably  be  carried  by  atacengiue  having  a 
cylinder  seven  inches  in  diameter,  and**  foot-str<Aey  the  piston  movihg 
at  the  rate  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet,  or  sixtf  strokes  per  minute. 
This  scheme,  however,'  was  nevetf  put  iii  practice; 

In  the  year  180*^  Tretithieit  ind  Viviali  conttrueted  an  engine  for 
moving  railway  carria|ee.  TUi  was  the  first  steamnensine  applied  to' 
locomotive  purposed  in  Great  Britain.  It  was  used  suocessftally  on  the 
railroad  at  Merthyr  Tydvil,  in  South  Wales,  and  ther^y  proved  the 
fnoticaUl^  of  their  plan.   Th  f  following  engraving  re|Hresentt  a  tttm 


ORIOni  AHD.  fROORXSS  OF  RAILROADS. 


n 


and  side  view  of  this  machine.  This  looomotiva  engine,  which  in  many 
of  its  leading  features  was  essentially  the  same  ak  those  noMr  in  use, 
drew  at  its  first  trial  as  many  wagons  as  carried  ten  tons  of  :bar*iron, 
with  a  considerable  number  of  persons,  and  travelled  at  the  rate  of  Ave 
miles  an  hour.  The  "  tender,"  carrying  a  supply  of  fuel  and  w^ter,  and 
a  small  force-pump,  worked  by  the  machine  itself,  maintained  the  re- 
quisite quantity  of  water  in  the  boiler. 

Messrs.  Trevithick  and  Vivian  also,  invented  steam-ooaelMi  tat  ran* 
ning  upon  common  turnpike  roads,  but  not  receiving  the  enoonrage* 
ment  they  deserved,  they  abandoned  the  enterprise. 

In  1837,  Mr.  Ooldsworthy  Gurney  obtained  a  patent  for  a  tUttoHsU' 
riage,  and  in  1839  had  brought  it  to  such  perfection  that  he  waajepabled 
to  ascend  with  it  the  highest  hills  round  London,  and  travelled  from 
LondiMi  to  Bath,  a  distance  of  107  miles,  and  back.  In  18S1,  one  of  hii 
steam-carriages  ran  about  four  months  on  the  road  between  Oloueestei 
and  Cheltenham.  The  success  of  Mr.  Gumey's  steam>carriage  led  t4 
the  formation,  in  Scotland,  about  the  year  1834,  of  a  steam-carriage  com 
pany  for  turnpike  roads.  The  carriages  comktenced. plying  regularly 
between  Glasgow  and  Paisley,  when  an  unfortunate  accident  occurred, 
in  1833,  attended  with  considerable  loss  of  life,  from  the  explosion  oi 
one  of  the  boilers.  After  this  disaster,  all  attempts  to  introduce  steam* 
carriages  on  public  roads  proved  abortive. 

In  1811,  Mr,  Blenkinsop  patented  a  locomotive  engine,  in  which  the 
power  was  applied  to  a  large  cogged  wheel,  the  teeth  of  which  entered 
a  rack  laid  down  beside  the  ordinary  rails.  Patents  were  taken  out  in 
1816  and  1617,  by  George  Stephenson,  in  connection  with  Messrs.  Dodd 
and  Losh,  under  which  several  locomotives  were  constructed  and 


H 


RAILROAD  AlfD  STEAMBOAT  dOMPAlflON. 


brought  into  practical  operation  upon  colliery  railways  near  Newoaatle* 
upon-Tyne. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  idea  of  the  construction  of  the  Llrer* 
pool  and  Manchester  railway  originated  with  the  late  Mr.  William 
James,  four  yeara  beforo  the  act  of  Parliament  was  obtained,  which  was 
In  18S0.  To  this  gentleman  we  are  indebted  for  the  present  system  of 
railways.  He,  however,  (as  is  usual  in  such  cases,)  never  reaped  any 
benei&t  flrom  his  valuable  suggestions.  To  him  likewise  is  due  the  pro* 
lection  of  the  London  and  Birmingham  railway.  He  had  witnessed  tht 
operations  of  the  locomotive  engines  around  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  and 
imparted  his  sentiments  to  Mr.  Saunders  of  Liverpool,  which  so  deeply 
impressed  that  gentleman  with  the  feasibility  of  applying  this  plan  of  rail- 
vay  traction,  that  he  had  a  survey  of  the  road  made  at  his  own  expense. 

When  the  projectora  of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  railway  were 
'ngaged  in  the  design  and  execution  of  that  great  work,  the  advantages 
>f  locomotive  steam-engines  were  so  imperfectly  developed,  that  it  was 
*<ocertain  whether  they  would  be  adopted.  The  experiment  of  forming 
k  railway  for  passengers,  as  well  as  for  carrying  general  merchandise, 
tad  scarcely  been  tried,  although  the  Stockton  and  Darlington  railway, 
which  v^as  opened  in  the  fall  of  1835,  had  done  more  than  any  of  its 
predecessors  in  showing  the  capabilities  of  a  railway  for  such  a  use. 
As  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  line  approached  completion,  the  di- 
reclora  became  convinced  that  horse-power  was  ineligible,  since  it  was 
in  .ended  to  aim  at  considerable  velocity.  It  was  difBoult  to  i\fc  Je  upon 
the  comparative  merits  of  stationary  and  locomotive  enginrs.  Various 
cuf(gestions  were  made  for  the  application  of  lixed  engines  at  intervals 
along  the  line,  to  draw  trains  by  ropes  from  station  to  station  ;  but  it 
was  eventually  determined  to  use  locomotives,  and  to  offer  a  premium 
of  i-SOO  for  the  best  which  would  fulfil  certain  conditions,  of  which  some 
weri-— 4hut  it  should  not  emit  smoke,  (the  nuisance  of  smoke  was  pre- 
venf  h1  by  the  employment  of  coke  as  fuel,  which  is  used  at  the  present 
time  upon  most  of  the  railways  in  England)— should  draw  three  times 
its  o  m  weight  at  the  rate  of  ten  miles  per  hour— should  be  supported 
on  Sf  rings^  not  exceeding  six  tons  weight,  or  four  tons  and  a  half  if  on 
only  our  wheels— and  should  not  cost  more  than  £550.  The  trial  was 
fixed  for  October,  1829,  when  four  steam  locomotives  were  produced, 
one  of  which  was  withdrawn  at  the  commencement  of  the  e.>.;  Liriraent. 
The  Sans  Pareil,  by  Mr.  Haokworth,  was  very  similar  to  Trevithick's 
engine,  but  had  two  cylinders,  both  working  the  same  axle.  This  en- 
gine attained  a  velocity  of  15  miles  per  hour  with  a  gross  load  of  19  tons, 
but  at  length  gave  way,  owing  to  a  trifling  accident.  The  remaining 
engine,  the  Rocket,  was  cont'tiri  '^ed  by  Messra.  Stephenson  and  Booth, 
<>f  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester .  Mway.  It  travelled  with  a  gross  load 
of  17  tons,  and  averaged  a  spc^d  d!  i  uiiles  ner  hour ;  but  under  some 
circumstances  it  attained  dout'e  'hdi.  vf!:i<;ity,  and  succeeded  in  per- 
forming more  than  was  stipulati^d  for.  The  followixtg  e i^^aving  reprt* 
a  aide  view  of  ^  "  Rocket." 


atimtifm 


ORIOn  AMD  PBOORBM  OF  RAILBOAOf . 


IT 


(ifewoMtle- 


mm 


Since  the  lucceufttl  adoption  of  locomotiT*  steam-enginef  on  the 
Liverpool  and  Mancheiter  railway,  improvement*  have  followed  cloae- 
iy  upon  one  another ;  but  they  have  chiefly  been  of  a  minor  charaeten 
when  compared  with  that  of  tubing  the  boiler,  which  formed  the  diatin- 
guiihing  feature  of  the  Rocket  engine.  Stephenson  built  several  en* 
gines,  shortly  after  the  competition  in  which  the  Rocket  had  fNroved 
vJrNirious,  retaining  this  arrojigement,  but  having  the  machinery  die- 
rxK >•  I  na  diflere'^^  ^'^nnner.  The  power  of  generating  steam,  wUch  is 
liu  1.  "'ure  of  e  <u;ienoy  in  a  locomotive  enfiiie,  depends  much  upon 
J.  Jioious  tubing,  it  being  desirable  to  deprive  the  heated  air  of  its  ca- 
loric  as  completely  as  possible  before  leaving  the  boiler.  An  important 
feature  in  a  loc6motive  is  its  security  from  bursting,  because,  as  the 
tube*  are  much  weaker  than  the  external  casing  of  the  boiler,  they  are 
ahnost  certain  to  give  way  first,  and  the  bursting  of  one  or  two  tubes  is 
rarely  productive  of  more  serious  con8equene**s  than  extinguishing  the 
fire,  and  thereby  causing  a  gradual  stopp^ige  of  the  machine. 

On  the  opening  of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchetiter  Railway,  15th  Sep* 
tember,  1830,  the  problem  of  the  rapid  transport  of  passengers  by 

9 


'ife,,,. 


.  > 


18 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


on  railways  was  solved,  and  the  profitable  character  of  the  enterpriM 
soon  t)ecame  apparent. 

This  road  was  commenced  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  George 
Stephenson,  an  engineer  of  great  practical  skill  and  experience ;  and 
fortunate  indeed  it  was  for  Great  Britain  and  the  world,  that  a  work  of 
such  vast  importance  was  placed  in  such  able  hands.  Had  this  great 
enterprise  failed,  there  is  no  knowing  how  long  the  progressive  spirit  of 
the  age  would  have  slept  upon  this  important  subject,  and  the  world 
been  deprived  of  the  vast  benefits  resulting  from  it.  The  projectors 
of  this  great  work  had  immense  opposition  to  struggle  against.  The 
powerful  canal  companies— which  had  settled  down  into  odious  mo 
nopolies,  disregardful  of  the  public  weal— had,  by  exorbitant  exactions 
and  negligence  of  duty,  aroused  the  people  to  the  necessity  of  this  great 
undertaking,  and  after  a  deadly  opposition  to  it  in  the  British  Parlia- 
ment c(  four  years,  the  company  at  last  obtained  a  charter. 

The  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Railway  was  designed,  at  first,  only  to 
facilitate  the  transit  of  merchandise ;  but  its  still  greater  fitness  for  the 
conveyance  of  passengers  was  soon  demonstrated  ;  and  from  that  time 
the  progress  of  railways  has  known  no  check. 

In  1640  i;here  were  1,300  miles  of  railway  in  full  operation  in  England, 
upon  which,  during  thai  year,  12,000,000  of  persons  had  been  conveyed. 
In  1841, 1,550  miles  were  in  working  order,  over  which  20,000,000  of  pas- 
sengers had  been  carried.  The  length  of  railway  open  in  1843  was 
1,600  miles,  and  the  number  of  passengers  transported  during  that  yt^ar 
was  nearly  27,000,000.  The  year  1844  closed  with  2,148  miles  of  rniU 
way  open  for  use.  From  that  time  to  June  30th,  184tf,  3,236  miles  more 
were  added,  making  a  total  to  that  period  of  5,384  miles  of  railway 
opened  for  traflSc  in  Great  Britain. 

The  commissioners  appointed  by  government  estimated  the  amount 
expended  in  the  construction  of  railways  in  Great  Britain,  up  to  Jan., 
1849,  at  not  less  than  two  hundred  millions  of  pounds  sterling,  or  about 
one  thousand  n-Hlions  of  dollars. 

The  length  of  railways  constructed,  and  in  process  of  construction, 
in  Jan.,  1850,  is  stated  at  7,210  miles.  The  working  lines  furnish  profit- 
able employment  to  upwards  of  55,000  men,  whilst  a  body  of  about 
200,000  more  are  employed  in  the  construction  of  new  works. 

A  six  months'  return  from  the  different  companies  in  the  kingdom 
gives  a  total  of  31  millions  of  passengers ;  of  whom  about  3^  millions 
travelled  by  the  ^r<(-class  cars,  12  millions  by  the  second,  and  the  re- 
mainder, amounting  to  nearly  16  millions,  by  the  third.  ^ 

The  great  safety  of  railway  travelling  will  be  obvious  from  the  fol- 
lowing statement.  Out  of  57.960,784  passengers  conveyed  over  the 
various  routes  in  the  United  Kingdom,  during  a  period  of  twelve  months, 
31  only  were  killed  ;  12  of  whom  met  their  deaths  by  their  own  care- 
lessness or  misconduct,  leaving  but  nine  casualties  properly  attrib- 
utable to  the  mode  of  travel. 

After  the  practicability  of  railroads  for  travel  and  taffic  had  been 


ORIGIN  AND  FR0ORES8  OF  RAILROADS. 


t> 


fic  had  been 


proved  in  England,  it  was  not  long  before  the  keen  eye  of  American 
enterprise  detected  the  immense  advantages  to  accrue  from  the  adop- 
tion  of  that  system  here,  and  measures  were  at  once  taken  to  plant 
the  "  iron  road"  in  America. 

The  first  railway  constructed  in  this  country  was  the  Quincy,  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, a  short  line  of  four  miles,  completed  in  1827.  It  was  built 
for  the  purpose  of  conveying  granite  quarried  in  the  Granite  Hills  to 
vessels  lying  in  the  Neponset  river.  About  the  same  time  other  short 
lines  were  constructed  in  Pennsylvania,  leading  from  Mauch  Chunk  to 
the  coal-mines.    Of  course,  on  these  horse-power  only  was  used. 

Although  the  foregoing  were,  we  believe,  the  first  railroads  construct- 
ed in  the  U.  States,  it  appears  that  a  proposition  was  made  at  an  early 
period,  in  the  Massachusetts  state  legislature,  for  the  opening  of  an 
iron  road  between  Boston  and  Albany. 

At  this  early  date  so  little  was  known  concerning  the  great  advan- 
tages of  railways  for  inland  traffic,  that  it  is  not  at  all  surprising  that 
more  immediate  action  was  not  taken  upon  it,  especially  when  we  con- 
sider the  vastness  of  the  design  and  the  great  outlay  necessary  for  its 
completion.  Capitalists  were  not  disposed  to  risk  large  sums  of  money 
in  an  enterprise  where  they  saw  neither  immediate  nor  prospective 
returns. 

Governor  Lincoln,  in  his  message  to  the  Massachusetts  state  legis- 
lature, June  6,  1826,  only  six  days  after  the  proposition  for  the  railroad 
had  been  introduced,  speaks  in  high  terms  of  canals,  as  **  enriching  the 
country  through  which  they  passed,  by  irrigating  the  banks."  Not- 
withstanding this,  however,  the  committee,  in  Jan.  following,  reported 
strongly  in  favor  of  the  project,  and  recommended  the  appropriation  of 
$5,000  for  a  survey.  In  March,  1827,  this  was  voted  by  a  large  majority 
in  the  house,  but  was  lost  by  a  single  vote  in  the  senate.  In  th^  follow- 
ing June,  however,  both  branches  of  the  legislature  voted  for  the  sur- 
veys. Although  the  subject  was  brought  before  that  body  at  various 
times,  the  road  was  not  incorporated  until  June,  1831,  and  then  only 
the  first  link  as  far  as  Worcester,  44  miles,  which  was  not  completed 
until  July,  1835.  It  was,  however,  finally  opened  to  the  Hudson  River, 
in  Jan.,  1842,  after  a  lapse  of  nearly  sixteen  ye^rs  from  the  time  of  its 
first  proposal,  and  at  a  cost  of  about  twelve  millions  of  dollars. 

The  judicious  construction  of  railroads  has,  beyond  doubt,  great  in- 
fluence in  enhancing  the  value  of  real  estate,  as  is  shown  by  a  recent 
comparative  estimate  of  the  personal  and  real  estate  of  the  two  cities 
of  Boston  and  New  York.  The  former  is  mainly  indebted  for  her  re- 
cent rapid  growth,  to  the  enterprise  she  has  displayed  in  the  construc- 
tion of  railroads.  The  valuation  of  real  and  personal  estate  in  New 
York,  at  the  commencement  of  the  year  1849,  was  $254,193,527,  which, 
compared  with  that  of  1840,  exhibits  an  increase  of  only  $31,350,373 ; 
while  that  of  Boston  shows  an  increase  of  $73,097,400,  during  the  sam« 
interval.  In  1840  the  wealth  of  Boston  in  real  estate  amounted  to 
$94,631,600,  and  in  1849  it  was  estimated  at  $167,728,000.  > 


S'-- 


m: 


30 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFANION. 


In  Jan.,  1850,  it  was  estimated  that  about  8,144  miles  of  railway  com- 
munication had  been  completed  in  the  United  States,  at  a  cost  of  up- 
wards of  213  millions  of  dollars.  The  whole  of  this  vast  sum  has  been 
expended  within  the  last  twenty,  and  by  far  the  greater  portion  within 
the  last  ten  years ;  and  we  think  it  more  than  likely  that  an  equal 
amount  will  be  required  to  complete  the  roads  now  in  progress,  and 
those  which  will  probably  be  built  within  the  next  seven  or  eight  years. 
In  addition  to  the  numerous  lines  now  in  progress  there  are  many  stu- 
pendous ones  in  contemplation,  the  principal  of  which  is  the  much 
talked  of  Pacific  railroad.  This  road  is  intended  to  connect  the  various 
Important  lines  which  shall  have  been  completed  east  of  the  Mississippi 
river  with  the  Pacific  ocean.  Its  length  will  be  about  2,000  miles,  and 
the  capital  required  for  its  construction,  reckoned  at  $30,000  per  mile, 
would  amount  to  the  large  sum  of  00  millions  of  dollars. 

The  small,  but  energetic  state  of  Massachusetts,  has  undoubtedly 
taken  the  lead  in  railway  enterprises.  Besides  supplying  large  amounts 
of  capital  for  the  construction  of  her  own  great  highways,  she  has  aided 
materially  in  the  making  of  similar  works  in  other  parts  of  the  Union. 
Her  metropolis,  Boston,  has  now  a  direct  communication  by  railway 
with  the  great  lakes,  at  Buffalo,  563  miles  distant,  via  Albany,  Utica, 
Syracuse,  Rochester,  &c.  This  line  will  be  continued  across  that  por- 
tion of  Canada  West  lying  between  Lakes  Huron  and  Ontario,  thereby 
forming  an  important  link  in  the  route  connecting  the  Atlantic  at  one 
point  with  the  great  Northwest.  This  Canada  road  will  terminate  op- 
posite Detroit,  from  which  place  diverges  the  Michigan  Central  Rail- 
road, which  traverses  the  state  from  east  to  west  until  it  reaches  Lake 
Michigan  at  New  Buffalo.  This  line  will  soon  be  continued  around  the 
head  of  the  Lake  to  Chicago,  where  it  will  unite  with  the  line  now 
building  from  that  point  to  the  lead  region  on  the  Mississippi  river.  By 
these  urfited  lines  Boston  will  have  a  railroad  communication  running 
westward  from  her  equal  to  nearly  1,300  miles. 

She  is  also  united  with  various  and  important  lines  which  pervade 
the  States  of  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont ;  and  by  those  with  Lake 
Champlain  and  the  St.  Lawrence  river,  both  at  Montreal  and  Ogdens- 
burg.  With  the  latter  place  she  is  also  connected,  by  means  of  the 
Northern  Railroad  in  the  state  of  N.  York,  starting  from  Rouse's  Point. 

Boston  is  also  united  by  lines  of  railroad  with  important  places  in  the 
state  of  Maine,  in  which  section  considerable  movement  is  being  made 
towards  their  further  extension.  She  is  likewise  connected  with  the 
great  commercial  city  of  New  York  by  several  lines  terminating  on 
Long  Island  Sound,  which  pass  through  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut, 
intersecting  all  places  of  note  in  those  states ;  by  the  New  Haven 
and  New  York  road;  by  the  Long  Island  road  from  Greenport  to 
Brooklyn  ;  and  by  steamboats  running  on  the  Sound. 

The  city  of  New  York  is  novv  pushing  forward  with  energy  several  im- 
portH/Vit  works ;  the  principal  of  which  are  the  New  York  and  Erie,  with 
its  branches,  and  the  Hudson  River  railroads.    The  former  of  these  will 


'rif:  ■ 


ORIGIN  ATfD  PROGRESS  OF  RAILROADS. 


21 


(it  is  stated)  be  completed  in  April,  1851,  to  Dunkirk,  on  Lake  Erie,  a 
distance  of  450  miles  from  its  commencement  at  Piermont,  on  the  Hud- 
son river,  24  miles  above  New  York.  It  will  cost  about  16  millions  o.. 
dollars.  From  Dunkirk  other  important  lines  are  being  constructed, 
which  will  shortly  unite  New  York  with  Chicago  and  the  Missis- 
sippi  river,  all  of  which  will  have  an  important  bearing  upon  the  pros- 
pects of  the  Erie  road.  The  following  are  the  various  connecting  links 
of  railroad,  with  their  lengths,  which  will  run  westward. 

From  Dunkirk  to  Pennsylvania  Line 25  miles. 

From  Pennsylvania  Line  to  Erie 19  *' 

From  Erie  to  Ohio  Line 25  " 

From  Ohio  Line  to  Cleveland 75  " 

From  Cleveland  to  Sandusky 55  " 

From  Sandusky  to  Toledo 50  *' 

From  Toledo  to  Hillsdale fiS  *• 

From  Hillsdale  to  Coldwater 23  *' 

From  Coldwater  to  Chicago  156  ** 

From  Chicago  to  Galena 180  ** 

.-:     .    :  •-  '      675      " 

Distance  from  New  York  to  Dunkirk 474     ** 

Total 1149     •' 

The  route  by  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  between  the  city  ol 
New  York  and  the  western  part  of  the  state  is  shorter  than  the  route 
via  Albany,  and  consequently  will  be  the  speediest  and  cheapest.  At 
Owego  this  road  intersects  the  Cayuga  and  Susquehanna  Railroad,  ex- 
tending 29  miles,  to  Ithaca,  where  it  connects,  by  steamboats  on  the 
Lake,  at  Cayuga  Bridge,  with  the  chain  of  roads  from  Albany  to  Buf- 
falo, thus  bringing  a  rich  and  extensive  country  in  close  connection 
with  the  city  of  New  York.  At  Elmira  another  branch  road  is  inter- 
sected, running  18  miles,  to  the  head  of  Seneca  Lake ;  this  is  a  very 
important  connection,  as  a  direct  communication  is  opened  with  Gene- 
va, and  other  cities'  and  towns  on  the  great  central  line.  At  Coming 
it  connects  with  the  Coming  and  Blossburg  Railroad,  extending  forty 
miles,  to  the  bituminous  coal  and  iron  fields  of  Pennsylvania.  There 
are  several  other  projected  lines,  which  will  doubtless  be  completed 
within  a  few  years :  among  which  are  the  Attica  and  Horoellsville,  the 
Rochester  and  Corning,  the  Auburn  and  Ithaca,  and  the  Liggett's  Gap 
road,  connecting  the  Erie  road  with  the  anthracite  coal  regions  of 
Pennsylvania. 

The  Hudson  River  Railroad,  another  great  work  of  internal  improve- 
ment, is  to  connect  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Albany  ;  its  length  will 
be  about  144  miles,  and  its  entire  cost  is  estimated  at  seven  millions  of 
aotlars.  The  advantages  which  must  result  to  New  York  by  means  of 
this  road  are  of  the  first  importance.  For  a  portion  of  the  year  the 
direct  communication  with  Albany  is  cut  off  by  the  closing  of  the  Hud- 


2a 


BAILBOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFANIOIT. 


II 


son  river,  while  that  between  Boston  and  Albany  is  uninterrupted. 
Thus  the  winter  trade  from  the  western  portion  of  the  state  is  turned 
from  its  legitimate  channel,  and  goes  to  benefit  a  sister  city  at  the  ex- 
pense of  New  York.  The  opening  of  this  road  to  Albany  will  be  bene- 
ficially felt  by  all  classes  of  society ;  business  operations  having  here- 
tofore, to  a  great  extent,  been  suspended  on  the  closing  of  the  river. 

At  Albany  this  road  will  unite  the  chain  of  roads  diverging  froni  that 
city  to  the  western  line  of  the  state.  It  passes  through  many  flourish- 
ing places,  a^  Utica,  Syracuse,  Auburn,  Geneva,  Rochester,  and  Buf- 
falo, and  intersects  a  host  of  other  grovi.'ng  toWns,  and  a  rich  country, 
including  the  great  wheat  region  of  the  Genesee  Valley.  The  Hudson 
River  road  at  Albany  will  also  meet  and  continue  the  route  northward, 
through  Troy  and  Saratoga  Springs  to  Lake  Champlain  at  Whitehall. 
This  route  forms  the  great  thoroughfare  to  Canada.  A  short  line  is 
being  constructed  from  Whitehall,  to  unite  this  route  with  the  Rutland 
road  in  Vermont. 

By  the  New  Haven  Railroad  New  York  is  brought  in  proximity  with 
the  extensive  net- work  of  railways  pervading  the  states  of  New  England. 
The  short  line  of  23  miles,  needed  frOm  Brattleboro'  to  Bellows  Falls, 
to  make  this  communication  complete  in  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut, 
will  soon  be  completed.  This  will  open  to  New  York  an  e^aensive 
trade,  connecting  as  it  does  with  the  Rutland  road,  running  to  Burling- 
ton ;  with  the  Sullivan  and  Passumpsic  River  roads,  and  so  through  Can- 
ada  to  Montreal ;  with  the  Vermont  Central  Road  running  to  Burlington ; 
and  by  another,  running  northward  along  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake 
Champlain,  connecting  at  Rouse's  Point  with  the  New  York  Northern 
Railroad,  whose  western  terminus  is  on  the  St.  Lawrence  river. 

New  York  has  also  a  railway  communication  proceeding  southward, 
traversing  the  states  of  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Mary- 
land, Virginia,  and  North  Carolina,  terminating  at  Wilmington,  in  the 
latter  state.  She  is  also  brought  in  connection  with  the  rich  coal-fields 
of  the  "  Keystone"  state,  by  roads  extending  across  New  Jersey  into 
Pennsylvania. 

To  the  city  of  Philadelphia  the  importance  of  the  Pennsylvania  Cen- 
tral Railroad  can  hardly  be  over-estimated.  It  will  connect  Philadel- 
phia with  Pittsburg,  the  entire  distance  between  the  two  cities  being, 
according  to  the  route  surveyed,  358  miles.  The  Central  road  begins 
at  Harrisburg,  at  which  place  it  unites  with  the  Harrisburg  and  Lancas- 
ter, and  Columbia  railroads,  leading  from  thence  to  Philadelphia.  On 
the  completion  of  this  great  thoroughfare  the  eastern  and  western  parts 
of  Pennsylvania  will  be  brought  within  seventeen  hours  of  each  other. 

From  Pittsburg  the  line  is  continued  by  the  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio 
Railroad  Company  into  the  state  of  Ohio ;  and  at  MassUlon  it  will  form 
a  connection  with  the  Cincinnati,  Columbus,  and  Cleveland  Railroad, 
which  runs  from  the  Ohio  river  to  Lake  Erie.  It  will  also  form  a  junc- 
tion with  the  network  of  railways  now  covering  that  growing  state. 

The  completion  of  this  line  will  also  form  a  union  with  the  roads 


iM^ 


sseCii-Siii.-iii, 


ORIGIK  AND  PROGRESS  OF  RAILROADS. 


38 


puslng  through  northern  Ohio  and  Indiana  to  the  southern  borders  of 
Lake  Michigan  and  the  city  of  Chicago.  It  will  thus  open  an  extensive 
line  of  communication  between  Philadelphia  and  the  growing  north- 
western states,  and  lessen  the  distance,  as  travelled  by  the  lake  and 
railroad,  via  Buffalo  and  Albany,  some  five  or  six  hundred  miles.  It 
will  likewise  form,  via  the  Pennsylvania  road,  the  shortest  route  from 
Chicago,  Cleveland,  4cc.,  to  New  York  and  Boston. 

The  great  central  and  direct  route  from  Philadelphia  to  St.  Louis  will 
pass  through  the  heart  of  the  great  states  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indi- 
ana, and  Illinois.  Its  direction  from  Pittsburg  to  Mansfield,  via  Massil- 
Ion,  is  west ;  from  Mansfield  to  St.  Louis,  via  Bellefontaine  and  Indian- 
apolis, it  is  west-toUthwest ;  and  its  nearest  point  to  the  Ohio  river 
north  of  Cincinnati  is  about  70  miles.  The  distance  from  Pittsburg  to 
Cincinnati  by  railroad  will  be  33U  miles,  via  Massillon  and  Columbus, 
(which  by  the  Ohio  river  is  495  miles,)  and  Will  be  travelled  in  about 
one-iburth  of  the  time  required  by  steamboats  on  the  river. 

The  Rending  Railroad,  already  in  operation,  unites  the  rich  coal-fieldi 
of  Schuylkill  county  with  Philadelphia.  It  is  of  the  first  importance  to 
that  city,  and  has  made  it,  in  connection  with  the  Schuylkill  Canal,  the 
greatest  coal  market  in  the  Union.  This  road,  by  being  continued  to 
Sunbury,  and  from  thence  to  Williamsport,  would,  at  the  latter  place, 
form  a  valuable  connection  with  the  road  to  Ralston,  which  is  now  be- 
ing continued  to  form  a  connection  with  the  New  York  and  Erie  road 
at  Elmira.  The  construction  of  this  short  line  would  open  to  the  enter- 
prise of  Philadelphia  vast  and  important  results.  It  is  surprising  that  a 
move  has  not  been  made  to  accomplish  this  object.  In  1633  the  Sunbury 
and  Pottsville  Railroad  was  commenced,  and  hi  1834  a  few  miles  of  the 
eastern  end  were  opened  for  use,  but  owing  to  the  connection  not  being 
completed,  and  the  inconvenient  inclined  planes  of  that  period,  which 
had  been  adopted^  the  road  at  this  end  was  allowed  to  fall  into  decajr. 
The  western  division  has  been  completed  for  19  miles,  from  Sunbury  to 
the  Shamokin  coal  mines,  and  is  now  in  successful  use  for  the  transport 
tation  of  coal.  The  entire  length  of  the  road'  from  Sunbury  to  Potts- 
ville is  444  miles. 

The  Belvidere  Delaware  Railroad,  which  is  in  course  of  construction, 
will  prove  another  source  of  wealth  to  Philadelphia.  It  Will  run  frottf 
Trenton,  up  the  valley  of  the  Delaware  river  to  the  growing  town  of 
Belvidere,  04  miles.  From  the  latter  place  it  vrill  run  still  farther  up 
that  valley,  passing  the  celebrated  *'  Water  Gap,"  until  it  unites  with 
the  New  York  and  Erie  road  at  Port  Jervis.  At  Trenton  it  forms  a 
connection  with  the  well-known  railroads  running  between  New  York 
and  Philadelphia.  At  Belvidere  it  is  designed  to  connect  it  with  a  rail- 
road running  to  the  coal-fields  of  Mauch  Chunk,  and  by  another  road 
with  the  copper  region  of  Flemington,  N.  J.  •     '•  .  ^s"?    • 

The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  on  its  compMtlon  to  the  Ohforivef, 
will  increase  the  trade  and  importance  of  Baltimore.  It  has  been  com- 
pleted for  sometime  past  as  for  as  Cmnberland,  178  miles  distant,  and 


94 


RAILROAD  AMD  HTEAMBOAT  GOMPANIOR. 


in  oonneoUon  with  the  liirai  of  stuvei  running  over  the  Netionil  RomI, 
formi  one  of  the  principal  routes  of  travel  to  the  weat,  vie  Wheeling. 
Thia  latter  plaoe  haa  been  fixed  upon  aa  the  terminua  of  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  road.  Aa  aoon  aa  It  reaohea  thla  plaoe  another  line  will  be 
completed,  continuing  the  route  in  Ohio,  to  Zaneavllle,  where  it  will 
Join  the  line  extending  from  the  Ohio  river  to  Lake  Erie.  It  will  like- 
wiae  connect  with  other  roada  in  Ohio,  and  thoae  interaecting  the  atate 
of  Indiana,  now  being  conatructed. 

.  Another  line  of  road,  which  will  tend  to  promote  the  proaperitjr  of 
Baltimore,  will  be  the  extenaion  of  the  Baltimore  and  York  Railroad 
to  unite  with  the  Pennaylvania  road  at  Ilarrlaburg. 

A  aeriea  of  railroad  linea  diverge  from  Baltimore,  running  in  a  N.  E. 
direction,  interaecting  in  their  oourae  the  citiea  of  Philadelphia,  New 
York,  and  Boston  <  from  theae  again  the  communication  ia  continued 
to  all  the  chief  citiea  and  towna  in  New  England.  In  a  8.  W.  direction 
Arom  Baltimore  the  line  ia  continued  to  the  city  of  Waahington,  and 
with  a  slight  intermiasion  (the  line  being  continued  by  ateamboat  on  the 
Potomac)  ia  extended  to  Wilmington,  N.  C. 

Herf ,  at  present,  the  railroad  line  terminates ;  the  communication 
fjrom  thence  to  Charleston  and  Savannah  being  kept  up  by  linea  of 
steamboats,  which  at  those  placea  unite  the  northern  and  aouthern 
routea.  A  charter  has  been  granted,  and  stock  subscribed,  for  the  con- 
atruction  of  a  railroad  158  miles  in  length  between  Wilmington,  N.C., 
and  Manchester,  S.  C,  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the  connecting 
link  in  the  line  of  inland  travel  between  the  North  and  South. 

Of  late  the  states  both  south  and  west  have  become  most  energetical- 
ly awakened  to  the  importance  of  railroads,  and  their  necessity  in  the 
development  of  the  vast  resources  of  those  states. 

A  very  extensive  railroad  enterprise  has  been  commenced  in  Alabama, 
in  the  construction  of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  railroad.  It  will  be  about 
470  miles  in  length,  and  will  run  from  the  city  of  Mobile  northward  to 
its  proposed  terminus  on  the  Mississippi  river,  a  little  below  the  mouth 
of  the  Ohio.  It  will  reduce  the  distance  more  than  one  half,  while  the 
expense  of  a  trip  between  that  point  and  the  Gulf  will  be  proportionally 
reduced.  The  entire  length  of  the  road  will  be  travelled  in  about 
tmetUf  h»w$;  while  the  time  usually  occupied  by  steamboats  in  going 
firom  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  to  New  Orleans  is /our  or  five  day*. 

The  state  of  Ohio,  either  by  lines  in  progress  or  in  contemplation,  is 
uniting  and  bringing  in  close  proximity  all  her  important  cities  and 
towns ;  and  these  again  with  others  in  the  neighboring  states  east  and 
west.  Her  chief  city,  Cincinnati,  has  for  some  time  had  a  railway  com- 
munication with  Lake  Erie  at  Sandusky  City,  which,  during  the  season 
of  navigation,  forms  one  of  the  principal  routea  of  travel  to  the  eastern 
cities.  She  has  now,  by  a  similar  thoroughfare,  effected  another  union 
with  the  lake  at  Cleveland,  via  Columbus.  From  this  line  two  impor- 
tant branches  will  diverge ;  one  from  Massillon  to  Pittsburg ;  there  uni- 
ting with  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad  leading  to  Philadelphia. 


■^^ 


,.  •*' 


Oi(l(;iN  AND  t'lKMHlKNH  OK  HAIMtOADH. 


26 


ratlontl  RomI, 
vim  Wheeling, 
the  BAltlmore 
ir  line  wtU  be 
where  it  will 
It  will  like- 
sting  the  state 

proiperity  of 
Pork  Railroad 

ling  in  a  N.  E. 
delphla,  New 
1  ii  continued 
.  W.  direction 
ishington,  and 
ftmboat  on  the 

>mmunication 
ip  by  lines  of 
and  southern 
1,  for  the  con* 
lington,  N.C., 
le  connecting 
}uth. 

It  energetical- 
oessity  in  the 

d  in  Alabama, 
will  be  about 
northward  to 
Dw  the  mouth 
alf,  while  the 
>roportionaU7 
illed  in  about 
oats  In  going 
iay«. 

templation,  is 
ant  cities  and 
»tes  east  and 
railway  com* 
ng  the  season 
to  the  eastern 
mother  union 
le  two  impor* 
rg;  there  uni* 
Philadelphia. 


-fst 


Tlio  ollirr  llix*  i(«  rroiii  /iiticNvilli)  to  Wlioiilliig,  iit  wliicli  pliicc  it  will 
Join  till)  liiiltlinoi'o  iiikI  Oiiio  roiid,  riiiiriiiiK  to  I  ho  city  of  Hnlliiiioro. 
Krotn  tlic'No  llircoininiiiiinitioii  in  o|i<ni(ul  with  tliii  inoro  oaittnrn  ritioH. 

Otlicr  liiM'N  III  proKr«"i  will  niitto  Cinciiiiintl  with  tlin  ciipitnl  of  In- 
(tiunii,  at  which  placo  tiioNt  of  tho  riiilways  now  coiiHtructiiiK  in  that 
Nlatn  will  iiioct.  KxurtionN  arr  bcinK  iiindo  to  hiiild  u  road  from  (.'ov> 
iiiKton  to  Frankfort,  tliu  capital  of  Kentucky. 

Indiana  in  (<niulatinKtlin  uxarnplo  of  Ohio.  From  linr  capital,  which  i* 
about  (H'tilraliy  Nituatcd,  UivcrKC''  the  Mudiaon  and  Indianapolin  itailrond. 
Willi  tliiN  will  l)c  connected  four  now  roadM,  noon  to  Ix)  completed, 
diverKiiig  from  Indianapolih  ;  vl/..,  one  to  Terru  Ilauto,  one  to  l.u  Fay- 
ette, one  to  I'eru,  uni!  one  to  iiollefontalne.  The  latter  road  \h  one  of 
great  importance,  an  it  will  hring  Indianii  in  direct  communication  with 
the  east(trn  citieN.  Anotlusr  line  in  contemplated,  to  run  from  New 
Albany,  on  tin;  Ohio,  to  i.a  Fayette,  hn  the  WaliaHli.  It  liaH  heen  com- 
inentti'd  at  each  end  of  the  line,  and  will  nooii  be  completed  from  La 
Faycllc  to  Crawfordsville,  and  from  New  Albany  to  .Salem,  each  em- 
braciiiK  mictions  of  about  70  milcH, 

The  Htato  of  lllinoiH  hasi  already  done  Hoinething  in  the  way  of  rail- 
roads, but  is  dcHlined  to  acconii)liNli  much  more,  na  the  excrti(m.s  »he  is 
now  making  for  that  purpone  plainly  indicate. 

A  railroad  i.s  now  in  operation  from  Hpringlield,  her  capital,  to  Naplen, 
on  llie  Illinois  river ;  this  is  to  be  continued  to  the  Mis.siNijippi,  at  or 
near  Uuincy.  Another  road  is  progressing  from  Chicago  to  (ialrna. 
leadiiiK  from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  lead  region  of  the  MisMi.<4Mip|>i. 
From  Chicago  a  line  will  soon  be  made  around  the  head  of  the  lake,  to 
unite  with  the  Michigan  Central  road  at  New  JtufTalo,  and  also  with  the 
Michigan  Houthern  Kuilroad  now  being  completed  westward  from 
Hillsdale.  The  latter  route,  via  Toledo,  in  connection  with  the  lines  of 
railways  running  along  the  lake  shore  from  the  latter  place  to  Dufralo, 
will  constitute  one  of  the  main  and  most  direct  routes  between  the 
western  and  north-western  states  and  the  cities  of  the  Atlantic  sea- 
board. 

From  Hpringfield,  Illinois,  a  road  will  probably  be  made  to  run  to  Lake 
Michigan,  there  to  connect  with  the  Michigan  Southern  and  Michigan 
Central  railroads.  This  would  open  a  speedy  route  of  travel  to  the 
people  of  this  section  to  New  York  and  the  other  eastern  cities. 

A  road  before  long  will  cross  the  state  of  Illinois  from  the  Wabash  to 
the  Mississippi ;  the  route  has  already  been  surveyed,  and  is  intended 
to  form  a  link  in  the  direct  route  of  travel  from  Cincinnati  to  St. 
Louis. 

The  subject  of  railways  in  Europe  has  occupied  great  attention. 

Belgium  was  the  first  to  follow  Great  Britain  in  their  construction.  A 
general  system  of  railways  was  agreed  upon  in  May,  1834.  By  this 
plan,  all  the  important  parts  of  her  territory  have  been  brought  in 
close  connection  with  Central  and  Southern  Europe. 

The  legislature  of  Holland  having  refused  its  aid,  the  King  (Wil- 

3 


*:  ,".*^-iA  m  -(.w.'^  * 


,:^. 


26 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


liam  I)  gave  his  personal  guarantee  to  a  company,  for  a  line  from  Am- 
sterdam to  Rotterdam,  53  miles,  which  was  opened  in  1844.  Other  lines 
have  since  been  constructed,  extending  to  the  frontier,  and  uniting  with 
important  routes  in  Prussia. 

In  France,  railroads  were  not  appreciated  until  their  utility  was  dis- 
played by  the  opening  of  the  short  line  (12  miles)  uniting  Paris  and  St. 
Germain.  The  government  soon  realized  their  importance,  and  in  1842, 
devised  a  plan  for  their  general  introduction.  In  accordance  with  this 
plan,  six  great  lines  would  run  from  the  capital,  as  follows :  1.  A  north- 
ern line,  to  the  Belgian  frontier ;  2.  A  southern  line,  to  open  a  commu- 
nication with  Spain  ;  3.  An  eastern  line  to  the  Rhenish  frontier ;  4.  A 
line  from  Paris  to  Brest ;  5.  A  line  running  centrally  through  France, 
between  the  S.  and  E.  lines,  to  the  base  of  the  Pyrenees  ;  6.  A  western 
line,  directed  towards  Rouen,  with  branches  to  Havre  and  Dieppe.  It 
was  also  determined  to  complete  the  great  lines  of  communication,  by 
two  main  lines  proceeding  from  Marseilles— one  leading  to  the  Atlantic 
from  Kordeaux,  and  the  other  communicating,  by  Lyons,  with  Switzer- 
land and  other  parts  of  Europe. 

In  Qermany,  a  line  extends  from  Cologne  to  the  extreme  frontier  of 
the  east,  north,  and  south  of  the  Germanic  Confederation.  Vienna, 
Breslau,  and  Hamburgh,  are  now  connected  by  a  continuous  railway. 

From  Vienna,  in  Austria,  four  great  lines  diverge  to  the  N.,  S.,  E.,  and  W. 
The  N.  and  S.  lines  form  part  of  an  extensive  line  uniting  the  Adriatic 
with  the  northern  seas.  Another  line  traverses  the  Lombardo- Venetian 
territory,  connecting  Venice  with  Milan. 

Other  great  railways  in  contemplation  are  : 

The  great  German  and  Italian  Junction  Railway,  commencing  on 
Lake  Constance,  traversing  Switzerland,  crossing  the  Alps  by  a  tunnel 
3i  miles  in  length,  and  terminating  on  Lake  Maggiore.  The  German 
railways  branching  off  from  Lake  Constance,  and  which  will  connect 
with  the  above,  are— 1.  The  Baden  Railway,  to  run  from  Constance  to 
Offenburg,  where  it  will  connect  with  the  Great  Baden  Railway ;  2.  The 
Wurtemburg  Railway,  from  Frederickshaven  to  Stutgard  and  Louis- 
burg  ;  3.  The  Bavarian,  from  Lindau  to  Augsburg  ;  4.  The  Swiss  Rail- 
ways from  Roraanshorn  to  Zurich. 

The  Italian  Railways  branching  off  from  Lake  Maggiore  are — 1.  The 
Sardinian  Railway,  from  Arona  to  Genoa  ;  and  2.  The  railway  from  Bel- 
linzona  to  Lugano  and  Chiapo,  on  the  frontiers  of  Lorabardy. 

The  Russian  railways  projected,  and  in  process  of  construction,  con- 
sist of  the  following  principal  lines.  The  first  extending  from  St.  Peters- 
burg to  Warsaw,  and  thence  to  Cracow.  The  second  line  will  connect 
St.  Petersburg  with  Moscow ;  and  the  third  will  be  the  continuation  of 
the  Austro-Hungarian  line  to  Odessa.  The  fourth  line,  intended  for 
merchandise  only,  will  connect  the  Volga  and  the  Duna. 


mm 


r'"«ai».'^*'B*''ttf*«fe'**t*.«;*»!tj»«.to»^;»*;i^^ 


line  from  Am- 
14.  Other  lines 
id  uniting  with 

itility  was  dis- 
;  Paris  and  St. 
ce,  and  in  1842, 
lance  with  this 
fa:  1.  A  north- 
)pen  a  coinmu* 
frontier ;  4.  A 
rough  France, 
;  6.  A  western 
,nd  Dieppe.  It 
munication,  by 
to  the  Atlantic 
,  with  Switzer- 

eme  frontier  of 
ition.  Vienna, 
lous  railway. 
r.,S.,E.,andW. 
ng  the  Adriatic 
lardo- Venetian 


'■m- 


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ommencing  on 
Ips  by  a  tunnel 
The  German 
;h  will  connect 
n  Constance  to 
ailway ;  2.  The 
ird  and  Louis- 
Phe  Swiss  Rail- 

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ilway  from  Bel- 
lardy. 

(istruction,  con- 
from  St.  Peters- 
ne  will  connect 
continuation  of 
e,  intended  for 


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BOSTON. 


37 


^^'^"^ 


.      V       '.' 


-^  uw;:^- 


BOSTON. 

BonoN,  the  capital  of  Massachusetts,  and  metropolis  of  New 
England,  is  situated  on  a  peninsula  at  the  western  extremity  of 
Massachusetts  Bay.  It  is  in  N.  Lat.  42°  21'  23",  and  W.  Long. 
71°  4'  9",  and  contains  a  population  of  130,000.  The  peninsula 
upon  which  it  is  built  is  nearly  three  miles  in  length,  with  an 
average  breadth  of  one  mile,  with  numerous  elevations  from  50 
to  110  feet  above  the  sea,  affording  admirable  sites  for  building,  and 
giving  to  the  city  a  peculiarly  fine  appearance,  especially  when 
viewed  from  the  water.  The  Indian  name  of  Boston  was  Shaw- 
mut,  but  it  was  called  by  the  first  settlers  Trimountain,  from  the 
three  hills  on  which  the  city  is  built.  It  was  incorporated  Feb. 
1822. 

Boston  is  connected  with  the  surrounding  country  by  artificial 
avenues  or  bridges,  and  with  Roxbn.ry  by  the  Neck  which  forms 
the  peninsula  upon  which  the  city  is  built.  It  is  united  with 
East  Boston  (formerly  Noddle's  Island)  and  Chelsea  by  means 
of  steam  ferry-boats,  which  ply  at  regular  intervals  during  the 
day  The  bridges  are  among  the  greatest  curiosities  of  the  place, 
being  so  different  from  any  thing  of  their  kind  elsewhere ;  and 


If 


S    -c^-ea.accord'-n^  toActcfCjyressMthi.:ye^lS48.iyW\nnzo7ns.irLt}i^  Oerlci  Office  ofrhe^^^^. 


Scale  of  Kfet 


OOU  l.')00 


,,,-W('^^^     Irs 

1^ /■■-<> 

^/!^:  ;',■■''■■  ^ 

iPLANoF  BOSTON. 

^^^:^-:^€A8TANn  SOUTH  BOSTON, 

CMiUELLSSTOWN 

AND 

CAMBniDOE. 

SlioMdjig-  ILkFwlHe  tlie  RoUxtmd  Depots 

WKFKiiJacaB  TO  PT^CXS  NOTNAMEn  OXTTIEM.H'- 


feS) 


LoiUstrurg  Squni'a 
2Mbve-fe  ScrtLSO 
S-BowiioinSquaro  lyntrch 
'il^ctUonal  Theatre 
ZSaymccrket  Square 
6  Jlmt-ai-dAtheti  anon 

H  Shminitit  .loiiso 
lOEfm  ,>Yrpct  Bimise 
II  City  Tovpm 
l2BrattleStrppt  Churrli 
XAMinmiil  Ha.n 
14  Q-tdncy  ATarkn 


20  atyllfiH 

21  Miixeiitii 
\  2  'IMis.sion  uiyHooms 
'I'A  lytnuontJiotisi' 
iiAthcttreiim 
|25  Tt-enimit  Temple 
\2aMo7-UcjUtnral  Soaen- 
2.1  Old  South  amrrh 
a,& Boston  Theatre 

I  20  T^nitarian  Church 
I  AOBivomHeld  ffoiisn 
' ., ,  iMnrlhon>':B('t*'l 
'^KUatVun'o'  f'fifH"^ 
132  litrJi  St  Cfizi>i*[ 

Tt^itfi 


?  a^rfe  c^mcf'  orcheDistrtct Court  cfcheSouthe77iDi3tn.ct  .yfJsTexvyr.'-k 


L.iawr  Jt-tii*r 


■!••■». -^•«v;'Wj;Pir-VT;T(p',^Tj;r 


28 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


their  great  length,  with  the  fine  views  they  afford,  renders  them 
objects  of  interest  to  strangers.  Boston  is  connected  with  Charles- 
town  by  the  Charles  River  or  old  Charlestown  Bridge,  and  by 
Warren  Bridge.  The  former  was  incorporated  in  March,  1785, 
and  is  1,403  feet  long,  42  in  breadth,  and  cost  upwards  of  $50,000. 
— Warren  Bridge  was  incorporated  in  March,  1828 ;  its  length 
is  1,390  feet,  breadth  45.  The  toll  formerly  collected  from  all  who 
passed  over  these  bridges,  was  abolished  a  few  years  since,  on 
their  becoming  state  property. — West  Boston  Bridge,  leading 
from  the  foot  of  Cambridge-st.  to  Old  Cambridge,  was  opened  in 
Nov.  1793.  It  rests  upon  180  piers,  and,  including  causeway 
and  abutments,  is  6,190  feet  in  length.  This  bridge  was  sold  to 
a  company  in  June,  1846,  for  $75,000,  who  have  twelve  years 
allowed  for  raising  the  sum  by  tolls,  the  interest  of  which  is  to 
keep  the  bridge  in  repair. — Cragie*s  or  Canal  Bridge,  from  the 
foot  of  Leverett-st.  to  Lechmere  Point,  in  East  Cambridge,  was 
opened  in  Ajig.,  1809:  its  length  is  2,796  feet,  width  40.  From 
this  bridge  a  branch  extends  to  Prison  Point,  Charlestown,  the 
length  of  which  is  1,820  feet,  width  35  feet. — The  Mill  Dam  or 
Western  Avenue,  opened  in  July,  1821,  extends  from  the  foot  of 
Beacon-st.  to  Sewell's  Point  in  Brookline :  it  is  constructed  in  a 
substantial  manner  of  stone  and  earth,  and  is  a  mile  and  a  hall 
long,  and  from  60  to  100  feet  in  width.  It  encloses  about  600 
acres  of  flats,  over  which  the  tide  formerly  flowed.  A  cross-dam 
divides  this  enclosure,  which,  by  the  aid  of  flood  and  ebb  gates, 
forms  a  receiving  basin,  thereby  producing,  at  all  periods,  a  great 
extent  of  water-power.  The  cost  of  this  work  was  about  $700,000. 
— Boston  Free  Bridge,  from  Sea-st.  to  South  Boston,  completed 
in  1828,  is  500  feet  long  and  38  wide. — South  Boston  Bridge, 
leading  from  the  "  Neck"  to  South  Boston,  was  opened  in  July, 
1805.  Length  1,550  feet,  width  40:  cost  $50,000.  These 
bridges  are  all  lighted  with  lamps.  Besides  the  above,  the  river 
is  crossed  by  several  railroad  bridges  or  viaducts. 

South  Boston,  formerly  a  part  of  Dorchester,  is  connected  with 
Boston  by  two  bridges,  and  also  by  the  Old  Colony  Railroad ;  it 
contains  about  600  acres,  which  is  laid  out  into  regular  streets. 
Pop.  about  9,000.  "  Dorchester  Heights,"  which  are  situated 
about  the  centre  of  the  tract,  1 30  feet  above  the  ocean,  are  fa> 


w 


BOSTON. 


29 


iders  them 
h  Charles- 
org,  and  by 
xch,  1785, 
)f  $50,000. 
;  Us  length 
•om  all  who 
8  since,  on 
tre,  leading 
3  opened  in 
r  causeway 
was  sold  to 
velve  years 
which  is  to 
re,  from  the 
ibridge,  was 
1 40.     From 
leetown,  the 
i[ill  Dam  or 
1  the  foot  of 
itructed  in  a 
and  a  hall 
us  about  600 
A  cross-dam 
id  ebb  gates, 
riods,  a  great 
ut  $700,000. 
n,  completed 
ston  Bridge, 
ned  in  July, 
100.      These 
ive,  the  river 


mous  in  the  Revolutionary  history  of  the  country.  From  these 
Heights,  and  also  from  Mount  Washington,  is  presented  a  liine 
view  of  Boston  and  its  harbor,  Charlestown,  the  Navy  Yard,  and 
the  surrounding  country.  The  Institution  for  the  Blind,  and  the 
Houses  of  Industry,  Correction,  and  Reformation  are  located  here. 

East  Boston,  formerly  Noddle's  Island,  lies  about  1,980  feet 
N.  E.  from  Boston,  and  is  divided  from  Chelsea  by  Chelsea  creek, 
600  feet  wide,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  whence  a  fine  road  leads 
to  the  Salem  turnpike.  Pop.  about  6,000.  Here  is  the  depot  and 
starting-point  of  the  Eastern  Railroad,  and  also  of  the  Cunard 
line  of  steamships.  Sugar-refining,  ship-building,  and  mechan- 
ical pursuits,  are  extensively  carried  on  here.  A  steam-ferry 
unites  this  place  with  Boston,  leaving  each  side  every  five  min- 
utes, and  occupying  in  crossing  about  three  minutes. 

Boston  Harbor  contains  many  islands,  some  of  which  are  ot 
great  beauty :  it  is  safe,  and  capacious  enough  for  the  largest 
navy.  The  most  important  part  of  this  harbor  is  entered  by  a 
narrow  pass,  about  three  miles  below  the  city,  and  is  well  pro- 
tected by  forts  Independence  and  Warren.  The  outside  harbor 
is  protected  by  a -strong  fortress  on  George's  Island,  recently  erect- 
ed by  the  general  government.  The  view  of  the  city,  and  the 
towns  and  villages  on  the  shores  of  the  harbor,  add  much  to  the 
beauty  of  the  scenery.  Fishing  parties  frequently  go  out,  and  hav- 
ing secured  a  mess  of  fish,  land  on  one  of  the  many  islands,  and 
regale  themselves  with  a  "  chowder."  Boats  of  twenty  or  thirty 
tons  are  usually  chartered  for  this  purpose,  men  of  experience 
always  going  with  them. 

Boston  Common,  one  of  the  most  delightful  places  of  its  kind 
in  the  country,  is  a  great  promenade,  and  on  holidays  and  public 
occasions  is  crowded  with  people.  It  contains  about  75  acres, 
including  what  is  termed  the  Public  Garden,  on  the  west  side  of 
Charles-st.  It  is  a  mile  and  oiy-third  in  circumference,  and  sur- 
rounded by  an  iron  railing  which  cost  the  city  about  $75,000  ; 
outside  of  which  are  wide  streets  lined  by  handsome  buildings. 
It  is  gently  undulated,  beautifully  shaded  with  trees  of  various 
kinds,  some  of  which  are  more  than  a  hundred  years  old,  and  a 
beautiful  gravelled  walk,  or  mall,  extends  throughout  its  entire 
circumference.    This  spot,  so  greatly  admired  by  strangers,  is  th» 


i>',. 


%- 


if'- 


"vh 


30 


RAILROAD  AND   STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


pnde  of  all  Bostonians.  The  above  view  represents  the  "  Frog 
Pond"  in  Boston  Common.  It  is  now  filled  with  Cochituate  water, 
and  an  elegant  fountain  ornaments  its  centre. 

Water. — Boston  is  now  amply  supplied  with  water  from  Long 
Pond,  in  Framingham,  by  means  of  the  splendid  enterprise  just 
completed.  The  ceremony  of  breaking  ground  took  place  Aug. 
20th,  1846,  on  which  occasion  Long  Pond  received  the  appella- 
tion of  '•  Cochituate  Lake."  This  lake  covers  an  area  of  659 
acres,  and  drains  a  surface  of  11,400  acres.  It  is  in  some  places 
70  ft.  deep,  and  is  elevated  124  ft.  above  tide-water  in  Bostoei  har- 
bor. The  corner-stone  of  the  Boston  Reservoir,  situated  on  Beacon 
Hill,  was  laid  on  Saturday,  Nov.  19th,  1847,  by  the  Mayor  and 
City  Council.  A  large  number  of  citizens  assisted  at  the  ceremony 
The  foundations  for  the  arches  which  support  the  reservoir  are 
very  massive.  The  reservoir  covers  an  area  of  40,000  feet.  The 
water  is  brought  in  an  oval  aqueduct,  six  feet  four  inches  in 
height,  and  five  feet  in  width,  laid  in  brick  with  hydraulic  ce- 
ment, about  14 J  miles,  from  Cochituato  lake  to  Brookline,  wher* 
it  discharges  itself  into  a  reservoir  30  acres  in  extent.  Fiom 
Brookline  the  water  is  forced  by  its  own  pressure  through  pipes 


BOSTON. 


31 


of  30  and  35  inches  iu  diameter,  to  the  two  reservoirs  in  the  city, 
the  one  ou  Mount  Washington  at  South  Boston,  which  will  con- 
tain a  superficies  of  70,000,  and  the  one  on  Beacon  Hill  of  38,000 
feet.  The  latter  will  contain,  when  full,  3,000,000  of  gallons. 
This  reservoir  will  be  capable  of  throwing  a  jet  to  a  great  height. 
The  two  reservoirs  will  deliver  to  the  city  of  Boston  10,000,000 
of  gallons  a  day  of  the  purest  and  best  water.  The  entire  cost 
of  construction  will  probably  fall  within  3,000,000  of  dollars. 
The  greatest  drawback  to  Boston  has  been,  perhaps,  the  want 
of  a  sufficient  supply  of  this  element,  conflicting  interests  having 
retarded  its  introduction  at  an  earlier  period.  The  aqueduct  com- 
pany for  bringing  water  from  Jamaica  Pond  in  Roxbury,  a  dis- 
tance of  four  miles,  commenced  operations  as  early  as  1795,  but 
the  greatest  supply  from  this  source  is  about  50,000  gallons  daily, 
a  quantity  quite  inadequate  for  the  rapid  increase  of  the  popula- 
tion. It  is  estimated  that  28  gallons  per  diem  would  be  required 
for  each  individual,  including  what  may  be  used  for  culinary  and 
other  purposes.  At  this  rate  it  would  take  upwards  of  3,000,000 
gallons  daily  to  supply  the  inhabitants. 

Wharves. — About  200  docks  and  wharves  surround  the  city, 
forming  one  of  its  peculiar  features.  Long  Wharf  extends  from 
the  foot  of  State-st.  1,800  ft,  is  200  ft.  iu  width,  and  contains  78 
spacious  stores. — Central  Wharf  is  1,380  ft.  long,  with  a  signal 
station  in  the  centre,  from  which  is  obtained  a  fine  view  of  the 
city  and  harbor. — India  Wharf  is  980  ft.  long,  and  from  246  to 
280  ft  in  width.  Ships  from  the  East  Indies  and  China  are  gen- 
erally to  be  found  here. — Granite  or  Commercial  Wharf  ia  1,100 
ft  long,  and  160  wide,  and  contains  many  handsome  granite 
stores. — The  Eastern  Railroad  Wharf,  of  recent  construction, 
extends  184  ft  on  Commercial-st,  and  is  442  ft  long  and  184  ft 
wide.  Ou  this  wharf  are  28  large  stores,  the  depot  of  the  East 
Boston  Railroad  ferry,  and  the  Exchange  Hotel,  a  new  and  com- 
modious building. — Lewises  Wharf  contains  a  fine  block  of  gran 
ite  warehouses,  some  of  which  are  four  stories  in  height  On  the 
end  of  the  wharf  is  an  observatory,  commanding  a  fine  and  ex- 
iensive  prospect. — Union  Wharf  extends  290  ft.  on  Commercial- 
st,  and  is  640  ft  iu  length.  It  has  a  number  of  fine  warehouses 
upon  it  At  the  lowest  tides  the  water  at  this  wharf  is  22  ft.  deep 


32 


IlAILl'.OAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Churches. — The  Unitauian  are  as  follows:  First  Churcht'm 
Ohauucey-place,  leading  from  Siimmer-st.,  Rev.  N.  L.  Frothing- 
ham,  pastor  ;  Second  Church,  in  Hanover-st.,  Rev.  C.  Robbins ; 
King^s  Chapel,  on  the  corner  of  Treinont  and  School  sts. ; 
Brattle-street  Church,  in  Brattle-st.,  Rev.  S.  K.  Lothrop  ;  New 
South  Church,  on  Church  Green,  at  the  junction  of  Summer  and 
Bedford  sts.,  Rev.  A.  Young ;  Federal-street  Church,  at  the 
corner  of  Federal  and  Berry  sts.,  Rev.  E.  S.  Gannett ;  Hollis- 
strect  Church,  Hollis-st. ;  Purchase-street  Society,  removed  to 
corner  of  Harrison  avenne  and  Beach-st,  Rev.  C.  Coolidge  ;  South 
Congregational  Church,  on  Washington-st.,  S.  End,  Rev.  F.  D. 
Huntington  ;  Church  of  the  Disciples,  Masonic  Temple,  Rev. 
J.  F.  Clarke  ;  Bedford-street  Society,  Rev.  R.  C.  Waterston  ; 
Warren-street  Chapel,  Rev.  T.  B.  Fox. 

The  Trinitarian  Churches  are — Old  South  Church,  comer 
of  Washington  and  Milk  sts..  Rev.  G.  W.  Blagden  ;  Park-street 
Church,  corner  of  Park  and  Tremont  sts.,  Rev.  S.  Aiken. — Essex- 
street  Church,  Rev.  N.  Adams ;  Central  C hurch, Wmter-st.,  Rev. 
W.  M.  Rogers  ;  Mount  Vernon  Church,  Somerset-place,  Rev.  J. 
N.  Kirk ;  Botodoin-street  Church,  Rev.  J.  W.  Waterbury. 

The  Baptist  Churches  are — The  First  Church,  corner  of 
Hanover  and  Union  sts.,  Rev.  R.  H.  Neale ;  Second  Baptist 
Church,  Baldwin-place,  near  Salem-st.,  Rev.  B.  Stowe  ;  Third 
Baptist  Church,  in  Charles-st,  Rev.  D.  Sharp ;  Federal-street 
Baptist  Church,  removed  to  Bedford-st.,  Rev.  W.  Hague  ;  Har- 
vard-street Church,  corner  of  Harrison  avenue  and  Harvard-st., 
Rev.  J.  Barnard  ;  Tremont-street  Church,  Tremont  Temple, 
Rev.  N.  Colver ;  Bowdoin-square  Church,  Rev.  R.  W.  Cushman. 

The  Episcopal  Churches  are — Christ  Church,  in  Salem-st., 
near  Copp's  Hill,  Rev.  J.  Woart ;  Trinity  Church,  on  the  cor- 
ner of  Summer  and  Hawley  sts.,  Rt.  Rev.  M.  Eastburn ;  St. 
PauVs  Church,  Tremont-st.,  opposite  the  Common,  Rev.  A.  H 
Vinton ;  St.  Stephen*s  Church,  in  Furchase-st.,  Rev.  E.  M.  P. 
Wells ;  Grace  Church,  in  Temple-st.,  Rev.  C.  M.  Butler. 

The  Catholic  Churches  are — Church  of  the  Holy  Cross,  in 
Franklin-st. ;  St.  Miry's  Church,  Endicott-st. ;  St.  Patrick'e 
Church,  Northampton-st. ;  Church  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul, 
South  Boston  ;   St.  Auguatinc^s  Church,  South  Boston ;  Church, 


BOSTON. 


33 


of  the  Holy  Trinity,  on  Suffolk-st. ;  Church  of  St.  NicholaSf 
East  Boston. 

The  Univerbalist  Churches  are — First  Univeraalint  Church, 
Hanover-st. ;  Second  Universaliat  Church,  in  School-st. ;  Fourth 
Church,  S.  B.,  Rev.  T.  D.  Cook ;  Fifth  Church,  on  Warren-st. 

The  Methodist  Churches  are — First  Methodist  Church,  in 
North  Bennett-st. ;  Second  Church,  in  Bromfield-st. ;  the  Mar- 
iner's Bethel,  in  North-square,  Rev.  E.  T.  Taylor ;  Fourth 
Church,  in  North  Russell-st. ;  Fifth  Church,  in  South  Boston. 

The  New  Jerusalem  Church  is  in  Bowdoin,  near  Beacou-st. 

Public  Buildings,  &c. — Of  the  public  buildings  in  Boston,  the 
State-House,  on  the  summit  of  Beacon  Hill,  and  fronting  the 
"  Common,"  is  among  the  first.  Its  foundation  is  110  ft.  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  Length  173  ft.,  breadth  61.  The  edifice 
was  completed  in  1798,  at  a  cost  of  $133,330,  about  three  years 
having  been  occupied  in  its  construction.  On  the  entrance  floor 
is  to  be  seen  Chantrey's  beautiful  statue  of  Washington.  Near 
by  is  the  staircase  leading  to  the  dome,  where  visiters  are  re- 
quired to  register  their  names,  and  from  the  top  of  which  is  ob- 
tained a  fine  view  of  the  city,  the  bay  with  its  islands,  and  the 
surrounding  country, — one  of  the  finest  views  in  the  Union,  if  not 
in  the  world.  The  number  of  visiters  to  the  cupola  from  April  to 
Nov.  1849,  was  62,430.  The  state  legislature  holds  its  annual 
session  here. — The  new  Custom-House  is  located  at  the  foot  of 
State-st.,  between  the  heads  of  Long  and  Central  wharves.  It 
is  in  the  form  of  a  cross  ;  the  extreme  length  being  140  ft.,  breadth 
95  ft.  The  longest  arms  of  the  cross  are  75  feet  wide,  and  the 
shortest  67  ft.,  the  opposite  fronts  and  ends  being  alike.  The  en- 
tire height  to  the  top  of  the  dome  is  90  ft.  It  is  built  in  the  pure 
Doric  order  of  architecture.  Each  front  has  a  portico  of  six  fluted 
Doric  columns,  32  ft.  high  and  5  ft.  4  inches  in  diameter,  and  is 
approached  by  14  steps.  The  columns  are  each  in  one  piece,  of 
highly  wrought  granite,  having  cost  about  $5,000  each.  It  is 
built  on  3,000  piles,  driven  in  the  most  thorough  manner.  Im- 
mediately on  the  top  of  these  piles  is  a  platform  of  granite,  one 
foot  six  inches  thick,  laid  in  the  best  hydraulic  cement,  and  upon 
!t  the  foundations  of  the  walls,  partitions,  &c.,  were  commenced. 
(Jnderoeath  the  whole  building  is  a  cellar  12  ft.  deep,  perfectly 


I  ? 


/ 


34 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


dry,  which  is  used  for  the  storage  of  goods.  The  architect  of 
this  noble  structure  was  Ammi  B.  Young,  Esq.,  of  Boston. — 
Faneuil  Hall.  This  venerated  structure,  termed  the  "  Cradle  oi 
Liberty,"  is  in  Dock  Square.  It  is  about  109  years  old,  and  is 
an  object  of  deep  interest  to  Americans.  Here  the  fathers  of  the 
Revolution  met  to  harangue  the  people  on  the  events  of  that  stir- 
ring period  ;  and  often  since  that  time  the  great  men  of  the  state 
and  nation  have  made  its  walls  resound  with  their  eloquence. 
It  was  presented  to  the  city  by  Peter  Faneuil,  a  distinguished 
merchant,  who,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1740,  made  an  oiTer,  in  a 
town-meeting,  to  build  a  market-house.  There  being  at  that 
time  none  in  the  town,  it  was  accepted  by  a  vote  of  367  to  360. 
The  building  was  begun  the  following  year,  and  finished  in  1742. 
The  donor  so  far  exceeded  his  promise,  as  to  erect  a  spacious  and 
beautiful  Town  Hall  over  it,  and  several  other  convenient  rooms. 
In  commemoration  of  his  geu'^rosity,  the  town,  by  a  special  vote, 
conferred  his  name  upon  the  Hall ;  and  as  a  further  testimony 
of  respect,  it  was  voted  that  Mr.  Faneuil's  full-length  portrait  be 
drawn  at  the  expense  of  the  town  and  placed  in  the  Hall.  This, 
with  other  portraits,  can  be  seen  by  visiters.  This  gentleman 
died  on  the  3d  of  March,  1743,  and  the  first  meeting  of  the  in- 
habitants of  Boston  held  in  Faneuil  Hall  was  on  the  4th  of  the 
same  month,  to  hear  the  funeral  oration  of  the  donor. —  The  Ex- 
change, a  new  and  splendid  building  fronting  on  State-st.,  was 
completed  in  the  fall  of  1842.  It  is  70  ft.  high  and  250  ft.  deep, 
covering  about  13,000  ft.  of  ground.  The  front  is  built  of  Quiucy 
granite,  with  four  pilasters,  each  45  feet  high,  and  weighing  55 
tons  each.  The  roof  is  of  wrought-iron,  and  covered  with  gal- 
vanized sheet-iron  ;  and  all  the  principal  staircases  are  fire-proof, 
being  constructed  of  stone  and  iron.  The  front  is  occupied  by 
banks,  insurance  and  other  offices,  and  the  rear  is  an  hotel ;  on 
the  lower  floor  are  bathing-rooms,  and  at  the  top  is  a  telegraph 
station.  The  centre  of  the  basement  story  is  occupied  by  the 
Post-office.  The  great  central  hall,  a  magnificent  room,  is  58  by 
80  ft.,  having  18  columns  20  ft.  in  length,  in  imitation  of  Sienna 
marble,  with  Corinthian  capitals,  and  a  sky-light  of  colored  glass, 
finished  in  the  most  ornamental  manner.  This  room  is  used  for 
the  merchants'  exchange,  and  subscribers'  reading-room.    The 


V 


BOSTON. 


Piitire  cost  of  the  building,  exclusive  of  land,  was  ,^175,000.— 
The  Court-House,  a  fine  building  in  Court-square,  fronting  on 
Court-st.,  is  built  of  Quincy  granite.  The  corner-stone  was  laid 
in  Sept.,  1833.  The  interior  contains  four  court-rooms,  50  ft.  by 
40,  and  large  and  commodious  offices  for  all  the  respective  de- 
partments.— The  City  Hall  is  near  the  Court-House,  and  front- 
ing on  School-st.,  with  an  open  yard  in  front, — The  Massachu- 
setts Hospital  is  built  of  granite,  and  occupies  an  area  of  four 
acres  on  Charles  river,  between  Allen  and  Bridge  is.  It  has 
recently  been  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  wings. — The  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  ColUge,  formerly  in  Mason-st,  is  now  reinoved 
to  the  foot  of  Bridge-st.,  near  the  Massachusetts  Hospital.  A 
large  brick  edifice  has  recently  been  erected  for  it. — Harvard 
University,  located  in  Cambridge,  was  founded  in  1636,  and  takes 
its  name  from  the  Rev.  John  Harvard,  who  left  it  a  legacy  of 
£779  17s.  2d.  sterling.  Its  funds  at  the  present  time  exceed  half 
a  million  of  dollars.  The  annual  commencement  is  on  the  last 
Wednesday  in  August. — The  Athen<Bum,  situated  in  Beacon-st., 
has  a  library  of  about  50,000  volumes,  together  with  a  rich  cab- 
inet of  medals,  coins,  &c.  Besides  an  extensive  reading-room, 
furnished  with  all  the  best  American  and  European  periodicals 
and  newspapers,  it  has  also  a  fine  collection  of  paintings  and  stat- 
uary. It  is  open  to  subscribers,  and  to  friends  that  may  be  intro- 
duced, from  9  A.  M.  until  dark. — The  Lowell  Institute  was 
founded  by  John  Lowell,  Jr.,  Esq.,  for  t!  e  support  of  regular 
courses  of  popular  and  scientific  lectures.  The  sum  bequeathed 
for  this  purpose  amounts  to  about  $250,000.  By  his  will,  he  pro- 
vides for  the  maintenance  and  support  of  public  lectures  on  natural 
and  revealed  religion  ;  physics  and  chemistry,  with  their  applica- 
tion to  the  arts ;  and  on  geology,  botany,  and  other  useful  sub- 
jects. These  lectures  are  all  free.  The  season  for  delivering 
them  is  from  October  to  April,  during  which  period  four  or  five 
courses  (of  twelve  lectures  each)  are  usually  delivered.  Mr. 
Lowell  died  at  Bombay,  in  March,  1836,  in  the  37th  year  of  his 
age. — The  McLean  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  at  Somerville,  occu- 
pies a  fine  situation  on  rising  ground,  and  has  15  acres  of  land 
attached  to  it.  Th3  grounds  are  well  laid  out,  and  every  provi- 
Non  is  made  to  beguile  the  patients  into  forgetfulness  of  their 


% 


'^/., 


../ 


36 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANIOX. 


I  ■'«• 


melancholy  situation. — The  Institution  for  the  Blind,  in  South 
Boston,  is  erected  on  elevated  ground,  and  commands  a  splendid 
view  of  the  city,  harhor,  and  surrounding  country.  An  interest- 
ing exhibition  of  the  pupils  takes  place  at  the  Institute  un  the 
first  Saturday  of  every  month.  Strangers  can  obtain  admission 
at  any  time  by  applying  for  an  order.  Omnibuses  from  Boston 
leave  every  15  minutes. — The  Houses  of  Industry,  Correction, 
and  Reformation,  are  in  South  Boston,  near  the  brow  of  Dor- 
chester Heights,  and  occupy  about  60  acres  of  ground. — Faneuil 
Hall  Market,  completed  in  1827,  at  a  cost,  exclusive  of  land,  of 
$150,000,  is  built  entirely  of  granite,  and  is  536  ft.  long  and  50 
wide,  with  a  portico,  at  each  end,  of  four  pillars  23  ft.  high.  In 
the  centre  of  the  building  is  a  dome  of  fine  proportions. — The 
Masonic  Temple  is  situated  on  Tremont-st.,  opposite  to  the  Com- 
mon.— The  Melodeon  is  on  Washington,  near  Bedford  st. — The 
Tremont  Temple,  formerly  the  Tremont  Theatre,  is  on  Tremont, 
near  School  st. — Amory  Hall,  corner  of  Washington  and  West 
sts. ;  Concert  Hall,  corner  of  Court  and  Hanover  sts. ;  Congress 
Hall,  on  the  corner  of  Congress  and  Milk  sts. ;  Pantheon  Hall, 
on  Washington-st,  above  Boylston  Market ;  Washington  Hall, 
on  Washington,  near  Bromfiold  pt. ;  Covenant  Hall,  on  Wash- 
ington-st., near  Boylston  Market ;  and  Winthrop  Hall,  in  Tre- 
mont Row,  are  occupied  as  Odd  Fellows'  Lodges.  The  Free 
Masons  meet  at  the  Masonic  Temple  in  Tremont-st 

Banks. — These  are  as  follows :  Atlantic,  South  Kilby-st. ;  At- 
las, 60  State-st. ;  Boston,  48  State -st. ;  Boylston,  corner  of 
Washington  and  Boylston  sts. ;  City,  61  State-st. ;  Columbian, 
34  State-st. ;  Exchange,  28  State-st. ;  Eagle,  49  State-st. ; 
Freeman's,  28  Sea-st. ;  Globe,  22  State-st. ;  Granite,  61  State- 
st.  ;  Hamilton,  66  State-st. ;  Market,  1  Merchants'  Exchange ; 
Merchants',  28  State-st. ;  Massachusetts,  66  State-st. ;  Mechan- 
ics', South  Boston  ;  New  England,  67  State-st. ;  North,  2  Mer- 
chants' Ex. ;  Shawmut,  39  State-st. ;  Shoe  and  Leather  Deal- 
ers', 65  State-st.;  State,  40  State  st. ;  Suffolk,  60  State-et.; 
Traders',  91  State-st. ;  Tremont,  41  State-st. ;  Union,  40  State- 
st  ;  Washington,  75  State-st. 

Hotels. — The  Tremont  House,  en  Tremont  and  Beacon  sts., 
was  opened  hi  October,  1829.    It  is  a  granite  building,  contain- 


ifcii  i.*'*^  ■ 


*f     >i^^i?»-^-** 


ROSTOtr. 


m 


ing  180  rooms,  and  cost,  without  the  land,  $68,000.  Boaid  $3.00 
per  day. — ^The  American  Houie,  in  H;inover>8t.,  is  one  of  the 
best  houses  in  Boston,  and  is  provided  with  every  convenience  to 
render  it  a  most  agreeable  "  stopping*place."  Board,  by  the  day, 
$3.00.— The  United  State*  Hotel,  comer  of  Lincoln  and  Beack 
sts.,  and  opposite  the  W9rcester  Railroad  depot,  is  a  fine  establish- 
ment Wings  have  recently  baen  added  to  this  building,  which 
make  it,  in  point  of  size,  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  any  other  of  it* 
kind  in  the  country.  Board  $3.00  per  day. — The  Adam»  Houte, 
a  new  and  beautiful  hotel,  is  locited  in  Washinglon-st,  near  its 
junction  with  Bedford-st.  It  is  furnished  throughout  in  a  superb 
style,  and  the  comfort  of  visiters  is  particularly  attended  to.  Board 
12.00  per  day^ — Revere  House,  an  hotel  of  the  fir^t  order,  has  a 
fine  situation  on  Bowdoiii  Square.  Board  $2.00  per  day. — ^The 
Marlboro'  Hotel,  in  Wasbingtun-st.,  is  a  strict  temperance  house, 
and  a  popular  establishment.  Board  $2.00  per  day. — MontgofRery 
Howte,  corner  of  Tremont  and  Bromfield  sts.,  an  excellent  house. 
Board  $1.60  per  day.  Among  other  good  hotels  in  Boston  are 
the  following :  Bromfield  Haute,  Bromfieldnst.,  near  Wasbmgtonh 
st ;  Commercial  Coffee-House,  Milk-st ;  City  Hotel,  Brattle-st ; 
Eattern  Exchange  Hotel,  opposite  Eastern  Railroad  depot ;  Ex' 
change  Coffee-House,  comer  of  Congress-sq.  and  Devonshire-st ; 
Eastern  Railroad  House,  115  Commercial-st. ;  Franklin  House, 
44  Merchants'  Row ;  Hanover  House,  50  Hanover-st. ;  JIfer* 
chants*  Exchange  Hotel,  State-st. ;  Pemberton  House,  Howard- 
st  The  price  of  board,  at  the  above  houses,  varies  from  $1.00 
to  $1.50  per  day^ 

TmfiiTRBs,  AND  OTHBR  Placbs  OF  Amusembnt. — ^Tho  Howord 
Athenaum,  in  Howard-st.,  occupies  the  site  of  the  "Miilerite 
Tabernacle,"  which,  after  being  converted  into  a  theatre,  was 
destroyed  by  fire.  The  present  building,  considered  one  of  the 
handsomest  of  its  kind  in  the  country,  cos^  upwards  of  $100,000 
— The  Boston  Theatre,  until  recently  the  "  Odeon,"  stands  on 
the  comer  of  Federal  and  Franklin  sts. — ^The  National  Theatre, 
at  the  junction  of  Portland  and  Traverse  sts.,  was  built  in  1831. 
It  was  firot  opened  for  equestrian  performances,  kit  is  now  used 
for  theatrical  representations. — ^The  Adelphi,  recently  opened  in 
Conrt-st,  is  devoted  to  Burlesque  and  Vaudevilles.*— The  new 

:V  'V:  ""■■''.'::■..-•- ,"\  ■■■"  ■'    .  '  A  ■■ri,   ,".'-'S  -     "  '--,',>■ 

'  -  ..    :      --'  -    :      J?;V      '^ 


RAILROAD   AND   STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Boston  Museum  is  situated  in  Tremont-st  Besides  the  curiosi- 
ties of  the  Museum,  it  offers  attractions  in  the  way  of  theatrical 
performances.  The  Natural  Historic  Society  occupies  a  building 
in  Mason-st,  which  formerly  belonged  to  the  Massachusetts  Medi- 
cal College.  Eight  rooms  contain  objects  of  interest  in  the  dif- 
ferent departmr'^.ts  of  Nat.  History.  Visitors  have  free  access 
to  the  cabinet  every  Wednesday,  and  those  who  caanot  attend  at 
that  time,  may  obtain  admission  on  application  to  any  of  its  officer& 

Places  worth  Visitino. — The  Bunker  Hill  Monument  is  in 
Charlestowu.  The  top  of  this  structure  commands  a  magu'ti- 
cent  view,  embracing  u  wide  extent  of  land  and  water  scenery. 
The  journey  to  the  top  is  somewhat  tedious,  it  being  necessary 
to  mount  nearly  300  steps ;  yet  this  is  forgotten  in  the  charming 
scene  and  delightful  air  that  await  the  arrival  of  the  visiter.— 
Near  at  hand  is  the  United  States  Navy  Yard,  containing, 
among  other  things,  a  ropewalk,  the  longest  in  the  country.  The 
machinery  here  is  of  the  most  perfect  kind. — The  State  House. 
^-Faneuil  Halt. — The  State  Prison,  located  in  Charlestown. 
Fee  S5  cents. — The  Blind  Asylum  and  the  Howies  of  Industry 
and  Reformation,  both  in  South  Boston.  Omnibuses  leave  the 
city  every  15  minutes.  Fare  6^  cents. — The  Custom-House,  at 
the  foot  of  State-st. — Mount  Auburn  Cemetery  is  about  a  mile 
from  Harvard  University.  It  is  an  enchanting  spot — a  maguifi- 
ceiit  resting-place  for  the  dead.  The  cemetery  is  reached  by 
taking  the  cars  at  Charlestown,  which  leave  the  depot  several 
.times  daily.  (For  the  pages  ou  which  the  above  places  are  de- 
scribed, see  Index.) — Mr.  Cushing's  Garden,  a  place  of  groat 
beauty,  is  a  short  distance  beyond  Mount  Auburn,  in  Watertown. 
Tickets  may  be  obtained  gratis  on  application  at  the  Horticul- 
tural store  in  School-st. — Fresh  Pond,  another  charming  place 
of  resort,  is  about  four  miles  from  Boston,  and  half  a  mile  from 
Mount  Auburn ;  it  is  reached  by  the  railroad  cars,  which  leave 
Charlestown  many  times  during  the  day.  Fare  12^  cents. — ^The 
other  fine  sheets  of  water  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  well  worthy 
the  attention  of  visiters,  are  Horn,  Spot,  Spy,  and  Mystic  Ponds. 

Watering  Places  in  the  Vicinity  op  Boston. — Nahant,  a 
delightful  watering-place,  is  situated  about  12  miles  from  Boston^ 
by  water,  and  14  miles  by  laud.    During  the  summer  seasoUi  a 


BOSTON. 


Heaniboat  plies  daily.  Fare  25  cents.  This  is  a  most  agreeable 
excursion,  affording  an  opportunity,  in  pansing  through  the  harbor, 
for  seeing  some  of  the  many  beautiful  islands  with  which  it  it 
studded.  Nahant  may  also  be  reached  by  taking  the  Eastern 
Railroad  cars  as  far  as  Lynn,  and  thence  walking  or  riding  a  dis- 
tance of  three  miles,  along  the  hard  sandy  beach,  in  full  view  of 
the  open  sea  ;  or  by  omnibuses,  which  intersect  the  railroad  can 
at  Lynn  several  times  daily. 

The  peninsula  is  divided  into  Great  and  Little  Nahant,  and 
Bass  Neck.  The  former  is  the  largest  division,  containing  30G 
acres,  a  part  of  which  is  under  cultivation,  many  handsome 
dwellings,  and  a  spacious  hotel,  with  a  piazza  on  each  floor.  From 
this  place  the  visiter  has  a  boundless  seacoast  view. 

On  the  8.  side  of  Great  Nahant  is  the  dark  cave  or  grotto  called 
the  SwalhiD*9  Cave,  10  feet  wide,  five  feet  high,  and  70  long,  in- 
creasing in  a  short  distance  to  14  feet  in  breadth  and  18  or  20  in 
height.  On  the  north  shore  of  the  peninsula  is  a  chasm  20  or  30 
feet  in  depth,  called  the  Spouting  Horn,  into  which,  at  about 
half  tide,  the  water  rushes  with  great  violence  and  noise,  forcing 
a  jet  of  water  through  an  aperture  in  the  rock  to  a  considerable 
height  in  the  air. 

Large  numbers  resort  to  Nahant,  during  the  sultry  heats  of 
summer,  to  enjoy  the  refreshing  sea  breeze.  Visiters  may  amuse 
themselves  at  this  delightful  place,  by  fishing,  the  grounds  for 
which  are  excellent ;  by  bathing,  either  in  cold  or  warm  water ; 
with  riding,  &c.,  &c. 

Philip's  Beach,  a  short  distance  n.  e.  of  Nahant,  is  another 
beautiful  beach,  and  a  noted  resort  for  persons  in  search  of  pleas- 
ure or  health. 

Nantaaket  Beach,  12  miles  from  Boston,  is  situated  on  the  k. 
side  of  the  peninsula  of  Nantasket,  which  forms  the  s.  b.  side  of 
Boston  harbor,  and  comprises  the  town  of  Hull.  The  beach» 
which  is  remarkable  for  its  great  beauty,  is  four  miles  in  lengths 
and  celebrated  for  its  fine  shell-fish,  sea-fowl,  and  good  bathing. 

Chelsea  Beach,  about  three  miles  in  length,  is  situated  in  the 
town  of  Chelsea,  and  ie  another  fine  place  of  resort.  A  ride  along 
this  beach  on  a  warm  day  is  delightful.  It  is  about  five  miles  from 
Boston,  and  may  be  reached  by  crossing  the  ferry  to  East  Boston. 


•  ^ 


40 


RAILROAD  AHD  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


The  rate$  qffare  in  the  city  <ifBo»ton,  to  be  taken  by  or  paid  to  tht 
owner  or  driver  qfany  licensed  carriage^  are  aefolttnoe: 

For  carrying  a  passenger  from  one  place  to  another,  within  the  city 
proper,  25  cents. 

For  children  between  three  and  twelve  years  of  age,  if  more  than 
one.  or  if  accompanied  by  an  adult,  half  price  only  is  charged  for  each 
child ;  and  for  children  under  three  years  of  age,  when  accompanied  by 
their  parents,  or  any  adult,  no  charge  is  made.  Every  driver  or  owner 
of  any  licensed  carriage,  is  obliged  to  carry  with  each  passenger  one 
trunk,  and  a  valise,  saddle-bag,  carpet-bag,  portmanteau,  box,  bundle, 
basket,  or  other  article  used  in  travelling,  if  he  be  requested  so  to  do, 
without  charge  or  compensation  therefor ;  but  for  every  trunk  or  other 
such  artiole  as  above  named,  more  than  two,  he  is  entitled  to  demand 
and  receive  the  sum  of  five  cents. 

UIBTANCES  IN  BOSTON  FROM  THE   EXCHANGE  IN  STATB'BTRBET. 

To  the  Providence  Depot,  three-quarters  of  a  mile ;  the  Worcester 
and  Old  Colony  Depots,  two-thirds  of  a  mile ;  the  Bosti.n  and  Maine 
Depot,  one-third  of  a  mile  ;  the  Lowell  Depot,  two-thirds  of  a  mile ; 
the  Eastern  Depot,  half  a  mile ;  Bunker  Hill  Monument  and  Navy 
Yard,  1^  mile;  Roxbury,  2^  miles;  Chelsea,  two  miles;  Cambridge 
Bridge,  three-quarters  of  a  mile ;  Harvard  University,  3^  miles ;  Mount 
Auburn,  4i  miles;  Fresh  Pond,  five  miles  ;  East  Boston,  U  mile;  Mt. 
Washington  and  Dorchester  Heights,  S.  Boston,  two  miles ;  House  of 
Reformation,  S.  B.,  2}  miles. 

Steamboat  CoNVEYANCtB  from  Boston.— During  the  seaaon 
of  navigation  steamboats  leave  Boston  for  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  and 
also  for  Portland,  Me.  The  fares  are  usually  low,  as  the  boats 
run  in  opposition  to  the  railroad. 

For  Bath,  Gardiner,  and  Hallowell. — Steamen  leave  Boston 
for  the  above  places,  from  the  end  of  T  wharf,  every  Tuesday 
and  Friday,  returning  on  alternate  days.  Stages  will  be  found  in 
readiness  at  Hallowell  and  Gardiner,  on  the  arrival  of  the  boat,  to 
take  passengers  to  Waterville,  Farmington,  Readfield,  Win' 
throp,  &c.  The  stage  route  from  the  above  places  to  the  e.  of 
the  Kennebec,  and  to  Quebec,  Can.,  will  be  found  both  pleasant 
and  expeditious. 

For  Bangor. — A  steamboat  leaves  from  the  foot  of  Hanover-fit 
every  Tuesday  and  Friday,  in  the  afternoon,  for  Bangor.  Ueual 
fare  $3.00.  At  Belfast  stages  will  be  in  readiness  to  convey 
pasMngers  to  Caatinet  Deer  lele,  Sedgwick,  Bluehill,  and  ElU* 
worth. 


'■'^Mvimfmvmrmntiisvff*  - 


Mtid  to  th§ 
ou>*: 

lin  the  city 

more  than 
Bd  for  each 
npanied  by 
ir  or  owner 
«enger  one 
>x,  bundle, 
d  80  to  do, 
nk  or  other 

to  demand 

' '    „- 1, 

.■ '  '  ■  , / 

STRBBT.   '>- 

Worcester 

and  Maine 

of  a  mile ; 

and  Navy 

Cambridge 

lea;  Mount 

mile;  Mt. 

;  House  of 

he  Beason 

N.  H.,  and 

the  boats 

ve  Boston 
T  Tuesday 
«  found  in 
he  boat,  to 
eldf  Win* 
o  the  E.  of 
h  pleasant 


■*,  <• 


*.^.' 


:',yt      %• 


7     ...i 


V> 


^■■•.•^^•• 


M- 


.>   '^^ 


.y-    if.. 


-     Hs' 


% 


i' 


■vM 


•#. 


■cy-: 


•i^ipatj. 


VIW  ^,- 


■%■! 


^P 


^■v' 


:i'  M 


c? 


.-y-, 


^??&. 


auover-st. 
r.  Untal 
to  convey 
and  ElU- 


^t^i'i-r- 


■^nv^:^'- 


( 


I    ;• 


^>*f'^'■ 


1 

f  ^^ 

b 

fn 

k      1 

V         "8 

^; 

^                • 

n 

^^^^ 

EASTERN  RAILROAD. 


41 


For  Eattport,  Me.^  and  <S'i.  Johns,  N.  B. — A  steamboat  leavM 
Eastern  Steamboat  Wharf  for  the  above  places  twice  a  week,  re- 
turning on  alternate  days.  Usual  fare  to  Eastport  $6.00  ;  to  St. 
Johns  $8.00. 

Note.— For  the  rovtet  diverging  from  Boston,  see  railroads  under 
their  respective  headu.   • 


EASTERN  R/lILROAD, 
Seaboard,  or  Lower  Route.    (See  Map  No.  4.) 

There  are  two  routes  from  Boston  to  Portland,  Me. ;  the  East- 
ern or  seaboard  route  from  East  Bo;iton,  105  miles  in  length,  and 
the  Boston  and  Maine,  or  inland,  c  ^j^^r  route,  which  connects 
with  the  Eastern  at  South  Berw'  -k  Iv»e.  The  distance  by  the 
latter  route  is  109  miles.  They  are  both  well-managed  roads, 
and  the  cars  and  conveniences  upon  them  not  inferior  to  those 
upon  the  best  roads  in  the  country. 

The  Eastern  Railroad  from  Boston  to  Salem  was  opened  in 
1838 ;  to  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  in  1840 ;  and  to  Portland,  Me.,  in 
1842.  The  cost  of  the  road  to  Portsmouth,  54  miles,  including  a 
double  track  to  Salem,  with  locomotivee ,  cars,  &c.,  was  $2,500,000. 
The  Portsmouth,  Saco,  and  Portland  Railroad,  51  miles,  cost 
$1,200,000. 

From  Boston  to  Portland  via  Salem,  Newburvport,  and 
FoRTSMouTiL — Passengers  for  places  on  this  route,  leave  the  com- 
pany's station,  Eastern  Avenue,  foot  of  Commercial-st.,  from  which 
they  are  conveyed  by  ferry  to  the  railroad  depot  at  K  Boston. 

Lynn,  9  miles  distant,  is  noted  for  its  trade  in  women's, 
"misses',"  and  children's  shoes.  Upwards  of  10,000  persons,  of 
both  sexes,  are  engaged  in  this  species  of  industry.  In  1849, 
there  were  3,190,000  pairs  of  shoes  made  here,  and  360,000  pur- 
chased from  neighboring  towns ;  making  a  total  of  3,540,000  pairs, 
which  cost  $2,392,675.     Pop.  in  Jan.  1850,  16,807.    Fare  25  cts. 

Salem,  which  contains  a  population  of  about  21,220,  is  situated 
on  a  peninsula,  a  short  distance  from  the  sea,  and  20  miles  from 
Cape  Ann.    It  was  formerly  extensively  engaged  in  the  East 


L- 


0 


h- 


.Uf^#»,;j»;Kri"||ifci™'^ 


49 


KAU>HU.\I»  KHW  i^tMAMIUI.Sr  tuMI'ANMkN, 


ill 


If 

H 


\  ;  i 


t\ 


^ 


liuttn  trM«l<«i  \\\\\  hnN  (li>ollu«>«l  (it  iMitiuniMi^lMl  liii|HMltiiio(<,  mtwl  of 
Kh  «>hi)t|»iH|r  ImvliiK  h«»«^it  r«>Miov«Ml  (o  M«Mlt>ii,  HliliuiiKlt  t«uiitli«uliig 
to  \\^  owuril  ill  Snlt>iu.  riiMii^^^itl.i  oit<i  of  Uit«  luuMlHiMni>Ni 
llommtfhl^nMi  iii  (lt«»  t^oiiiilryi  Ikik  ...wm  oI' («li)i«h'nt^M im oilhor  mH^, 
Miul  ooutwioM  tunny  Nitloitdlil  iitnitMloitM.  Tlin  Ntiiiiiiki^nt(  Hloniii 
<NtMott  bWtoryi  «>itt|)loyitt|f  ttimMhU  of  AOO  itMtttiN,  tiitti  ilio  l(«i'Ki<xt 
««t'  itix  Kiittl  iti  th«»  i).  HlMt(^«»  Ik  Im^nlin)  linit*.  Tltn  AInn^ioh  i«i'  ilio 
K»»*^  /m«^««  WrtMMH  AViXy  In  \v»»ll  worth  «  vUlli  IW  wliloli  llokfJn 
of  N«ln«(iMiioit  ono  Ih«  (o^HMirtMi  ||mlii«,  on  upiOloolioii.  It  In  i^hiitik* 
nhlr  \W  Iho  vnrirty  ntoi  <«\(iMti  of  Km  tothiml  niol  nHinoittl  oui'I«mI* 
lifvn,  o««lli'ott««l  rt"otu  i»vory  |mv<  of  Iho  worM.  l*Wf  fi»m  Itimtm 
40  iMMttH.  *rho  Kdntrnt  Knilnmd  ywm^m  tliniiiuli  n  (iiiiiinl  liiilll 
wxwWt  Vixm^t  m\\\  \VnMh<n)floit  mIn.,  mioI  in  Oirtioo  onrri<«il  ov«*i'  n 
hritlvi^  *^('  ooitiiitl«»ruUlo  l««itglli  (o  llovoriyi 

Htt^rlff,  \\<^>  ittilow  ttoilh  of  SuI«mo.  ttiid  10  IVitiit  IIomIoii,  In  ooii- 
tt«MM«Hl  with  llto  ftmti«vr  plwoo  l>y  n  hriiljjv  nn'i^Mit  tht<  Ntnlli  Ulvoi*  i 
Ihn  )Mr(a)2t«,  witioh  \vn«  hiiilt  iit  I7HH.  Im  I.AOO  it.  in  ItMt^lli,  Tlio 
iithtibilAtttit  nri»  vory  |]t«iioi^illy  i^it)in)f<Ml  iit  (lin  tWli««rl(Hi.  1V<|). 
»Mi*  5»(HH>,     f\«»>^  4»\  ot»iili». 

UVwAitm  k  M  v<»ry  |U««MNnitt  (owit,  !!}0  niili'M  n.  by  k.  of  I^mIuii. 
IV|v  nUntI  ))«(HH)«  \»iihniit  \\\\\\,  n  bonitli..il  »\wt\i  of  wittier, 
«Um(  M  ittilo  m\ttAri^»  niHmlii  nhitioiuiict^  of  t^xorlloat  ilithi  niid  k 
iitoolt  x*itMt«> '  hy  |M*r«oitii  ftoid  of  nit)fiin)f.  !t  in  t^\m^  tiof«Ml  for  tlio 
qunlily  nm)  i^onntity  of  \\»  \v<i^%  n  Inr^  niooiiiii  of  witioli  in  yrnrly 

/^«iri>A  ooittniitH  nUntt  3.0(H)  iiihuhiluiitit.  T\w  cMntnlry  nrotuid 
i»  w^il  tntltivAlt^d  Aiul  b<*ntitii\iily  vuiio){iitc(l.     Fttvr  70  vt^iilii. 

Ifrt«r/i>y  i^  Mit  N){riouUurnl  towa  iitiioh  ronortiMi  to  by  fuinllioN 
M't'Kio);  M  htcitltby  »uiiM»«Mr  locttUoii.  l)i»tHUOo  l>t)iu  Uu«iuii  Ui) 
luiitf*.     F\tn>  80  c*»nt«. 

NK>v»imYi*oRT,  Mam.,  Ii«>ii  ou  n  i^iitlr  nooliviiy,  on  iho  i.bauk 
(if  th^  MtrninMck  Kivtr,  iwm  its  union  with  tho  Atlantic.  It  !■ 
('^on^k'rtHi  on<!«  of  th««  most  btmutifnl  towiw  in  Now  England.  In 
c<MVM>^n<'iKH«  of  A  mnd'hiir  At  tho  month  of  tho  hurlMtr,  ilK  foreign 
owumwrt^  hAs  }rn(»Atly  d«H5!in«Ml.  The  c«»lt»br«t»>d  lloorgo  While- 
tk-M  dHHt  in  thb  towu  iu  Sept,  li 70.  ro|i.  about  10,000.  Far* 
/tmn  B«*hm  $1.00.      . 

Smli^vr^  BtNukt  r«Ieb]rAt»d  for  its  beauty  and  salubrity,  U  mtioh 


KAMTi'lMN  ilAli.llO,\M, 


Va 


vlMllml  (liirliitf  tlitt  wMriii  NtiNMoti:     1 1  In  rruiii  four  to  IWo  iiilInN  itli- 
tuiii  IVoiii  NnwIiiiryiNtri. 

Sfitiltimk  In  moMmI  I'ltr  ItN  wIimIo'IiomI  hiilMlMKf  wlilitli  In  nnrrlNl 
to  It  Ki'oui  Mlriit.  'rim  liiliitlillnnlN  tiro  inoMiJy  itimtlmiiiciN  ikmI 
vi^iinoMi.     l'o|».  hInmiI  U,()(H).     hiifjrom  llii»ltin  I|I.1A. 

Ilmnplm  hitU  wiin  orl|{li'nlly  ii  jxiri  of  llitioiiioii,  front  wlildli 
U  WiiNNi<|MtriHi<^l  mill  hii«ii'|NiriiM*il  In  I7IU.  'I'lri  liili»tl>l(iiiilN  uro 
tiiiMlty  i«nKiiKi^il  In  nKrIiuilliiriil  |MirHiillN.     l'o|i.  iilioiit  1)00, 

liiimithiM  In  plniiNuiiily  Nlliiitlnil  imtir  llin  AlkiitMi  oomnI.  rroiri 
t^lttviillitiiN  III  tlin  vlnliilly  ilinrn  nrn  lliir*  vlnwN  of  Mm  oftntiii,  tlia 
Ixlo  of  HIioiiIn,  mill  of  itin  Nt«ii-ooitNt  from  (!u|in  Ami  to  I'ortN- 
iiioiilli.  I*\^r^>  from  llimtuii  $\.'^\i,  lltiiiiiMoii  MimkiIi  Jiitn  bmioino 
n  fiivorlli^  |ilii(iti  of  rt^Nort  for  |iiirlli*N  of  plMitNiiro,  liivitllilN,  mimI  tlioNn 
Nrrklntf  mi  liivl({orntlii|(  itlr.  <ir(<iit  liour'N  lliuiij,  In  tlilN  town,  In 
till  (ihriipt  tMiiliir^iinn  («4l«ii(lliiK  Into  tlio  nmi,  unil  (lIvliiiiiK  tlin 
iMMHitiKN  on  tiltli<«r  hIiIo.  'I'Immo  In  lii'rd  mi  hott^l  for  tlio  mcooiiiiiio- 
iliitloii  of  vlNltt^rM.  Tlio  tlMliIni;  n  Nliort  dlNlnnac  from  tlin  Nhor^t  In 
vory  )(ooil. 

Tlif^  ImIo  uf  SHihiIm  In  dlNtmit  iiliont  ninn  mllf^N  from  llnm|>t/)ii 
and  from  PortNiitonili.  TIk'nh  nIioiiIn  urn  Nnvmi  In  number,  llo^ 
iHJiiiid,  tlin  lurKdHt,  oontitliiN  .'iAO  itornNi  iiioNtly  rooky  und  Itiirrtm. 
ItH  |{r«Mili«Nt  fliwiitlon  In  51)  lVi4  nhovn  lii|;li»wuti*r  mitrk.  (i}N>ti 
tliJN  imlmid  In  iui  hotrl,  rt^oontly  tirnolnd.  TIkinu  ro»ky  InImn  iiro  it 
liloiiHiiiit  n^Nori  for  wittor  purtlfN,  mid  tlin  briicluK  itir,  whiln  r(5* 
frt^Nlilii|{:  to  tlii^  NiMJiuitiiry,  <;itiiiiot  ho  otIiorwtNn  thmi  Nulutttry  to 
inviilldH.~"/tvr  Ihacfi  In  itnotlM*r  notod  wiitnrlnK-|ilitc«  on  tlilN 
oouNt,  iiiiicli  frri(|umitnd  by  pnrNoiiN  from  tlin  nni{|r|iborinK  towiiN. 

PoiiTNKJOUTii,  N.  II.,  the  |i>riiioi|ml  town  In  the  Ntuto,  find  the 
only  NiMiport,  In  built  on  the  n.  nuIo  cf  k^Ncnta<|Utt  river.  It  In  in 
N.  liut.  4:i°  4'  54",  W.  lionjf.  W  45'.  Pop.  about  la.OOO.  It» 
nituiitioii  In  a  fino  one,  boiu);  on  a  ponliiNuia  near  the  mouth  of 
the  rivor.  It  in  connected  by  bridf^oN  with  Kittery  in  Maine,  and 
NewctiNtlo  on  Grand  Inland,  at  the  mouth  of  the  riv<tr.  The  har- 
bor in  nnfe  and  deep,  and  ii  never  frozen,  ItH  Ntronfif  tidcM  prevent- 
ing the  formation  of  ice.  There  In  hero  a  U.  Htatei  Navy  Yard, 
one  of  the  nafeHt  and  mont  convenient  on  the  coaNt.  The  North 
America,  theHrat  line-of-battle-Hhip  launched  in  this  hemii^ere, 
wtu  built  here  during  the  Revolution.    Porttniouth  is  well  gup- 


44 


RAILROAD  AVn  STF.AMEOAT  COMI'AmOlf. 


i 


^ 


plied  with  excelleut  water  brought  from  a  fountain  three  milts 
distant,  and  conducted  into  ail  the  principal  streetf.  Fmre  firom 
Bo«/9n,  $1.50. 

South  Berwick  is  situated  at  t!ie  point  where  the  Eastern  Rail- 
road is  intersected  by  the  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad,  and  is  66 
miles  distant  from  Boston  by  the  former  route,  and  73  by  the  latter. 

SacOf  situated  ou  one  of  the  largest  rivers  in  New  England,  is 
a  port  of  eutiy,  and  has  a  flourishing  trade.  From  the  mouth  of 
the  river  a  fine  beach  extends  five  miles,  called  Old  Orchard 
Beach     Pop.  about  6,000.    Fare  $3.90.  <ffff 


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ViBW  OV   PORVZ.ANB. 


>iti«^ 


Portland  is  105  miles  from  Boston,  58  s.  w.  from  Auixtixta, 
the  CHpital  of  the  state,  135  from  Bangor,  aud  TSO  from  Wash- 
ingtou,  and  is  in  N.  Lat.  43"  39'  36",  W.  Lou.  70''  20'  30".  I 
is  handsomely  situated  ou  a  peninsula,  occupying  the  ridge  aud 
side  of  a  high  point  of  land,  in  the  &  w.  extremity  of  Casco  Bay, 
aud  ou  approaching  it  from  the  ocean  is  seen  to  great  advantage. 
The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  the  anchor- 
ago  being  protected  on  every  side  by  land,  whilst  the  water  is 
deep,  and  communioatiou  with  the  ocean  direct  and  convenient. 
It  is  defended  by  forts  Preble  and  ScammeL  On  the  highest 
point  of  the  peninsula  is  an  observatory  70  ft.  in  height,  com- 
manding a  fine  view  of  the  city^  harbor,  and  islands  in  the  bay« 
The  misty  forms  of  the  White  Mountains,  60  miles  distant,  are 


EASTERN  RAILROADS. 


46 


three  mil«« 
Fare  firem 

Sastern  Rail- 
id,  and  M  66 
>y  the  latter. 
Eiij^laad,  is 
le  mouth  of 
Old  Orchard 


k' 


■■'  H'-'i'nl 

■- ••'«:*  it  H 

m  Au;;iista, 
from  Wash- 
20'  30".     I 
;  ridge  and 
Cusco  Bay, 

advantage, 
he  anchor- 
he  water  is 
convenient, 
the  highest 
eight,  com- 

in  thei  bay. 
distant,  are 


diademible  in  clear  weather.  The  scenery  around  Poitland  is 
noted  for  its  extent,  variety,  and  beauty,  and  is  not  surpassed  by 
any  similar  view  in  the  country.     Pop.  in  1850,  20,  MO. 

The  trade  of  Portland  is  large,  and  is  still  increasing.  Fish, 
lumber,  and  produce  generally,  are  the  chief  articles  of  export 
Its  commerce  with  the  principal  places  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  the 
southorn  ports,  and  the  West  Indies,  is  very  extensive. 

The  great  railroad  from  Portland  to  Canada  is  in  progress,  and 
also  one  to  Augusta,  (wir,h  . ,  branch  to  Bath ;)  this  is  to  be  con- 
tinued to  Bangor,  and  in  time  will  be,  no  doubt,  extended  to  the 
frontier,  and  into  New,  Brunswick,  there  meeting  the  "  St  An- 
drews, "Woodstock,  and  Quebec  Railroad/'  the  route  of  which 
has  been  surveyed,  and  a .  portion  of  which  is  now  being  con- 
structed. When  these  great  thoroughfares  are  completed,  Port- 
land will  rank  as  one  of  the  first  commercial  cities  of  our  fast- 
growing  country. 

There  are  several  well-kept  hotels  in  Portland,  the  principal  of 
which  are  the  Amertean,  in  Congress-st. ;  Elm  Tavern,  Federal- 
St ;  and  the  United  States  Hotel,  corner  of  Congress  and  Fed- 
eral sts.  Fare  from  Boston  to  Portland  $3.00  ;  usual  time  5^ 
hours.    (For  routes  from  Portland,  see  Index.) 

From  Boston  to  Danvbrs. — Take  the  cars  at  East  Boston  for 
Salem  ;  thence  by  the  Eaaex  Railroad  to  Danvers,  16  miles  irom 
Boston.  Fare  45  cents.  This  road  is  to  intersect  the  Boston  and 
Maine  and  Boston  and  Lowell  railroads  at  Wilmington.  Tan- 
ning, and  the  manufacture  of  pottery  and  boots  and  shoes,  form 
the  chief  trade  of  Danvers.   Pep.  9,061. 

From  Boston  to  Mar;  l*' head. — Take  the  cars  as  above  to 
Salem  ;  thence  by  the  bra.i<.  .i  road  to  Marblehead,  a  distance  of 
18  miles.  Fare  46  cents.  The  enterprise  of  the  inhabitants  of 
this  rocky  town  is  chiefly  directed  to  the  fisheries,  and  the  amount 
of  its  exports  is  very  considerable.     Pop.  7,559. 

From  Boston  to  Gloucester. — By  Eastern  Railroad  to  Bev- 
erly, 16  miles;  thence  by  the  Gloucester-Branch  Railroad  to 
Manchester  and  Gloucester :  total,  30  miles.  Fare  90  cents. 
Gloucester  is  situated  on  Cape  Ann,  the  eastern  extremity  of 
Massachusetts,  and  on  the  n.  shore  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  The 
town  is  on  the  southern  side  of  the  cape,  and  has  one  of  th**  finest 


1 


\l\ 


I 


46 


BAILRO.D  ANI   STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


'<   f 


harbora  on  the  whole  Atlantic  coast  The  exclusive  trade  of  l|i« 
place  is  maritime.  In  1847,  150  schooiiwiv,  with  a  tonnage  oi 
10,000  tons,  and  manned  by  1,500  men,  were  employed  in  tha 
cod,  halibut,  and  mackerel  fisheries.  It  is  a  port  of  entry,  and 
its  foreign  and  domestic  trade  is  quite  extensive.  There  were  130 
arrivals  from  foreign  ports  in  1846,  and  the  importations  at  this 
port  were  valued  at  $200,000. ,  About  17,000  tons  of  shipping 
are  owned  here.  In  the  town  are  seven  churches,  a  town  hall, 
stone  banking-house,  and  various  other  public  buildings.  The 
population  of  Gloucester  is  about  8,236,  and  that  on  the  whole  oi 
Cape  Ann  about  12,000.  During  the  summer  season  Gloucester 
is  a  great  resort  for  those  who  are  desirous  of  enjoying  the  sea- 
breeze  of  the  Atlantic,  and  of  bathing  in  its  clear  blue  water. 
By  many,  this  place  is  thought  to  equal  Newport,  and  the  situa- 
tion and  location  of  the  two  places  are  somewhat  snnilar. 

From  Portsmouth  to  Ooncord,  N.  H. — This  route  is  opened 
from  Portsmouth  to  Epping.  The  depots,  with  distances  and  fares 
from  Portsmouth,  are : — To  Greenland,  4  miles,  10  o*8. ;  Stratham^ 
6, 20  cts  ;  Neumarket,  10,  26  cts. ;  Epping,  18, 60  cts.  At  Ne\^- 
market,  it  connects  with  the  Boston  and  Mama  railroad. 


iy^M  ;|||'j?l->i    J 


.mm  ■  ■ 

}mm^^mS     BOSTON  AND  MAINE   RAILROAD. 

;!4si      .i4^;:.*i,     .,  ^      (See Map  No. 4.) 

''  Tlxis  road  is  73  miles  long,  and  cost  $1 ,887,340.  It  was  open- 
ed from  Wilmington  in  1843.  On  the  let  of  July,  1845,  it  was 
opened  to  Boston,  which  it  reaches  by  crossing  the  Charles  river 
over  a  viaduct  of  considerable  length,  and  terminates  in  a  com- 
modious depot  at  the  foot  of  Union-st.,  in  Hay  market-square.  A 
eanal  formerly  occupied  the  space  between  this  depot  and  the 
river,  over  which  the  rails  are  laid.  By  this  arrangement  the 
cars  are  brought  almost  to  the  commercial  centre  of  the  city. 
The  stock  of  this  well-managed  and  prosperous  road  is  among 
the  best  in  the  country.  Cars  leave  Bovtmi  from  the  above' 
nained  depot  for  Portland  and  intermediate  places,  daily, 

BosToii  TO  Portland  via  Haverhill  and  Dover,  (Upper 
Route.) — In  crossing  the  Charles  river,  the  State  Prison,  a  gran- 


BOSTON  AND  MAINE  RAILROAD. 


47 


I 


ite  building  tituated  ou  Priwii  Point  in  Charleatown,  is  an  object 
of  attraction.  The  tint  stopping-place  on  this  route  is  at  Sonur- 
ville,  two  miles  distant  from  Boston.    Fare  6  cents. 

Maldettt  five  miles  from  Boston,  is  noted  for  its  dyeing  estab* 
lishments.  Fare  12  cents. — Stoneham,  three  miles  beyond,  has 
a  population  of  about  2,000,  which  is  principally  occupied  in  the 
manufacture  of  shoes.  Fare  18  oevls.  In  this  town  is  Spot 
Pondf  a  beautiful  sheet  of  pure  wat^r,  covering  an  area  of  283 
acres,  and  which  is  143  ft.  above  highwater-mark  in  Boston 
iiaroui.  .j| 

South  iictdirnr  is  a  neat  and  flourishing  place,  where  shoes, 
cubinot-ware,  and  other  articles,  are  extensively  .nanufactured. 
Fare  20  cents.  A  large  and  beautiful  pond,  the  source  of  the 
Saugus  river,  is  not  far  distant 

Readingt  12  miles  from  Boston,  is  another  important  boot  and 
shoe  mart.  Fare  25  cents.  Here  the  cars  stop  a  few  minutes 
for  refreshments. 

Wilmingtoni  17  miles  from  Boston,  is  where  the  Boston  and 
Maine  Railroad  formerly  commenced :  it  is.  united  with  the  Low- 
ell Railroad  at  the  depot,  two  miles  s.  of  the  village.  The  town 
is  celebrated  for  its  growth  of  hops,  large  quantities  of  which  are 

nually  produced.    Fare  35  cents. 

AndoveTi  a  beautiful  town,  under  excellent  cultivation,  has 

g  been  celebrated  for  its  literary  and  theological  institutions. 

(Sre  50  cents. 
.  At  North  Andover  is  a  branch  road  leading  to  the  ne^  city  of 
LatoreitM,  which- is  situated  on  the  Merrimack  at  Itn  junction 
with  the  Spicket  river.  The  water-power  of  Lawrence  is  very 
great,  and  will  no  doubt  make  it  an  important  manufacturing 
place.  Its  population  is  now  probably  not  less  than  10,000.  A 
railroad  now  unites  Lawrence  with  the  great  manufacturing 
town  of  Lowell ;  and  another  is  in  progress,  to  connect  it  with 
Manchester,  N.  H.    Fare  from  Boston  60  cents. 

Bradford  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Merrimack  river.    The 

inhabitants  are  principally  engaged  in  the  making  of  boots  and 

^3hoes.    A  bridge  750  ft  long  connects  this  town  with  Haverhill 

on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.    Pop.  about  8,000.    Fare/ror 

Boston  76  cents.    .^^4^;^, 


i^ 
^ 


>; . 


_^f>':^*ff«"arw^e5»-?:^ff,^'p-=^*j^?'ip*p|^j^^ 


48 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Haverhill  it  delightfully  located  at  the  head  of  nayigatiou  on 
the  Merrimack,  and  is  so  sitaated  as  to  command  a  large  inland 
trade.  Boots  and  shoes,  morocco  leather,  hats,  cabinet-ware, 
and  many  other  articles,  are  extensively  made  here.  Pop.  about 
5,000.    Fare  from  Boston  75  cents. 

PlaietoWt  N.  H.,  is  an  old  town,  having  obtained  its  charter  in 
1749.    Pop.  about  600.    Fare  85  cent& 

Exeter  is  a  beautiful  town,  49  miles  n.  of  Boston,  14  b  w.  of 
Portsmouth,  and  40  §.  ■.  of  Concord,  the  capital  of  the  state. 
Cotton  goods,  morocco  leather,  paper,  blank  books.  Sec.,  are 
manufactured  here.    Pop.  about  3,000.    Fare  $1.12. 

Dover,  N.  H.,  one  of  the  most  important  towns  in  the  state,  is 
situated  on  the  Cochecho  river,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  about 
13  miles  from  the  ocean.  The  falls  in  this  river,  whose  name 
they  bear;  have  a  sudden  descent  of  32  ft  Upon  those  falls  have 
been  erected  the  mills  of  the  "  Cocheco  Cotton  Manufacturing 
Company,"  incorporated  in  1820.  This  company  has  a  capital 
of  more  than  a  million  of  dollars  invested,  and  f.iiiploys  upwards 
of  1,000  persons.  The  "  mills"  in  Dover  are  well  worthy  of  a  visit. 
Fare  from  Boston,  $1 .50.   Distance  67  miles.   Pop.  in  1 860, 8, 1 86. 

Somenoorth,  on  the  Salmon  Falls  river,  is  a  flourishing  town 
with  an  extensive  water-power.  The  river  is  of  snfiicieut  depth 
for  vessels  of  250  tons. — Great  Falls  is  a  large  and  extensive 
manufacturing  village. — At  South  Berwick  the  Boston  and  Maino 
Raiboad  unites  with  the  Portsmouth  and  Saco  Railroad.  (For  the 
continuation  of  the  route  to  Portland,  see  page  44.) 


r-'^  -  .'■^'■'t     'i'^yT-^r.r  jt^im    ■;j!»t«'V  .4  lia»,>     tm  ■ -i«»i-.  f,  -Jif.  ».■- 


^  10S7ON  AND  LOWELL,  AND  NASHUA  AND  OONOOBD 

-«N^'-^^#-.*-^v.^^^><'    •     RAILROADS.  qm^^wm  );immm 

■-i:^ik0  ^l-li^wtsii^^^feiiM     (See  Map  No.  4.)    •      '^.aMmm^  'imism^ 

The  Boston  and  Lowell  Railroad  was  opened  in  June,  1835. 
Its  IeQ|th  is  26  miles.  It  cost,  including  depots,  engines,  cars, 
Ss-c,  1^1,940,418.  The  country  passed  over  is  uneven,  but  the 
average  of  inclination  does  not  vary  over  10  ft.  in  a  mile,  so  well 
is  the  grade  preserved.  It  is  undoufaiedly  (me  of  the  hest,  ttiid 
iprodactive  roads  in  the  country.    A  branch  road  czknrfito 


BOSTON  AND  LOMHELL  RAILROAD. 


49 


B  charter  in 


Woburn  Ceatre»  a  diatance  of  two  milea.  The  Naahua  and 
Lowell  Railroad  was  opened  in  Oct.,  1838.  Its  length  ia  15  roiloai 
Tho  cuet  of  ita  oonatruction  waa  $500,000.  The  Concord  Rail- 
road, opened  in  Nov.,  1843,  ia  35  niilea  long.  It  waa  r  ouatruoted 
at  8  coat  of  $800,000. 

IIOUTB  BBTWMN    BoffrON>    LoWBLL,    AND   CoNCORD. — PaaMU* 

gers  on  thia  route  will  take  the  can  of  the  Lowell  Railroad,  at 
their  depot  in  Lpwell-at.,  near  Charlea  river,  which  river  ia  croaaed 
by  a  viaduct  to  East  Cambridge,  a  flouridiing  place,  with  many 
extenaive  manufactoriea,  of  which  the  glass  works  are  the  moat 
important,  $500,000  worth  of  glass  being  annually  made  here. 

Medford,  a  beautiful  town,  five  milea  from  Boston,  at  the  head 
of  navigation  on  the  Mystic  river,  is  noted  for  its  ship-building. 
Fare  10  cents. 

Woburn  has  a  varied  and  pleasing  aapect,  and  contains  some 
beautiful  farms-  Horn  Pond  in  this  town  is  a  delightful  sheet  of 
W{^ter,  surrounded  by  evergreens,  and  is  so  remarkable  for  its 
rural  boautiea.  as  to  attract  many  visiters  from  a  distance.  Fare 
to  South  Woburn,  eight  miles,  15  cents,  and  to  Woburn,  10 
miles,  20  cents,  A  branch  railroad  extends  from  South  Woburn 
to  Woburn  Centre,  u  distance  of  two  miles.  Fare  to  Wilming* 
ton,  15  miles,  30  cents ;  Billeriea  and  Tewksbury,  19  miles,  40 
cents ;  Billeriea  Mille,  23  miles,  45  cents. 

LowKLii,  the  Manchester  of  Amorioa,  is  remarkable  for  the  ex- 
tent of  its  water-power,  its  rapid  growth,  and  the  perfection  and 
variety  of  its  manufactures.  The  city  is  situated  on  the  &  side 
of  Merrimack  river,  at  its  junction  with  Concord  river.  The 
whole  fall  of  the  Merrimack  at  this  place  is  30  ft.,  and  the  quan- 
tity of  water  never  falls  short  of  2,000  cubic  feet  per  second,  and 
is  very  rarely  so  low  as  that  The  goods  manufactured  here 
consist  of  broadcloths,  sheetings,  calicoes,  carpets,  rugs,  cassi* 
meres,  and  many  other  useful  articles.  In  1815  the  site  where 
the  city  stands  was  a  wilderness,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
isolated  dwellings }  it  has  now  12  manufacturing  corporationni 
having  an  aggregate  capital  stock  of  $12,110,000,  andemidoy* 
ing  12,630  hands,  whose  weekly  wages,  clear  of  board,  amounts 
to  $36,446.  There  are  two  institutions  for  Savings-r-the  Lowell 
and  the  City— where  their  operatives  deposited  during  the  y«ar 

4        ■"  --^'Z' 


M 


RAILROAD  AND  STF.AMB0A1  COMPANION. 


1/ 


1 


if 


ending  April  30,  1847,  $836,305 ;  three  Banks,  having  an  fg- 
gregate  capital  of  $900,000 ;  and  a  Mutual  Inaurauce  Companfy 
which  has  been  highly  successful  in  its  operations.  The  persons 
employed  in  the  several  manufacturing  establishments  have  ao* 
oess  to  a  library  of  7,0  vyO  volumes,  belonging  to  the  city.  An 
hospital  has  also  been  established  for  the  sick  and  disabled.  The 
various  factories  produce  weekly  an  aggregate  of  1,920,900  yards 
of  cotton  and  27,831  of  woollen  fabrics,  in  which  683,000  pounds 
of  the  raw  material  are  consumed.  The  present  population  of 
Lowell  is  35,000.  In  1828  it  was  only  3,533.  Fare  from  Bos- 
ton to  Lowell,  26  milns,  .50  cents — time,  one  hour.  Fare  to 
Middlesex,  28  miles,  60  cents ;  to  Chelmsford,  30  miles,  60 
cents  ;  Tyngshoro\  34  miles,  70  cents  ;  and  to  Little's,  37  mileSi 
75  cents. 

NABHUA,t41  miles  from  Boston,  is  the  centre  of  a  considerable 
trade,  and  the  seat  of  important  manufactures.  The  volume  of 
water  afforded  by  the  Nashua  river,  at  the  driest  season  of  the 
year,  is  180  cubic  feet  per  second.    Pop.  about  5,000.  Fare  80  c. 

Nashville  is  separated  from  Nashua  by  the  Nashua  river :  they 
are,  however,  counected  by  a  bridge.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the 
road  from  Lowell,  which  joins  the  Concord  about  a  mile  distant 
The  Nashua  and  Worcester  Railroad,  42  miles  in  length,  will  also 
have  its  terminus  here.    Pop.  3,000.    Fare  80  cents. 

Litchfield,  on  the  b.  side  of  the  Merrimack,  is  a  good  agricul- 
tural town.  In  the  township  are  two  ferries,  Thornton's  and 
Reed's.  Pop.  about  600.  Fare  to  Thornton's  Ferry  90  cts.  and 
to  Reed's  Ferry  $1.00. 

Manchester  is  on  the  e.  side  of  the  Merrimack,  59  miles  from 
Boston :  it  received  a  city  charter  in  1846.  The  river  here  affords 
immense  water-power,  and  manufacturing  is  extensively  carried 
on.  The  growth  of  Manchester  has  been  so  rapid,  that  it  now 
almost  rivals  Lowell.  The  population  of  this  place,  as  shown  by 
a  recent  census,  is  13,938 — increase  in  one  year,  2,162.  Fare 
$1.15.  A  railroad  is  in  progress  from  Manchester  to  Lawrence, 
which,  by  forming  a  connection  with  the  Salem  and  Lowell 
Railroad,  at  Wilmington,  will  be  united  with  Salem  harbor. 

Concord,  the  capital  of  the  State  of  New  Hampshire,  and 
•hire  town  of  the  county  of  Merrimack,  lies*  on  both  sides  of 


THR  WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


01 


Merrimaok  riyer,  and  k  76  milei  n.  w.  of  Bocton.  The  prinoi- 
pal  Tillage,  and  aeat  of  most  of  the  bushiesi  of  the  town,  is  on 
the  weetern  side  of  the  river,  extending  nearly  two  miles,  and  is 
ono  of  the  most  healthy  and  pleasantly  situated  villages  in  New 
England.  The  State-House,  constructed  of  hewn  granite,  occu- 
pies a  beautiful  site  in  the  centre  of  the  village.  It  is  126  ft. 
long,  49  wide,  and  rises  two  stories  above  the  basement  The 
State  Prison,  a  massive  granite  structure,  is  located  here.  Pop 
about  6,000.    Fare  from  Boston  $1.50.    Time  3^  hours. 

NoTs.— For  continuation  of  routes  from  Concord,  see  Index  for  North- 
em  Railroad,  and  Boston,  Concord,  and  Montreal  Railroad. 


THE   WHITB  M0X7NTAINS. 

These  mountains  are  situated  in  the  state  of  New  Hampshirei 
Coos  county,  and  extend  from  s.  w.  to  n.  ■.,  about  20  miles.  They 
are,  with  the  exception  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  among  the  high- 
est in  the  U.  S.  Mount  Washington,  6,243  ft  above  the  level 
of  the  sea,  is  the  most  elevated  peak.  The  others  are  Mount 
Adams,  5,767  ft. ;  Jefferson,  5,665 ;  Madison,  5,384 ;  Monroe, 
5,298  ;  Franklin,  4,854 ;  and  La  Fayette,  4,723.  The  ascent 
to  the  summits  of  these  mountains,  though  fatiguing,  is  not  dan- 
gerous, and  the  visiter  is  richly  rewarded  for  his  exertion.  In 
passing  from  the  Notch  to  the  highest  summit,  he  crosses  the 
tops  of  mounts  La  Fayette,  Franklin,  and  Monroe.  In  accom- 
plishing this,  he  must  pass  through  a  forest,  and  cross  several  ra- 
vines. These  chasms  are  filled  up  with  trees,  exactly  even  with 
the  mountain,  on  either  side,  their  branches  interlocking  with 
each  other  in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  it  difficult  to  pass  through 
them,  and  they  are  so  stiff  and  thick  as  almost  to  support  a  per- 
son's weight. 

Mount  La  Fayette  is  easily  ascended ;  its  top,  to  the  extent  of 
five  or  six  acres,  is  smooth,  and  gradually  slopes  away  from  its 
centre.  The  prospect  from  this  summit  is  beautiful.  To  the 
north  the  eye  is  dazzled  with  the  splendor  of  Mount  Washington. 
On  descending  this  mountain,  a  small  pond  of  water  is  found  at 
ill  base;  from  which  the  ascent  is  gradual  to  the  summit  of 


I 


1 


02 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  C0M1>ANI0N. 


t 


Tks  Wis,i,av  Ho«M,  Wmavu  MoaavAiira 


Mount  Franklin.  A(t»r  oronini^  this  inountn(n»  you  pass  oy«r 
the  east  piunacle  of  Mount  Monroe,  and  aoon  find  younelf  on  a 
plain  of  aome  extent  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Waahington.  Here  ia 
a  fine  resting-place,  on  the  margin  of  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water, 
of  an  oval  form,  covering  about  three-fourths  of  an  acre.  Di- 
rectly before  you  the  pinnacle  of  Mount  Washington  rises  with 
majestic  grandeur,  elevated  about  1,500  feet  above  the  plain,  and 
presenting  a  variety  of  colors  and  fonns.  The  view  from  this 
point  is  grand  and  picturesque.  Innumerable  mountains,  Inkes, 
ponds,  rivers,  towns,  and  villages  meet  the  eye,  and  in  the  dis- 
tanoe  may  be  seen  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  stretching  along 
the  dim  horizon.  To  the  north  is  seen  the  lofty  summits  of  Ad- 
ams and  JeiTerson ;  and  to  the  east,  a  little  detached  from  the 
range,  stands  Mount  Madison.  During  two-thirds  of  the  year, 
the  summits  of  these  mountains  are  covered  with  snow  and  icf*, 
giving  them  a  bright  and  dazzling  appearance. 

The  following  excellent  account  of  the  "  Ascent  of  Mount  Wash- 
ington," we  extract  Arom  a  description  by  the  Rev.  J.  S.  C.  Abbot 

*'  After  passing  the  Notch  of  the  White  Mountains,  the  tr&reller  en- 
ters upon  a  plain,  through  which  meanders  the  Ammonoosuo  river  as  it 


TnS  WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


08 


hastens  onward  to  unite  its  waters  Mrith  the  floods  of  the  Conneot'cut. 
As  you  ride  along  this  pleasant  road,  the  valley,  open  in  the  west,  is 
fringed  on  the  north  and  the  south  by  high  hills,  while  behind  you  rise 
the  iniMeBilo  summits  of  the  mountain  range  you  have  Just  passed.  For 
four  miles  you  ride  along  much  of  the  way  under  the  shade  of  over- 
hanging trees,  meeting  with  no  house,  and  no  signs  of  human  life,  ex- 
cept the  road  over  which  you  are  travelling.  A  turn  in  the  road  suddenly 
opens  to  you  a  beautiful  scene.  In  the  midst  of  a  smooth  and  verdant 
meadow,  appears  the  spacious  hotel  of  Mr.  Fabyan.  The  magnitude 
of  this  establishment,  and  the  nice  table  which  he  spreads,  seem  to 
make  his  house  the  fashionable  place  of  resort,  though  it  is  far  less  fa- 
vorably situated,  in  respect  to  scenery,  than  the  house  of  Thomas  Craw* 
ford,  at  the  Notch.  As  you  sit  under  the  piazza  at  Fabyan's,  you  see  a 
range  of  high  hills,  covered  with  forest,  running  along  the  border  of  the 
valley  upon  the  north  and  the  south,  the  spurs  or  abutments  of  the  White 
Mountains,  which,  at  the  distance  of  about  ten  miles,  rear  their  majes- 
tic summits  into  the  clouds. 

**  The  next  morning  after  our  arrival  at  Fabyai^'s,  we  prepared  to  as- 
cend Mount  Washington.    The  scene  of  departure  is  a  very  interesting 
one.    Immediately  after  breakfast  the  horses  were  found,  all  saddled, 
standing  by  the  side  of  the  piazza,  and  the  gentlemen  and  ladies,  in  a 
great  variety  of  costume,  were  selecting  their  steeds  for  the  mountain 
ride.  Our  party  consisted  of  thirteen— three  ladies,  nine  gentlemen,  and 
a  guide,  with  a  knapsack  containing  provisions  for  our  picnic  upon  the 
summit.    All  the  company  in  the  house  were  assembled  to  witness  the 
departure.    The  whole  scene  was  one  of  unusual  animation  and  hilar- 
ity.   Soon  all  were  mounted,  and  starting  off  at  a  brisk  trot,  we  rode 
along  the  road  for  about  a  mile  and  a  half.  Then  striking  into  a  little  bri- 
dle path,  Just  wide  enough  for  one  horse,  and  entirely  overarched  with 
trees,  we  trotted  along  in  single  tile,  now  ascending  and  again  descend- 
ing ;  now  riding  along  the  banks  of  a  rushing  mountain  stream,  and 
again  fording  the  torrent  with  the  water  nearly  to  the  saddle-girths— 
occasionally  emerging  into  some  little  openmg  where  mountain  torrents 
had  swept  away  the  treeti,  and  immediately  again  plunging  into  th*. 
gloom  of  the  eternal  forest.    The  road,  generally  following  the  mean 
dering  banks  of  the  Ammonoosuc  river,  here  a  foaming  mountain  tor 
rent,  whs  smooth  and  easy  for  the  feet  of  the  horses,  so  that  our  Ion; 
cavalcade,  one  behind  the  other,  proceeded  very  briskly  on  its  way 
enlivening  the  passing  hours  with  conversation  and  jokes  and  fragment* 
of  song.    A  ride  of  six  miles  over  this  delightful  valley  road,  brought 
19  to  the  foot  of  Mount  Washington  ;  and  now  we  commenced  the  ar 
(Uious  ascent.    The  path  is  as  steep  as  a  horse  can  climb,  and  windt 
wildly  about  among  rocks  and  slumps  and  prostrate  trees,  ai4d  over 
ledges  and  crags  where  one  would  hardly  think  that  a  horse's  foot  ooulo 
possibly  stand.    The  horses  toil,  panting  up  the  steep  sides  of  the  moun^ 
tains,  stopping,  as  I  observed  by  my  watch,  every  two  minutes  to  breathe 
As  I  rode  in  the  rear  of  the  party,  it  was  truly  a  picturesque  sight  to 


IV, 


il^^ 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


watch  the  long  proceMion  winding  its  way  among  the  crags  above  my 
head.  We  often  passed  springs  of  crystal  water  gushing  from  the 
rocks,  and  at  one  in  particular,  about  a  third  of  the  way  up  the  moun« 
tain,  called  the  '  Moss  Spring,'  and  where  there  chanced  to  be  a  level 
ipot  of  perhaps  two  rods  square,  the  whole  party  dismounted  for  ten 
minutes  to  refresh  the  horses,  and  to  refresh  themselves  with  water  as 
pure  as  mortal  man  can  drink. 

'*  We  were  soon  again  on  our  way,  and  the  forest  trees,  which  had 
towered  so  loftily  above  our  heads,  rapidly  dwindled  in  size  till  they 
became  but  one  or  two  feet  in  height,  and  spread  their  gnarled  and 
scraggy  branches  over  the  ground.  We  soon  rose  above  this  stunted 
vegetation,  and  the  horses  climbed  from  rock  to  rock  over  the  bald  face 
of  the  mountain,  and  there  was  revealed  below  us  a  wild  and  solitary 
world  of  sombre  forests,  and  mountain  ranges  furrowed  by  avalanches, 
and  peaks  rising  on  every  side,  and  torrents,  now  visible  by  a  silvery 
foam  leaping  down  some  rocky  bed,  and  again  only  by  a  long  line  in 
the  forest,  showing  the  path  it  had  cut  through  the  trees.  The  precipi* 
tous  ascent  now  became  at  times  rather  fearlul,  and  one  could  not  but 
shudder  as  he  looked  down  into  the  gloomy  gulfs  below  him,  at  the 
:)iought  of  the  consequence  of  one  misstep  by  his  horse.  When  we  had 
arrived  within  about  half  a  mile  of  the  summit  of  the  mountain,  we  came 
to  a  dilapidated  stone  hut,  without  door  or  roof ;  and  here  we  left  the 
aorses,  though  adventurous  persons  do  sometimes  keep  upon  their  backs, 
and  climb  over  these  precipitous  and  crumbling  masses  of  granite,  to 
the  very  top  of  the  mountain.  We,  however,  found  the  last  half  mile 
as  arduous  an  undertaking  as  we  were  willing  to  adventure  even  on  foot. 
Climbing  slowly  in  Indian  file  among  the  huge  blocks  of  stone  which 
are  piled  together  in  all  imaginable  confusion,  we  soon  stpod  upon  the 
summit.  There  is  something  awful  in  the  aspect  of  the  dark,  crushed, 
storm-wom  crags,  which  compose  the  brow  of  this  mountain  monarch. 
No  life  is  seen  here ;  no  sounds  are  heard  but  the  rush  of  the  storm  and 
the  roar  of  the  thunder.  A  scene  of  wildness  and  desolation  is  spread 
around  which  is  indescribable,  but  which  arouses  in  the  soul  the  high- 
est emotions  of  sublimity.  An  ocean  of  mountains  is  outspread  in  every 
direction.  Dark  and  gloomy  gulfs,  thousands  of  feet  in  depth,  are  open> 
ed  before  you.  In  the  almost  boundless  expanse  'f  dreariness  and  des- 
olation, hardly  a  vestige  of  human  habitation  can  be  seen.  The  soul  is 
oppressed  with  a  sense  of  loneliness,  solitude,  and  omnipotent  power. 
It  is  the  mount  of  meditation.  It  is  the  altar  for  spiritual  sacrifice  and 
prayer.  The  majesty  of  God  and  the  insignificance  of  man  stand  in 
such  strong  contrast,  that  the  meditative  soul  is  overwhelmed  with 
gratitude  and  adoration. 

'*  We  spent  an  hour  upon  the  summit.  It  was  tho  middle  of  July.  At 
a  short  distance  from  us  were  seen  several  acres  of  snow.  Spreading 
our  refreshments  upon  a  flat  rock,  we  partook  of  our  repast,  and  at  four 
O'clock  we  were  greeted  by  our  friends  at  Fabyan's,  as  we  dismounted 
■thiadoor.  /'i    •■■■  ■  '-r'^.''   •'?,>-"---^^xp^;H«';^' 


THE  WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


5ft 


'*  The  questisn  is  often  asked,  Is  it  wise  for  ladies  to  undertake  the 
ascent !  My  advice  is  this :  if  a  lady  is  in  feeble  health,  or  of  very  nerv- 
ous temperament,  she  will  find  herself  far  more  comfortable  to  remain 
in  her  rocking-chair  at  Fabyan's.  But  if  a  lady  is  in  ordinary  health, 
and  has  the  least  love  of  adventure,  or  the  least  susceptibility  to  emo- 
tions of  the  sublime,  let  her  by  no  means  forego  the  pleasure  of  the 
enterprise.  Every  hour  will  be  fraught  with  luxury,  and  the  remem 
brance  will  be  a  source  of  joy  while  life  shall  last "  r.  ^ 

The  Notch  of  the  White  Mountains  is  a  very  narrow  defile, 
extending  for  two  miles  between  huge  cliffi,  apparently  rent  asun- 
der by  some  vast  convulsion  of  nature.  The  entrance  of  the 
chasm  on  the  east  side,  is  formed  by  two  rocks  standing  perpen- 
dicularly, about  20  feet  from  each  other.  The  road  from  Port- 
land to  Lancaster  on  the  Connecticut  river  passes  through  this 
notch,  following  the  course  of  the  head  stream  of  the  Saco  river. 
A  short  distance  from  the  commencement  of  the  chasm  is  a  beau- 
tiful cascade,  issuing  from  a  mountain  on  the  right,  and  passing 
over  a  series  of  rocks  almost  perpendicular,  with  a  course  so  little 
broken  as  to  preserve  the  appearance  of  a  uniform  current  This 
stream,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world,  falls  over  a  stu- 
pendous precipice,  forming  the  Silver  Cascade.  About  a  mile 
distant  from  the  Notch  is  the  Flumct  a  stream  of  water  falling 
over  three  precipices  from  a  height  of  250  ft.  It  falls  over  the 
first  two  in  a  single  stream,  and  over  the  last  in  three  ;  these  are 
again  uniteid  at  the  bottom  in  a  natural  basin  formed  in  the  rocks. 
The  Profile  Mountain  is  situated  in  the  Francouia  Notch,  near 
Mt.  La  Fayette,  and  rises  to  the  height  of  about  1,000  ft. ;  and 
in  the  same  Notch,  a  short  distance  s.  the  Basin  and  Flumes 
are  objects  of  the  greatest  interest.  The  bare  rock  on  which 
the  profile  is  delineated,  is  granite ;  from  its  long  exposure  to  the 
atmosphere,  it  is,  however,  of  a  dark  reddish  brown.  A  side- 
view  of  this  projecting  rock,  near  the  peak  of  the  mountain  in  a 
northern  direction,  exhibits  the  profile  of  the  human  face,  in 
which  every  line  and  feature  is  distinctly  marked.  But  after 
passing  the  mountain  to  the  south  the  likeness  is  immediately 
lost.  The  Willey  House  stands  in  the  Notch,  on  the  westerly 
side  of  the  road,  a  short  distance  from  the  bluff,  which  rises  to  the 
height  of  about  2,000  feet.  This  was  formerly  occupied  by  Cap- 
tain Willey,  wl  o,  with  his  wife,  five  children,  and  two  men,  waa 


d6 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


destroyed  on  the  28th  of  Aug.  1826,  by  an  avaianche  or  slide 
from  the  mountain. 

"  Nearly  in  range  oi  the  house,  a  slide  from  the  extreme  point  of  the 
westerly  hill  came  down  in  a  deep  mass  to  within  about  five  rods  of  the 
dwelling,  where  its  course  appears  to  have  been  checked  by  a  large 
block  of  granite,  which  backed  the  rolling  mass  for  a  moment  until  it 
separated  into  two  streams,  one  of  which  rushed  down  to  the  north  end 
of  the  house,  crushing  the  barn,  and  spreading  itself  over  the  meadow : 
the  other  passing  down  on  the  south  side,  and  swallowing  up  the  un- 
fortunate  beings,  who  probably  attempted  to  Ay  to  a  shelter,  which,  it  is 
said,  had  been  erected  a  few  rods  distant.  This  shelter  was  completely 
overwhelmed.  Rocks  weighing  from  10  to  50  tons  being  scattered  in 
every  direction  about  the  place,  rendered  escape  impossible.  The  house 
remained  untouched,  though  large  stones  and  iruuks  of  trees  made 
fearful  approaches  to  its  walls  ;  and  the  moving  mass,  which  separated 
behind  the  building,  again  united  in  its  front !  The  house  alone,  the 
only  spot  untouched  by  the  crumbling  and  consuming  power  of  the 
storm,  could  have  been  their  refuge  from  the  horriblo  uproar  around.^' 

A  large  three-storied  hotel,  painted  white,  now  occupies  the 

site  of  the  Willey  House,  yet  this  curiosity  has  been  preserved 

and  forms  part  of  the  establishment.    In  the  summer  of  1846, 

when  digging  the  foundation  for  this  hotel,  the  bones  of  one  of 

the  children  of  Captain  Willey  were  discovered. 


.     ,  ROUTES  TO  THE  WHITE  MOUNTAINS.        . 

(See  Map  No.  5.) 

Portland  Route. — This  route  may  be  considered  one  of  the 
most  eligible,  and  for  beautiful  scenery  cannot  be  surpassed.  The 
Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  R.  R.  will  be  opened,  the  present 
season,  to  Gorham,  N.  11.,  95  miles  distant,  and  5  miles  from 
the  base  of  Kt  Washington.  Here  an  hotel  has  been  erected,  to 
accomnodato  che  travel,  and  a  road  laid  out  to  the  summit,  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  mountain.— -Another  delightful  route  from  Port- 
land is  as  follows :  by  stage  to  Standiah,  situated  at  thfl  foot  of 
Sebago  Pond,  thence  by  steamer  over  the  lake,  through  Crooked 
River,  and  over  Long  Pond  to  Bridgeton  Centre,  thence  ly  stage 
to  Conway,  via  Fryeburg.  At  Conway,  N.  H.,  passengers  «»top  for 
the  night,  and  the  next  morning  proceed  by  stage,  through 
Bartlett,  to  the  Notch,  passing  successively  Old  Crawford s^  the 


le  or  slide 

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ROUTES  TO  THE  WHITB  MOtTNTAIMll. 


Mr 


Willey  House,  Tom  CrawfortPt,  and  arrive  early  in  the  after- 
noon at  FabyarCt  White  Mt.  House.  Between  Bridgeton  Cen- 
tre and  Fryeburg  is  Pleasant  Mt,  which  rises  2,000  ft.  in  height ; 
on  itB  summit  an  hotel  has  recently  been  erected,  and  traveller» 
frequently  stop  here  to  enjoy  the  prospect,  which  is  very  fine. 

Travellers  intending  to  visit  the  "  Franccmia  Notch,"  can  hire 
an  extra  at  Fabyan's  for  Bethlehem,  and  thence  to  Gibbs*  La 
Fayette  House,  16  miles.  Here  a  conveyance  may  be  hired  to 
Taf^s  Flume  House,  5  miles,  passing  the  Old  Man  of  the  Moun- 
tain, the  Basin,  and  the  Flume.  Returning  to  "  Gibbs',"  passen- 
gers take  the  stage  to  Littleton,  12  miles;  and  to  WeWs  Biver, 
20 ;  and  thence  by  railroad  to  New  York,  Boston,  Albany,  Ac 
From  "  Gibbs',"  persons  may  reach  Boston,  via  Concord,  by  taking 
the  stage,  passing  through  the  Franconia  Notch  to  Plymouth, 
on  the  Boston,  Concord,  and  Montreal  R.  B.;  thence  by  railroad 
to  the  foregoing  places. 

Concord  Route. — Another  pleasant  route  is  by  railroad  from 
Boston  to  Concord,  76  miles ;  from  thence  by  the  Boston,  Con- 
cord, and  Montreal  R.  R.  to  Plymouth,  N.  H.,  61.  The  cars  from 
Boston  reach  the  latter  place  about  dinner  time,  after  which 
passengers  proceed  by  stage,  up  the  valley  of  the  Pemigewas* 
set,  to  the  Flume  House,  24  miles,  near  which  is  the  Flume  and 
th(^  Pool ;  and  thence  through  the  Franconia  Notch,  passing  the 
Basin,  and  the  Old  Man  of  the  Mountain,  to  Oibbs^  La  Fayette 
Home,  29  miles  from  Plymouth,  and  153  from  Boston.  Travel- 
lers may  proceed  the  same  evening,  or  the  next  morning,  from 
the  Flume  House,  or  Gibbs^  to  Fabyan^s,  Tom  Crawford's,  the 
Willey  House,  or  Old  Crawford's.  From  the  latter  place  they 
may  proceed  to  Conway,  via  the  White  Mountain  Notch,  and 
thence  to  Portland  or  Boston. 

Passengers  taking  the  Lake  Route,  leave  the  Boston,  Con- 
cord, and  Montreal  R.  R.  at  Weirs  Station,  en  Lakn  Winni- 
pisseogee,  going  immediately  on  board  the  steamer,  crossing 
the  lake  to  Centre  Harbor,  10  mile?  >u  ring  at  Coe's  Ixiyiel  at 
1  P  M.,  making  the  trip  from  Be.. tt ':  in  5|  hours,  anc.  from 
N  J  rk  in  19  1<  .  From  Centre  Harbor  to  Conway,  by 
staij^  }  miles,  passing  Red  Hill,  Sandwich,  Ossipee,  and  Choco- 
rus  M^i.,  arriving  there  before  dark     The  nezt^morning  have 


SSj .  ,»^ 


'^'i  ^'~> 


08 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMF ANION. 


for  Old  Crawford' »,  24  miles;  the  Willey  Ft-'  b  ,  t^.rough 
the  Notch  of  the  White  Mountains  to  Tom  7raKjO'-iIj,  2;  and 
Fabyan'i,  4.    From  Boston  182  miles. 

Connecticut  River  Route. — This  is  one  ot  the  most  pleasant  and 
expeditious  routes  from  New  York  to  the  White  Mts. — passing 
through  N.  Haven,  Hartford,  Springfield,  Bellows'  Falls,  &c..,  to 
Wells  River;  thence  by  stage  to  Littleton,  18  miles  frou  Tu- 
byan's,  arriving  there  the  same  evening.  Total  distance  320 
miles.    Fare  $9.60. 

Route  up  the  Hudson  River  ar>4  across  the  State  of  Vermont, 
to  the  White  Mountains. — There  is  another  route  from  New 
York,  by  the  way  of  Albany  and  the  Saratoga  road,  to  White- 
hall; from  thence  by  steamboat  to  Burlington,  Vt.,  70  miles. 
From  this  beautiful  town  the  Green  Hills  are  crossed  to  Mont- 
pelier,  the  capital  of  the  state,  40  mile  situated  in  a  delightful 
valley.  From  Montpelier  we  cross  to  Littleton,  N.  H.,  40  miles; 
and  from  Littleton  through  Bethlehem  to  the  Crawford  House, 
is  about  18  miles ;  from  thence  to  the  ascent  of  the  White 
Mountains,  as  before  described.    Distance  about  886  miles. 

WINNIPISBOOEB  LAKE,  N.H.,i8  20  milos  in  length  from  n.w. 
to  8.  E.,  and  from  1  to  10  miles  wide.  This  lake,  the  form  of 
which  is  irregular,  is  of  great  depth,  and  is  elevated  about  500  ft 
above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  Its  waters  are  very  pure,  and 
when  taken  from  a  sufficient  depth  to  give  them  a  p''oper  tem- 
perature, are  perfectly  sweet  and  palatable.  Il  has  a  great  num- 
ber of  islands,  and  like  those  in  Lake  George,  and  in  Casco  Bay, 
they  are  here  declared  to  be  365,  report  assigning,  as  usual,  one 
for  every  day  in  the  year.  Most  of  these  islands,  which  are  of 
all  sizes  and  forms,  are  very  beautiful ;  some  are  cultivated  as 
farms.  The  appearance  of  this  lake  from  the  mountain'  sur- 
rounding it,  is  enchanting.  It  contains  a  great  variet  /  the 
finest  fish.  During  the  summer  season  steamboats,  sloopn,  and 
smaller  vessels  ply  on  its  waters.  '  « i^    / «  '■-. 

Routes  to  Winnipisv^-ogee  Lake,  (see  Map  No.  5.) — ^This 
lake  can  be  readily  visited,  and  at  trifling  cost,  by  taking  the 
cars  of  the  Northern  Railroad  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  to  Franklin ; 
theiice  by  stage  to  the  lake :  or  by  the  route  of  the  Boston, 
Concord,  and  Montreal  Railroad.   leaving  Concord  and  passing 


ROUTES  FROM  PORTLAND. 


59 


on  to  Sanboratou  Bridj^e,  18  milei^  and  to  Meredith  Bridge,  9 
miles  further.  Stages  will  convey  passengers  thence  to  Meredith 
Village,  Centre  Harbor,  and  places  in  the  vicinity.  There  is  a 
route,  also,  from  Dover  to  Alton,  by  stage,  58  miles  ;  thence  by 
steamboat  on  the  lake  to  Centre  Harbor.  By  this  route  an  op- 
portunity is  afforded  the  tourist  cf  beholding  the  fine  groups  of 
islands,  the  surrounding  shores,  and  the  grand  outline  of  the 
peaks  of  the  White  Mountains,  which  to  the  lover  of  the  pic- 
turesque presents  a  sccxie  of  groat  beauty.  For  the  routes  from 
Boston  to  Concord,  and  also  from  Boston  to  Dover,  see  pp.  46, 49. 

Red  Mountain,  about  1,600  feet  high,  a  remarkably  beautiful 
eminence,  is  situated  on  the  n.  w.  of  the  above  lake.  The  ascent 
to  the  summit,  although  st  ^ep  and  arduous,  can  be  effected,  for  a 
portion  of  the  distance,  either  in  a  carriage  or  on  horseback. 
From  the  s.  e.  there  is  a  fine  panoramic  view  of  the  lake  and  ad- 
jacent country.  On  the  s.  ascends  Mount  Major,  a  ridge  of  a 
bolder  c  .^ect  and  loftier  height.  On  the  n.  e.  the  great  Ossipee 
raises  its  chain  of  elevat  ns,  with  a  hold  sublimity,  and  looking 
down  in  conscious  pride  up.  i  the  regions  below.  «■  Uv^*:  vj>ff  - 

Squam  Lake  lies  w.  from  Red  Mountain  ;  and  two  miles  n.  w. 
from  Winnipiseogee  lake  is  auuti.er  splendid  sheet  of  water.  It 
is  about  six  miles  in  length,  lud  in  \tf>  widest  part  not  less  than 
three  miles  in  breadth,  and,  like  its  neighbor,  is  studded  with  a 
succession  of  romantic  islands.  This  lake  abounds  in  trout  of 
tlte  finest  kind,  weighing  from  3  to  12  pounds. 


f:....  !-,r--A/; 


R0T7TES  FROM  PORTLAND,  (See  Map  No.  5.)— During  the 
seation  of  navigation,  steamboats  make  regular  trips  between 
Portland  and  Boston,  and  in  connection  with  the  cars-  from  the 
latter  piace,  to  the  towns  on  the  Kennebec  river ;  also  to  Bel- 
fast, Bangor,  Thomaston,  Camdeu;  Bucksport,  and  Frankfort 
For  routes  from  Portland  to  the  White  Mountains,  see  page  56. 

A  railroad  is  in  prepress  of  construction  from  Portland  to  Au- 
gusta via  Brunswick,  with  a  branch  to  Bath,  under  the  name  of 
"  The  Kennebec,  Bath,  and  Portland  Railroad."  Portions  of  it 
are  considerably  advanced,  and  will  probably  be  opened  for  travel 
during  the  present  year.    For  R.  R.  routes  see  page  63. 

Stage  Route  feom  Portland  to  Quebec. — From  Portland 


•  ) 


60 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


4  • 


to  North  Yarmouth,  13  miles ;  Freepwt,  18  ;  Brunnoiek,  97  ; 
Botodoinham,  40  ;  Oardiner,  51 ;  Halloufellf  55 ;  Augusta,  60  ; 
Sidney,  70  ;  Wa<0rot7/«,  75 ;  Norridgewock,  91 ;  S^o/on,  101 ; 
Moscow,  114;  JiC0nne6ec  Utoer,  131 ;  Monumet,  189;  Quebec, 
375. 


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ATIiANTIO 

AND  ST.  LAWRSNOB 

RAHiROAO. 

..\.: 

(See  Map  No.  5.> 

......    , 

, ,, .  >  (t 

Route  vrom  Portland,  north. — This  important  thoroughfaro 
is  to  connect  the  navigable  waters  of  Portland  harbor  with  the 
great  commercial  capital  of  Canada.  Its  route  will  pass  through 
a  fertile  and  productive  country,  generally  under  fine  cultivation, 
^;  .  the  streanm  in  its  vicinity  abounding  in  water  privileges  of  the 

\  first  importance.    From  Portland  it  passes  onward  to  the  valley 

of  Royal's  river,  on  its  way  to  Lewiston,  33  miles:  this  part  of 

*'  the  road  was  opened  for  travel  on  the  2d  of  Dec,  1848;  and 
the  Androscoggin  and  Kennebec  Bailroady.  uniting  with  it  at 
this  place,  was  opened  for  trade  and  travel  in  November, 
1849.    From  the  Falls,  it  follows  up  the  valley  of  the  Little  An- 

^  droecoggin.  It  strikes  and  crosses  that  river  at  Mechanic  Falls, 
43  miles  from  Portland,  at  which  place  the  Buckfield  Branch 

'    Railroad  mil  connect  with  it.    Pursuing  its  course  upward,  it 

passes  in  the  vicinity  of  the  "  Mills"  on  its  way  to  Paris  Cape, 

'  m  the  neighborhood  of  Norway  and  Paris,  drawing  in  upon  it 

'  the  travel  and  business  of  that  rich  and  populous  region.  Still 
following  up  the  valley  of  the  Little  Androscoggin,  passing  on 
the  way  two  important  falls,  it  reaches  Bryant's  Pond,  the  source 
of  that  river.  This  point  is  15  miles  from  Rumford  Falls,  on  the 
Great  Androscoggin,  one  of  the  greatest  and  most  available  wa- 
ter-powers in  the  state.  Passing  hence  into  the  valley  of  Alder 
stream,  the  route  strikes  the  Great  Androscoggin,  near  Bethel,  a 
distance  of  75  miles  from  Portland.  Crossing  that  stream,  it  fol- 
lows up  its  picturesque  and  romantic  valley,  bordered  by  the  high- 
est mountains  in  New  England,  till,  in  its  course  of  about  20  miles 
from  Bethel,  it  reaches  Gwham  in  New  Hampshire,  distant  from 

-   'Ike  b«8e  of  Mount  Washington  five  miles  only.    From  this  point 


ATLANTIC  AND  ST.  LAWRElfCR   RAILROAD. 


61 


dhat  oelebmted  mountain  may  bo  approached  and  pxoended  with 
more  ease,  in  a  ihorter .  dietance,  and  le«  timoi  than  from  any 
other  accewible  quarter  in  the  vicinity  of  the  White  Hilb.  Thia 
point  alao  is  only  five  miles  distant  from  Berlin  Falls,  the  greatest 
waterfall  in  New  England,  where  the  waters  of  the  Great  An- 
droscofjrgin,  larger  in  volume  than  the  waters  of  the  Connecticut, 
descend  nearly  200  feet  in  a  distance  of  about  two  miles.  From 
the  valley  of  the  Androscoggin  the  road  passes  into  the  valley  of 
the  Connecticut,  reaching  the  banks  of  that  river  in  the  region 
of  Lancaster,  N.  H.  Following  up  this  rich  and  highly  pro- 
ductive valley  about  35  miles,  the  road  reaches  the  parallel  of 
45°  N.  Lat.,  and  connects  with  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Atlantic 
Railroad  at  the  boundary  between  the  U.  States  and  Canada. 

Letoitton  is  a  flourishing  manufacturing  village,  containing 
about  3,000  inhabitants,  situated  upon  the  Androscoggin,  midway 
between  Portland  and  Augusta,  upon  the  upper  stage  route. 
The  waterfall  here  is  one  of  exceeding  beauty ;  the  entire  volume 
of  the  Androscoggin  is  precipitated  some  50  feet  over  a  broken 
ledge,  forming  in  their  fall  a  splendid  specimen  of  natural  scene- 
ry. The  river,  immediately  below  the  fall,  subsides  into  almost ' 
a  uniform  tranquillity,  and  moves  slowly  and  gracefully  along  its 
course,  in  strange  though  pleasing  contrast  with  its  wild  and  tur- 
bid appearance  at  and  above  the  cataract  These  falls,  and 
about  700  acres  of  land  adjoining,  have  been  lately  purchased  by 
a  company  of  wealthy  capitalists,  principally  from  Boston,  for  the 
purpose  of  establishing  there  a  new  manufacturing  city,  the  fa- 
cilities for  which  are  said  to  be  unsurpassed.  There  are  here,  as 
in  most  New  England  villages,  several  religious  societies,  with 
schools,  a  well-endowed  academy,  and  a  flourishing  public  libra- 
ry.   It  supports  also  four  temperance  hotels. 

Lewiston  is  brought  in  proximity  with  Portland  harbor,  by  a 
railroad  on  one  side,  with  the  eastern  part  of  Maine  and  the  Ken- 
nebec on  the  other,  and  with  the  fertile  west  by  the  Atlantic  and 
Montreal  road  now  building.  There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that 
this  place  is  destined  to  be  one  of  the  largest  inland  towns  in  the 
state. 

Augusta,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Maine,  and.  shire  town  of 
Kennebec  county,  is  60  miles  n.  k.  of  Portland>  i^d  165  ftom 


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RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFANION. 


Boston,  and  is  situated  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation,  43  miles 
from  the  sea.  It  lies  on  both  sides  of  Kennebec  river,  a  bridge 
520  feet  long  uniting  the  two  portions.  The  town  rises  by  an 
easy  ascent  from  the  river  to  a  level  surface  ;  :t  *s  .veil  laid  out, 
neatly  built,  and  contains  many  handsome  dwekling-houses. 
Some  of  the  streets  are  decorated  with  trees,  planted  on  either 
side,  forming  a  very  delightful  shade.  A  short  distance  above 
the  village  a  dam  has  been  constructed  across  the  Kennebec,  at 
a  cost  of  $300,000,  forming  a  very  extensive  water-power. — The 
State  House,  built  of  white  granite,  is  a  spacious  and  elegant 
structure,  located  upon  a  beautiful  eminence  half  a  mile  south  of 
the  village.  In  front  is  an  extensive  common,  planted  with  trees, 
forming  a  delightful  promenade. — The  United  States  Arsenal, 
constructed  chiefly  of  stone,  and  presenting  a  very  fine  appear- 
ance, is  upon  the  e.  bank  of  the  river. — The  State  Insane  Hos- 
pital is  a  splendid  gianite  edifice,  occupying  a  plat  of  70  acres, 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  river.  Its  situation  for  beauty  of  scenery  is 
unsurpassed.  Among  the  Hotels  here,  may  be  named  the  Man- 
sion House  and  the  Augusta  House  ;  there  are  other  well-kept 
houses,  hut  these  are  the  principal.    Fop.  in  1850,  8,231 

Augusta  has  a  railroad  communication  extending  to  Portland, 
about  58  miles,  and  from  thence  with  Boston,  and  by  the  rail- 
roads diverging  from  this  place,  with  others  in  the  South  and 
West.  During  the  season  of  navigation,  steamboats  run  between 
>  this  place  and  Boston,  touching  at  Hallowell,  Gardiner,  and  Bath, 
imports  "^t  towns  on  the  Kennebec  river.  Stages  leave  for  Port- 
landf  Bang  ;,  Belfast,  Thomaston,  and  places  in  the  vicinity. 

Bangor  (see  Map  28)  lies  66  miles  e.  n.  e.  from  Augusta,  136 
N.  E.  by  E.  from  Portland,  116  due  w.from  Eastport,  and  331  n.  e. 
from  Boston,  Mass.  It  is  situated  on  the  w.  side  of  Penobscot 
river,  30  miles  n.  by  e.  from  Belfast  Bay,  and  about  60  miles  from 
the  f>ceau.  'llie  site  of  the  city  is  pleasant,  commanding  fine 
views  of  :h.  i'iver  and  the  adjacent  country.  The  buildings  are 
constructed  in  a  neat  and  tasteful  manner,  while  some  approach 
a  style  of  superior  elegance.  Ship-building  is  extensively  car* 
ried  on,  but  trade  in  lumber  is  the  principal  occupation.  This 
place  is  one  of  the  greatest  lumber  depots  in  America.  Pop. 
about  10)000.    Conveyances  from  the  city  to  places  in  the  vicin- 


ATLANTIC  AND  ST.  LAWRENCE   RAILROAD. 


63 


ity,  and  also  to  those  at  a  distance,  are  numerous  and  comforta- 
ble. During  the  season  of  n^<:gation,  which  cobtinues  for  about 
two-thirds  of  the  year,  steamboats  run  between  Bangor  and  Port- 
land, and  also  Boston. 

A  railroad,  12  miles  in  length,  rims  to  Old  Town,  a  village  sit- 
uated on  an  island  in  the  Penobscot  river.  It  was  opened  in 
1836,  and  cost  $350,000. 

Route  from  Portland  to  South  Paris. — ^To  Falmouth,  5  miles, 
fare  20cts.;  Cumberland,  9,  30  cts.;  Yarmouth,  11,  85  cts. ; 
Junction  K.  d:  P.  R.  R.,  12,  85  cts.;  North  Yarmouth,  15,  46 
cts. ;  Webbers,  19,  60  cts. ;  New  Gloucester,  22,  70  cts. ;  Junction 
A.  <Ss  K.  R.  R.,  27,  85  cts. ;  Mechanic  Falls,  86,  $1,10 ;  Oxfvrd, 
40,  $1,20  ;  8(Mth  Paris,  47,  $1,40. 

Route  from  Portland  to  Waterville. — To  Danville  Junction, 
27  miles,  (see  preceding  fout^e,)  85  cento  ;  Auburn,  82,  $1,00 ; 
Lewiston,  83,  $1,00  ;  Greene,  41,  $1,25  ;  Leeds,  44,  $1,85  ;  Mon- 
mouth, 47,  $1,40 ;  Winthrop,  58,  $1,50 ;  Readfield,  59,  $1,65 ; 
Belgrade,  67,  $2,00 ;  West  Waterville,  76,  $2,25 ;  Waterville, 
82,  $2,25.  Stages  leave  Winthrop  for  Augusta  and  Hallowell, 
on  arrival  of  the  trains  from  Portland.  Leave  Readfield  daily 
for  Mount  Vernon,  Vienna,  Farmington,  Phillips,  and  Neio 
Portland,  and  every  other  day  from  Tuesday,  for  Fayette,  Liver- 
more  Falls,  Jay,  Chesterville,  and  Wilton,  Leave  Belgrade  on 
Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays,  (in  the  afternoon,)  for 
Rome,  New  Sharon,  Mercer,  Stark,  Industry,  &c.  Leave  Water- 
ville for  Bangor,  returning  in  time  to  connect  with  trains  for 
Portland.  A  stage  runs  in  connection  with  the  cars,  from  Water- 
ville to  Belfast,  via  China  and  Vassalboro\ 

Route  from  Portland  to  Bath. — To  Freeport,  17  miles,  fare 
50  cents;  Brunswick,  25,  75  cts.;  Bath,  84,  $1,00.  At  Bruns- 
wick, stages  leave  for  Gardiner,  Hallowell,  and  Augusta. — The 
railroad  will  soon  be  continued  to  these  places.  Stages  leave 
Bath  for  Wiscasset,  Waldoboro\  lliomaston,  Belfast,  and  Bangor. 
Katahdin  Mountain  is  the  greatest  elevation,  and  the  most 
celebrated,  in  the  state  of  Maine.  It  lies  80  miles  n.  n.  w.  from 
Bangor,  and  120  n.  n.  e.  from  Augusta  ;  its  height  has  been  as- 
certnyied  to  be  5,300  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  On  a  clear 
day  it  may  be  seen  from  Bangor.     It  is  steep  and  rugged,  and 


n 


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64 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION.     A. 


Btandfl  ID  ftlmoit  solitary  grandeur.    Visiters  to  its  summit  hav» 
pronounced'  the  scenery  unrivalled  in  sublimity. 

Moose  Head  Lake«  Me.,  lies  1  -3  miles  n.  from  the  town  of 
Monson,  from  which  place  stages  leave  for  Bangor,  60  miles.  A 
steamboat  usually  plies  up  and  down  the  lake,  for  the  purpose  of 
transporting  passengers.  Its  form  is  irregular,  its  length  about 
45  miles,  and  its  breadth  in  the  widest  part  about  12  miles.  It 
contains  a  number  of  islands,  which  are  fertile,  similar  to  the 
country  surrounding  the  lake,  except  in  some  places  where  the 
banks  are  steep  and  elevated.  A  little  above  the  centre  of  the 
lake  is  a  narrow  pass,  of  rather  less  than  a  mile  across.  Here, 
on  the  w.  side,  is  Mount  Keneo,  an  elevation  of  about  600  feet, 
projecting  over  the  water.  From  this  height  is  presented  a  pic- 
turesque view  of  the  lake,  its  islauds,  and  a  boundless  wilderness. 
The  waters  of  this  lake  are  deep,  and  abound  in  trout  of  the 
finest  description. 
-  From  Portland  to  Eastfort. — To  Brunswick,  27  miles ; 
Bathf  34 ;  Wiscasset,  49  ;  Waldoborough,  67 ;  Warren,  76  ; 
Thomaaton,  80 ;  Camden,  91 ;  Belfast,  109  ;  (the  Penobscot  is 
now  crossed)  to  Castine,  118 ;  Ellsworth,  142 ;  Franklin,  152  ; 
Steuben,  177 ;  Columbia,  189 ;  Machias,  204 ;  Eastport,  234 
miles  from  Portland. 

Travellers  proceeding  by  the  latter  route  to  the  eastern  frontf-^r 
of  the  state,  on  leaving  Portland,  will  pass  round  to  the  head  of 
Casco  Bay,  through  North  Yarmouth  and  Freeport,  tj  Bruns- 
wick, on  the  Androscoggin,  which  is  the  seat  of  Eowdoin  Col- 
lege. It  is  situated  on  the  navigable  waters  of  the  above  large 
and  beautiful  river,  which  extends  140  noiies  into  the  heart  of  a 
fertile  country.  The  falls  at  this  niace  furnish  such  a  supply  of 
water>power  that  it  cannot  fail  becoming  a  large  manufacturing 
town.  ^  ; 

Bath  is  situated  on  the  Kennebec,  16  miles  from  the  ocean  ; 
its  principal  trade  is  ship-building,  for  which  it  is  admirably 
located.  It  has  regular  lines  of  steamboats  to  Portland  and 
Boston,  and  is  also  now  united  with  those  places  by  railroad. 

WiscaHset  is  one  of  the  principal  ports  of  the  state  :  its  harbo  * 
is  excellent 

Waldoborough,  Warren,  and  IViomaston  contain  quarries  of 


NEW  BRUNSWICK  AND  NOVA  SCOTIA. 


66 


marble  and  limestone :  from  the  latter  place  large  quantities  of 
lime  are  annually  exported.  It  is  also  the  seat  of  the  State  Pria- 
on,  a  building  occupying  a  plat  of  10  acres,  including  a  marble 
quarry.  The  convicts  are  principally  employed  in  cutting  gran- 
ite into  various  forms  for  building,  and  which,  when  prepared,  is 
transported  by  water.  Thomaston  is  a  beautiful  Atlantic  town, 
and  commands  a  great  variety  of  marine  scenery. 

Belfast,  a  pleasant  town  situated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  is  irreg- 
ularly built.  It  is  an  important  winter  mart  of  the  trade  of  the 
Penobscot  river.     Stages  and  gteamboata  run  to  Bangor. 

Eaatport  is  situated  on  the  s.  e.  part  of  Moose  Island,  in  Pas- 
samaquoddy  Bay,  and  on  the  extreme  eastern  frontier  of  the 
United  States.  Its  harbor  is  very  fine.  The  tide  here  is  very 
rapid,  and  rises  25  feet  Its  chief  trade  is  in  lumber  and  the 
fisheries.  In  1790,  Eastport  contained 244  inhabitants;  the  pop- 
ulation of  the  village  now  is  not  less  than  5,500.  It  contains  60 
wharves,  about  90  stores,  several  meeting-houses,  and  a  United 
States  garrison.  There  is  a  steamboat  communication  from  this 
place  to  Boston  via  Portland.  A  steamer  also  runs  between 
Eastport  and  St.  John,  N.  B.,  60  miles.  Pars  $2.50.  There  is 
a  daily  communication  by  steamboat  on  the  St.  Croix  river  to 
Calais,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  30  miles,  touching  at  the  in- 
termediate places  on  both  sides  of  the  river.  Ferry-boats  ply 
regularly  between  Eastport,  Pembroke,  and  Lubec,  and  the 
British  islands  adjoining. 


iiarries  of 


NEW  BRUNSWIOE  AND    NOVA   SOOTIA. 

St.  John  is  in  New  Brunswick,  60  miles  from  Eastport.  It  is 
built  upon  an  immense  rocky  bluff,  and  from  the  water  presents 
a  fine  appearance.  The  population  is  about  40,000.  At  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  Johns  river  are  very  curious  falls.  A  reef  of 
rocks,  extending  across  the  river,  is  covered  at  highwater  deep 
enough  to  admit  vessels  of  all  kinds,  steamboats,  &c.,  to  pass 
over,  and  penetrate  90  miles  in  the  interior  ;  this  is  the  critical 
moment  to  be  embraced,  for  when  the  tide  begins  to  fall,  a  slight 
hteak  or  ripple  begins  at  the  Narrows,  that  increases  as  the  tide 

5 


66 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION 


falls,  until  the  entire  winding  rooky  chasm  is  exposed  one-fourth 
of  a  mile  in  width,  through  which  tiie  mighty  torrent  of  the  great 
SL  Johns  river  pours  in  all  its  force  for  several  hours,  until  the 
rise  of  the  next  tide,  when  for  a  similar  period  vessels  ascend  as 
before. 

A  steamboat  runs  betweei  St.  John  and  Portland,  touching  ai 
Eastport.  Fare  $6.00.  Steamboats  ply  regularly  between  St 
John  and  FredericVton,  (the  seat  of  government  of  New  Bruns> 
wick,)  90  miles,  loa^i;  g  each  place  every  morning  and  evening, 
touching  at  intermediate  places  on  the  river.  Steamers  run  from 
Frederickton  up  the  St.  Johns  river  to  Woodstock,  60  miles ;  they 
also  make  occasional  trips  as  far  up  as  the  Great  Falls,  a  distance 
of  130  miles  above  Frederickton.  Above  the  falls,  a  steamer  runs 
(when  the  depth  of  water  permits)  to  Little  Falls,  40  miles,  which 
are  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mada^'aska  river. 

Stages  leave  Frederickton  daily,  for  places  in  the  vicinity,  and 
also  for  Canada,  a  distauce  of  300  miles.  Stages  also  leave  twice 
a  week  for  Miramichi,  Chatham,  and  intermediate  pluces  ;  and  for 
Liverpool,  on  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrerice,  there  forming  a  commu- 
nication with  Prince  Edward's  Island.  A  steamer  leaves  St. 
John,  once  a  week,  for  Windsor,  Nova  Scotia,  and  touciiing  at 
places  on  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  Jrom  Windsor  stages  leave  daily 
for  Halifax,  45  miles.  Steamers  also  cross  the  Bay  of  Fundy 
from  St.  John  to  Annapolis  ;  whence  stages  leave  for  most  of  the 
principal  places  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  for  Halifax,  135  miles  distant. 

Frederickton,  the  seat  of  government  of  New  Brunswick, 
stands  upon  a  flat  sandy  tongue  of  land,  formed  by  a  bend  of  the 
St.  Johns  river ;  the  plain  is  three  miles  in  length,  varying  in 
breadth  from  a  narrow  strip  to  half  a  mile ;  the  river  here  is 
about  1,000  yards  across,  winding  past  in  front,  with  an  amphi- 
theatre of  richly  wooded  hills  for  its  background. 

"  The  view  both  up  and  down  the  valley  is  most  interesting,— to  ihe 
north  an  uncleared  range  of  highlands,  with  detached  cones  and  broken 
hills  thrown  out  in  bold  relief  upon  the  landscape.  Villas  enclosed  in 
the  woods,  and  farms  upon  the  clearings,  are  the  chief  objects  it  pre- 
sents ;  while  to  the  south  the  river  is  seen  winding,  like  a  silver  cord, 
vhrough  the  dark  woodlands,  until  it  disappears  among  the  islands  in 
he  distance." 

Frederickton  is  a  long  and  rather  straggling  place,  laid  out 


mi 


NEW  BRUNSWICK  AND  NOVA  SCOTIA. 


67 


regularly  in  quadrangles,  with  wide  and  airy  streets ;  the  priuci< 
pal  of  them  are  a  mile  in  length,  and  run  parallel  v.-ith  the  river. 
The  public  buildings,  with  the  exception  of  the  government  house 
and  the  college,  both  massive  stone  edifices,  have  little  ^c  recom- 
mend them.     Its  population  is  about  4,500.  < 

St.  Andrews,  in  the  British  province  of  New  Brunswick,  is 
situated  on  a  peninsula,  formed  by  the  St.  Croix  river  and  an  arm 
of  Passamaquoddy  Bay.  Its  local  advantages  for  commerce  are 
very  great,  possessing  a  harbor,  which,  for  safety  and  extent,  is 
equal  to  any  on  the  coast.  This  is  the  starting-point  of  "  The 
St.  Andrews,  Woodstock,  and  Quebec  Railroad,"  a  route  which 
is  to  unite  the  Bay  r^  Fundy  with  the  St.  Lawrence.  This  line, 
which  extends  a  distance  of  nearly  300  miles,  has  been  mostly 
surveyed,  and  that  portion  of  it  extending  from  St.  Andrews  to 
Woodstock,  a  distance  of  about  80  miles,  is  now  under  contract, 
and  will  probably  be  completed  during  the  year  1849.  A  capital 
of  $800,000  has  been  subscribed,  and  a  portion  of  it  paid  in,  the 
remainder  to  be  called  in  by  instalmentn  during  the  progress  of 
the  work.  The  government  has  granted  free  all  the  land  and 
materials  required,  where  the  road  passes>  through  the  public  lands, 
and  a  further  grant  of  20,000  acres ;  and  a  guaranty  of  five  per 
cent,  upon  one-half  of  the  stock,  for  ten  years. 

The  government  engineers  are  now  engaged  in  exploring  and 
surveying  a  railroad  route  extending  from  Halifax,  through  Nova 
Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  to  Canada,  uniting  with  "  The  St. 
Andrews,  Woodstock,  and  Quebec  Railroad,"  at  Great  Falls  on 
the  St.  Johns  river. 

Halifax. — This  city,  the  capital  of  the  province,  is  situated 
on  Chebuc^o  Bay,  on  the  s.  e.  coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  N.  Lat. 
44°  36',  and  W.  Long.  63°  28'.  Its  population,  exclusive  of  the 
army  and  navy,  is  about  25,000.  The  town  is  seated  on  the  de- 
clivity of  a  hill,  about  250  ft.  high,  rising  from  one  of  the  finest 
harbors  on  the  continent.  The  streets  are  generally  broad,  and 
for  the  most  part  macadamized.  Viewed  from  the  water,  or  from 
the  opposite  shore,  the  city  is  prepossessing  and  animated.  In 
front,  the  town  is  lined  with  wharves,  which,  from  the  number 
of  vessels  constantly  loading  and  discharging,  always  exhibit  a 
spectacle  of  great  commercial  activity.     *'  Warehouses  rise  over 


68 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPAHION. 


.he  wharves,  or  tower  aloft  in  different  parts  of  the  town,  and 
dwelling-houses  and  public  buildings  rear  their  heads  over  each 
other,  as  they  stretch  along  and  up  the  sides  of  the  hill.  The 
spires  of  the  different  churches,  the  building  above  the  town,  in 
which  the  town-clock  is  fixed,  a  rotunda-built  church,  the  signal- 
posts  on  Citadel-Hill,  the  different  batteries,  the  variety  of  style 
in  which  the  houses  are  built,  some  of  which  are  painted  white, 
some  blue,  and  some  red ;  rows  of  trees  showing  themselves  in 
different  parts  of  thr  lown  ;  the  ships  moored  opposite  the  dock- 
yard) with  the  establttihments  and  tall  shears  of  the  latter ;  the 
merchant  vessels  uitdi^r  sail,  at  anchor,  or  along  the  wharves ; 
the  wooded  aad  rocky  scenery  of  the  background,  with  the 
islands,  and  iil  :.aiall  town  of  Dartmouth  on  the  e.  shore, — 
are  all  objectt  .  iich  strike  most  forcibly  on  the  view  of  the  be- 
holder." 

Of  the  piiblic  buildings,  the  chief  is  a  handsome  edifice  of 
stone,  called  the  Procince  Building,  140  ft.  long  by  70  broad, 
and  ornamented  with  a  colonnade  of  the  Ionic  order.  It  com- 
prises chambers  for  the  council  and  legislative  assembly,  the  su- 
preme court,  various  government  offices,  and  the  public  library  of 
the  city. — The  Government  House,  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
town,  is  a  solid,  but  gloomy-looking  structure,  near  which  is  the 
residence  of  the  military  commandant. — The  Admiral's  residence, 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  town,  is  a  plain  building  of  stone. — The 
Dockyard,  which  covers  14  acres,  and  forms  the  chief  depot  of 
naval  stores  in  the  British  North  American  colonies,  is  reported 
to  be  the  finest  in  the  world,  if  the  works  of  a  similar  kind  in 
England  be  excepted.  The  n.  and  s.  barracks  are  capable  of 
accommodating  three  regiments. — There  is  also  a  Military  Hos- 
pital, erected  by  the  late  Duke  of  Kent. — Dalhousie  College  is 
a  handsome  edifice  of  freestone. — The  Church  of  England  and 
the  Presbyterians  have  each  churches ;  and  there  are  besides 
a  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  and  several  chapels  belonging  to 
different  religious  denominations. — ^There  are  two  private  bank- 
ing companies  in  the  town,  and  a  chamber  of  commerce,  com- 
posed of  15  members. — It  is  said  thr  t  the  hotels  and  boarding- 
houses  are  very  indifferent.  The  inhabitants  of  Halifax  are  in- 
telligent and  social,  and  travellers  have  remarked  that  the  tone 


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FITCHBURO  RAILROAD. 


of  jociety  is  there  more  decidedly  English  than  in  most  of  the 
other  colonial  cities. 

The  harbor  opposite  the  town  is  more  than  a  mile  wide,  and 
has,  at  medium  tides,  a  depth  of  12  fathoms.  About  a  mile  above 
the  upper  end  of  the  town  it  narrows  to  one-fourth  of  a  mile,  and 
then  expands  into  Bedford  Basin,  which  has  a  surface  of  10  sq. 
miles,  and  is  completely  land*locked.  On  an  island  opposite  the 
town  are  some  strong,  mounted  batteries.  The  harbor  is  also 
defeiided  by  some  other  minor  fortifications. 

Halifax,  ever  since  its  settlement  in  1749,  has  been  the  seat 
of  a  profitable  fishery.  Its  trade,  which  is  in  a  very  prosperous 
condition,  is  principally  with  the  W.  Indies  and  other  British  col- 
onies, with  the  U.  States,  and  the  mother  country.  It  is  also  the 
chief  rendezvous  and  naval  depot  for  the  British  navy  on  the 
North  American  station.  The  British  government  having  made 
Halifax  one  of  the  stopping-places  of  the  Cunard  line  of  steam- 
ers, in  their  trips  either  way  across  the  Atlantic,  has  added  great- 
ly to  its  importance  as  a  maritime  city,  as  well  as  advanced  its 
commercial  prosperity. 


FITOHBURa  RAILROAD. 


u 


(See  Map  No.  6.) 

The  new  depot  of  the  above  railroad  is  situated  in  Boston,  on 
the  comer  of  Causeway  and  Haverhill  sts.  It  is  316  ft.  long,  96 
wide,  and  two  stories  high,  and  built  of  Fitchburg  granite,  at  a 
cost  of  upwards  of  $70,000,  without  the  laud :  it  is,  at  the  pres- 
ent time,  the  handidoin^ist  depot  in  the  United  States. 

Th's  road  was  opened  for  travel  from  Charlestown  to  Fitch- 
burg, in  March,  1845,  and  extends  a  distance  of  50  miles.  Its 
cost,  including  bridge  ovar  Charles  river,  and  depot  in  Boston, 
with  ground,  &c.,  was  about  $2,115,400.  The  Fitchburg  Rail- 
road is  one  of  the  best  roads  in  the  country ;  the  business,  both 
in  freight  and  passengers,  is  yearly  increasing,  and  will  be  great- 
ly augmented  by  the  completion  of  the  roads  loading  from  it,  and 
uniting  with  those  destined  to  reach  Montreal.  The  construction 
of  the  Fitchburg  road  has  been  the  means  of  developing  the  re 


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23  WIST  MAIN  STRf  IT 

WnSTM.N.Y.  14SS0 

(716)  872-4503 


4^ 


^ 


70 


KAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


■onrcM  of  the  towns  through  whinh  it  paases,  to  a  very  great 
extent. 

Route  between  Boston  and  Fitciiburo. — Charleatown^  the 
first  place  reached  after  crofiMiug  the  viaduct  over  Charles  river, 
is  bnilt  on  a  peninsula  formed  by  the  Charles  and  Mystic  rivers, 
and  is  connected  with  Boston  by  I  wo  public  bridges — by  one  with 
Chelsea  and  Maiden,  over  the  Mystic — and  with  Can;bridge,  by 
a  bridge  over  Charles  river.  It  CDntaius  tiiuny  handsome  private 
dwellings.     Pop.  about  17,650.      The  Bunker  Hill  Monument 

is  in  this  city,  the  site  of  which 
is  62  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
spa.  It  is  a  plain  granite  shaft 
330  ft.  in  height,  31  square  at  the 
base,  and  lit  at  the  top.  The 
coriier-stone  was  laid  June  17th, 
1835,  on  the  50th  anniversary  of 
the  battle,  by  the  Marquis  La 
Fayette,  and  the  work  was  com- 
pleted June  17th,  1843.  From 
the  top,  which  is  a  chamber  11 
ft.  in  diameter  with  four  win> 
dows,  the  visiter  has  one  of  the 
finest  pauorumic  views  in  the 
country.  —  The  United  Statea 
Navy  Yard  was  established  about 
the  year  1798.  It  contains  abodt 
60  acres,  and  is  enclosed  by  a  high  wall  built  of  stone  in  a  sub- 
stantial manner.  It  has  four  large  shiphouses,  where  vessels  of 
war  of  the  first  class  are  built,  houses  for  the  ofiicers,  and  many 
other  buildings.  The  Ropewalk,  which  isl,300feet  in  length,  is 
indeed  k  curiosity,  and  should  not  be  overlooked  by  visiters.  It 
is  a  long,  low  building,  entirely  fire-proof,  being  built  of  granite, 
and  covered  with  slate.  The  machinery  here  is  of  the  most 
elaborate  and  ingenious  description.  The  Dry  Duck,  at  the  up- 
per end  of  the  yard,  is  a  stupendous  work,  and  worthy  the  ad- 
miration of  all  lovers  of  great  architectural  skill :  it  is  unrivalled 
by  any  other  work  of  its  kind  in  the  country,  is  built  of  hewn 
granite,  and  is  341  feet  long,  80  wide,  and  30  deep,  and  coat 


FITCHBURG  RAILROAD. 


•n 


$670,089.  It  was  completed  iu  June,  1833,  and  the  first  veawl 
it  received  was  the  frigate  Constitution. — Charlestown  contains 
also  the  State  Prisont  which  was  founded  in  1800.  Visiteis  are 
admitted  withm  the  walls  by  paying  a  fee  of  35  cents. 

West  Cambridge  is  a  very  pleasant  place,  containing  nuner* 
pus  country-seats  and  well-cultivated  farms.  Spy  Pond  and  a 
part  of  Fresh  Pond  lie  in  this  town ;  they  both  abound  with  fish, 
and  are  popular  places  of  resort  in  the  summer  season.  They 
also  furnish  large  quantities  of  ice,  much  of  which  is  exported. 
Fare  to  West  Cambridge,  15  cents. 

Walthamt  10  miles  from  Boston,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
towns  in  its  vicinity.  From  Prospect  Hill,  which  is  elevated 
nearly  500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  there  is  a  fine  view  of 
the  surrounding  country,  with  Boston  and  its  noble  harbor  in  the 
distance.    Fare  20  cents. 

:  Weston,  formerly  a  part  of  Watertown,  from  which  it  was 
taken  in  1713,  is  a  well-cultivated  town  13  miles  from  Boston, 
Fa,re  25  cents ;  to  Lincoln  35  cents. 

Concord  is  situated  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  20  miles 
from  Boston.  It  is  celebrated  as  the  place  where  the  first  effect- 
ual resistance  was  made,  and  the  first  British  blood  shed,  in  the 
Revolutionary  war.  On  the  19th  of  April,  1775,  a  party  of 
British  troops  was  ordered  by  Gen.  Gage  to  proceed  to  this  place 
to  destroy  some  military  stores,  which  had  been  deposited  here 
by  the  province.  The  troops  were  met  at  the  north  bridge  by 
the  people  of  Concord  and  the  neighboring  towns,  and  forcibly 
repulsed.  A  handsome  granite  monument,  erected  in  1836,  com- 
memorates the  heroic  and  patriotic  achievement  Pop.  about 
2,000.    Fare  45  cents. 

Acton,  till  1735,  formed  a  part  of  Concord.  Nagog  Pond,  in 
this  town,  is  much  visited.  Fare  to  South  Acton,  25  miles,  50 
cents ;  to  West  Acton,  27  miles,  15  cents ;  and  /o  Littleton,  .^2 
miles,  62  cents. 

Harvard  is  becoming  important  for  its  manufacture  of  papei. 

An  industrious  community  of  Shakers,  who  own  a  considerable 

tract  ii  land  about  three  miles  from  its  centre,  reside  in  tliis  town, 

-  and  supply  its  market  with  a  variety  of  articles.    There  are  her« 

iome  fine  fish-ponds.    Fare  70. cents. 


711 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Oroton,  37  miles,  is  one  of  the  finest  towns  in  Middlesex  ooaii" 
ty,  and  has  great  local  beauty.  Its  scho<^  (for  which  it  is  fa<- 
roous)  are  admirably  conducted.  Fare  70  cents:  to  Shirley^  40 
miles,  80  cents ;  Lunenburg,  43  miles,  85  cents ;  Leomineter, 
45  miles,  92  cents. 

Fitchburgt  50  miles,  since  the  completion  of  the  railroad,  has 
increased  both  in  population  and  importance.  It  is  situated  on  a 
branch  of  Nashua  river,  which  affords  an  extensive  and  constant 
water-power.  The  manufactures  of  the  town  conrist  of  cotton 
and  woollen  goods,  leather,  boots  and  riioes,  paper,  and  a  variety 
of  other  articles.  Pop.  about  4,000.  Fare  $IJQ0 :  unMl  time 
from  Boeton  2^  hours. — For  continuation  of  routes  from  Fiteh' 
burg,  see  page  87. 

LBXZNG|TON  AND  WEST  OAMBRXDCOi  BAILROAD,  (See 
Map  No.  6.) — This  road,  seven  miles  in  length,  was  opened  for 
travel  in  Sept  1846,  and  cost  about  $200,000.  It  is  a  branch  of 
the  Fitchburg  Railroad. 

From  Boston  ""o  Lexington. — Over  the  Fitchburg  Railroad, 
5  miles,  and  through  West  Cambridge  to  Lexington,  11  miles 
from  Boston.  Fare  25  cents.  Lexington  will  ever  be  a  mem- 
ofaUe  place :  it  was  here  the  first  blood  was  died  in  the  cause 
of  American  Independence,  19th  of  April,  1775.  On  the  village 
green,  near  the  church,  and  on  the  site  of  the  battle,  a  monu- 
ment is  erected,  with  an  inscription  commemorating  the  event. 


WATJElRTOWN  BRANOH  RAILROAD,  (See  Map  No.  0.)— 
This  road,  a  branch  of  the  Fitchburg,  was  q)ened  for  travel  in 
June,  1847 ;  it  is  three  miles  in  length,  and  cost  $112,000.  Can 
leave  Charleetown  several  times  daily  for  the  places  on  this  route, 
passing  over  the  Fitchburg  road  to  Freeh  Pond,  five  miles,  a  de- 
ligfatfhl  sheet  of  water,  and  a  great  restwt  during  the  summer 
season.  Boating  and  fishing  are  the  chief  amusements.  Fare 
12}  cents. 

Mount  Auburn  Cemetery  is  half  a  mile  firom  Fresh  Pond,  and 
a  mile  from  Harvard  University :  it  is  a  lovely  place  for  the  re- 
peie  d  the  "  mighty  dead/'  and  one  of  the  spots  most  worthy  of 
the  tourist's  observation  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston.    It  contains 


BOSTON  AND  WORCESTER  RAILROAD. 


73 


aboat  100  aores  of  land,  and  is  laid  out  with  graTolled  walks,  and 
embellished  with  all  the  varieties  of  trees,  shrabber^r,  and  flowers. 
There  are  numeroos  monuments,  many  of  which  are  of  exquisite 
wtHrkmanship.  The  labyrinthine  walks  are  named  after  various 
trees  and  flowers,  thus:  Woodbine,  Poplar,  Violet,  Narcissus, 
Ivy,  liily.  Moss,  &;c.,  &c.  This  cemetery  was  dedicated  in  Sept 
1831,  and  the  first  person  interred  here  was  Mrs.  Hannah  Adam», 
one  of  the  earliest  female  writers  of  New  England.  Visiters  aie 
fined  ^25,  if  they  disturb  or  take  any  thing  away  froin  the  cem- 
etery. The  grounds  are  kept  well  regulated,  and  in  the  best 
condition,  and  every  attention  is  paid  to  preserve  order  and  de> 
corum 

Watertowrit  eight  miles  from  Boston,  is  situated  on  Charles  river,, 
which  is  navigable  to  the  village  for  vessels  of  light  draught.  In 
the  town  are  several  manufactories,  with  paper  and  cotton  mills, 
print  works,  &c.  The  United  State9  Arsenal  is  on  the  n.  bank 
of  the  river,  a  short  distance  below  tho  village ;  it  contains  a  large 
amount  of  munitions  of  war,  and  covers  about  40  acres  of  ground, 
ilfr.  Cuehing'a  beautiful  garden  is  in  this  town,  two  and  a  half 
miles  w.  from  Harvard  University,  and  one  and  a  half  from  Mount 
Aubam.  It  comprises  about  60  acres  of  choice  land,  so  elevated 
in  its  situation  as  to  command  a  view  of  the  fine  scenery  which 
surrounds  it.  Strangers  desirous  of  seeing  this  delightful  spot 
can  do  so  by  obtaining  an  order  from  the  President  of  the  Horti" 
cultural  Society,  School-st  This  place  can  be  visited  at  the  same 
timo  with  Fresh  Pond  and  Mount  Auburn,  being  on  the  same 
route,  and  only  a  short  distance  apart 


BOSTON  AND  WOROSSTBR  RAIKROAD. 

This  road  was  commenced  in  1831,  and  opened  for  travel  in 
1835 ;  it  is  44  miles  in  length,  and  according'  to  the  company's 
last  annual  report,  ending  Dec.  31st,  1&49,  the  cost  of  the  nmd 
to  the  present  time  has  been  |^,767,939,  and  of  engines  and  can 
$345,670,  making  the  total  cost  of  road  and  equipment  1^,113,609. 
The  tranqwrtation,  both  in  freight  and  travel,  on  the  road  bar 
greatly  inoiMsed  daring  the  last  year,  much  beyond  tiiat  (f  any 


74 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COHPANIOir. 


former  year;  arrangements  have  accordini^y  been  made  for  11m 
ereotion  of  additional  freight-houaee,  within  the  city  of  Boston^ 
and  also  for  the  enlargement  of  the  paaeenger  depot  building* 
Tracks  are  to  be  set  off  for  departing  trainst  with  rooms  for  pas- 
sengers, distinct  Irom  those  which  are  appropriated  for  trains  on 
their  arrival. 

The  branch  roads,  uniting  with  the  Boston  and  Worcester,  am : 
— the  Brookline,  Brighton,  Newton  Lower' Falls,  Natick,  and 
•Saxonville ;  the  Milford  branch  from  South  Framington  depot  to 
Milford ;  and  the  MiUbury  branch  from  GrafUm  to  M iUbury.  A 
route  for  a  branch  from  HoUiston  to  Medway  has  been  surveyed, 
and  found  favorable. 

From  Boston  to  Worcestkr,  (see  Map  No.  6.)— Passengen 
leave  for  places  on  this  route  from  the  depot,  Lincoln-st.,  comer 
of  BeachHB^,  opposite  the  United  States  Hotel.  ^ 

Brightorit  the  first  stopping-place  on  this  route,  five  miles  from 
Boston,  is  a  pleasant  town  on  the  s.  side  of  Charles  river.  It  is 
noted  for  its  eattU  market,  the  largest  in  New  England.  Mon- 
tlay  is  the  market<>day,  when  buyers  and  sellers  congregate  in 
large  numbers,  to  traffic  in  live-stock.  This  town  has  become 
the  msidence  of  many  persons  of  wealth  and  taste,  who.  occupy 
beautiful  country-seats,  with  splendid  gardens  attached.  Win- 
ship's  garden  is  famed  for  its  nursery  of  fine  fruit'-trees  and  dirub- 
bery,  and  for  its  grand  display  of  fruits  and  flowers  of  every 
variety.  It  is  free  to  visiters.  Fare  from  Boaton  to  Brighton, 
15  cents. 

Newton  is  both  an  agricultural  and  a  manufacturings  town. 
Its  borders  are  washed  by  Charles  river  for  several  miles.  There 
are  two  sets  of  falls  on  (hat  river  in  this  town,  two  miles  apart, 
called  the  Upper  and  Lower  Falls,  on  which  are  extensive 
paper-mills,  and  other  manufacturing  establidiments.  There  is 
here  a  Theological  Seminary,  established'  in  1825.  Nitoton 
Comer,  or  Angitft  Comer,  and  West  Newton,  villages  in  this 
town,  are  growing  places.  A  branch  raiboad  running  along  the 
west  bank  of  Charles  river,  connects  Lower  Falls  with  the  Wor> 
cester  Railroad.  Fare  to  Newton  Corner,  7  miles,  SQ  centB>  fend 
to  West  JVine<on,  9  miles,  25  cents. 

Needhtm  is  now  quite  a  manufieicturing  l9Wii,  htvtegiiaywHil 


BQBTOR  AMD  WORCESTER  RAILROAD. 


•76 


piper-milkiy  a. chocolate-mill,  a  coach  and  car  manufactory,  and 
mannfactoriea  of  dioes,  hats,  &«.  It  has  also  quarries  of  stone, 
iHiich  are  becoming  yearly  more  yaluable.  Fare  to  Ea»t  Need' 
ham,  13  miles,  35  cents ;  to  Weat  Needham,  15  miles,  35  cents. 

Natick,  17  miles,  called  by  the  Indians  "  the  place  of  hills," 
is  watered  in  part  by  Charies  river :  it  contains  several  deli^tful 
ponds,  well  stored  with  &ih.  The  southern  part  of  Long  Pond 
is  in  this  town,  and  is  seen  from  the  cars  while  passing.  The  first 
Indian  Chmch  in  New  England  was  establidied  here  in  1660, 
under  the  direction  of  the  apostle  Elliot  Pop.  1,500.  Fare  45 
cents.  The  Saxonville  Branch  Railroadf  four  miles  in  length, 
extends  from  Natick  to  Saxonville,  and  is  a  branch  of  the  Wor- 
cester Railroad.    Fare  10  cents ;  ftom  Boston  55  cents. 

Framinghamt  21  miles  from  Boston,  has  the  Sudbury  river 
passing  through  its  centre.  Its  fishing,  fowlmg,  and  other  sports, 
make  it  an  agreeable  place  of  resort  Saxonville,  in  the  north- 
eastern section  of  the  town,  is  where  the  chief  water-power  lies. 
From  Long  Pond  m  Framuigham,  the  city  of  Boston  is  to  be 
supplied  with  excellent  water.  Pop.  of  the  town  about  3,350. 
Fare  55  cents. 

Hopkintoiif  34  miles  from  Boston,  is  rapidly  increasing^  in  pop- 
ulation and  wealth.  The  Mineral  Spring  in  this  town  is  mu<ih 
resorted  to.  [Persons  desirous  of  visiting  this  celebrated  place, 
should  leave  the  can  at  Weetboro*,  eight  miles  west  ftoia  Hop- 
kinton,  and  three  and  a  half  northwest  of  the  Springe.]  It  is 
ntuated  near  Whitehall  Pond,  a  popular  fishing -place,  with  the 
attraction  also  of  a  fine  hotel,  at  which  visiters  for  health  or  pleas- 
ure meet  with  most  agreeable  ent«rtainment  The  waters  of  the 
Mmeral  Spring  contain  carbonic  acid,  and  carbonate  of  lime  and 
iron.  Fare  to  Hopkinton,  65  cents;  to  Southboro\  28  miles, 
80  cents ;  and  to  Weatboro\  33  miles  from  Boston,  90  cents. 

OrafUtn,  38  miles.  The  Blackstone  river  and  other  streams 
give  this  town  a  constant  and  valuable  water-power.  After  leav- 
mg  Grafton^  the  MiUbury  Branch  Railroad  passes  through  the 
ML  corner  of  the  town  of  MiUbury,  whence  a  branch  road  ex- 
tends to  ^e  village,  on  Blackstone  river. 

WoRCBSTBit,  capital  of  the  county  of  the  same  name,  is  a  large 
and  flourishhig  town,  rituated  in  the  ^*  heart  of  tiie  common- 


76 


BA1LR0AD  AHD  STEAMBOAT  COMPASIOIT. 


wealth,"  and  is  the  centre  of  a  great  in  and  trade.  It  is  distant 
44  miles  from  Boston,  46  from  Providence,  64  from  Springfield, 
42  from  Nashua,  N.  H.,  69  from  Norwich,  79  from  Hartford,  166 
from  Albany,  and  194  from  New  York  via  Norwich.  Pop.  in 
1860,  17,600,  being  an  increase  since  1840  of  10,000.  Wor- 
sester  is  the  centre  of  an  important  railroad  communication}  which 
makes  it  one  of  the  greatest  thoroughfares  in  the  country,  and 
contributes  much  to  its  growth  and  prosperity.  It  has  railroodi 
diverging  from  it,  on  the  b.  to  Boston  ;  on  the  w.  to  Springfield 
and  Albany ;  in  a  fi.  v.  direction  to  Providence,  R.  I. ;  on  the  a. 
to  Norwich  and  Allyn's  Point,  Ck>nu., — from  the  latter  of  which 
places  there  is  communication  by  steamboat  with  New  York :  it 
\b  also  conuected,  in  a  n.  b.  direction,  with  Nashua,  N.  H.  The 
Blackstone  Canal  extends  from  Worcester  to  Providence,  on  both 
sides  of  tl|e  Blackstone  river,  45  miles.  The  village,  pleasantly 
situated  in  a  valley  surro|inded  by  hills  of  slight  acclivity,  is  one 
of  the  finest  in  New  E2ngland.  It  is  abundantly  supplied  with 
woter,  brought  through  an  aqueduct  fnun  the  neighboring  hills 
Main-8treet,  the  most  important,  is  broad  and  handsome,  diaded 
with  trees,  and  more  than  a  mile  long,  containing  many  fine 
buildings  both  public  and  private. 

The  American  Antiquarian  Society  at  this  fdace  was  founded 
in  18l2|,by  the  late  Isaiah  Thomas,  LL.D.,  the  father  of  print- 
ing in  JHew  England.  The  Hall  of  this  society,  erected  in  1820, 
has  a  central  building  46  ft.  long  and  36  wide,  with  a  neat  Doric 
portico,  and  two  wings  28  ft.  long  and  21  wide.  The  Society 
has  a  library  of  12,000  vols.,  a  large  and  vatuaUe  cabinet  of  an- 
tiquities, and  many  interesting  specimens  of  early  printing. — ^The 
State  Lunatic  Asylum,  established  here  in  1832,  cennsts  of  a 
centre  building  76  ft.  long,  40  wide,  and  four  stories  high,  with 
two  wings,  each  96  ft  long,  36  wide,  and  three  stories  hi|^.  At 
each  end  of  the  wings  are  two  other  buildings  134  ft.  long  and 
34  wide,  forming,  with  the  main  building,  three  sides  of  a  spacious 
square,  all  built  of  brick.  The  interior  arrangements  are  admi* 
raUy  suited  to  the  accommodati(m  of  the  diflforent  classes  of  pa- 
tients, and  on  the  whole  it  is  one  of  the  best  institutions  in  the 
country.  Fare  fmm  Boston  to  Worcester  $lit5 :  usual  tim§ 
about  2  hours^    From  Worcester  a  railroad  is  in  progress  of  oaii« 


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WESTERN  SAILROAD. 


ttmetioa  to  the  town  of  Bam,  a  diatocce  of  90  milea.  (For  FMf* 
idanco  and  Woreaator  Railroad,  aaa  Index.)  There  ia  alio  one 
uniting  Woroeator  with  Nairiiua,  N.  H. 

Waehuntt  Mountaim,  16  milea  n.  n.  w.  fh>m  Woroeater,  riaea 
9,018  feet  above  the  ocean:  it  ia  aaoended  by  an  eaay  path, 
and  ia  now  much  viaited  during  the  pleaaant  montha  of  aummer. 
The  view  finom  thia  mountain  ia  wide  and  oztoniive,  while  the 
atmoaphere  ia  in  a  hi|^  degree  exhilarating. 


NASHUA  AND  WOROBSTBR  BAXLROAD. 
(See  Maps  Not.  0  and  0.) 

Thia  route  eztenda  from  Worceater,  Maaa.,  to  Naahua,  N.  H., 
46  miles.  It  forma  a  direct  inland  communication  from  Long 
Island  Sound  to  ihe  Merrimack  river,  where  it  unites  with  a 
chain  of  railroads  leading  from  Boston  to  Lake  Champlaia  It 
also  forms  one  of  the  inland  routes  frt>m  N.  York  to  Oanada.  The 
following  are  the  depots,  with  distances  and  fares : — From^  Wor- 
cester to  West  Boylston,  9  miles,  20  cents ;  Oakdale,  10, 26  eta. ; 
Sterling,  12,  86  eta. ;  01int<niville,  16,  46  eta. ;  New  Boston,  18, 
60  cts. ;  Lancaster,  19,  60  cte. ;  Still  River,  28,  66  cts. ;  Harvard 
26,  70 cts.;  Qroioa  Juncticm,  28,  80  cts.;  Groton  Centre,  81,  90 
cts.;  Fepperell,  86,  $1,00;  Hollia,  89, $1,10;  Nashua,  46,  |1,26. 


WESTERN    RAILROAD. 

(See  Maps  Nob.  7  and  8.)  ' 

This  road  connecta  with  the  Boston  and  Worceater  Railroad 
at  Worceater,  and  ia  118  miles  long ;  and  the  Albany  and  West 
Stockbridge  Railroad,  connecting  with  the  Western  at  the  State 
Line,  is  38  miles.  The  entire  length  of  the  road  from  Boston  to 
Albany  is  900  miles. 

The  merohaadiae  depot  of  thia  railroad  ia  aaid  to  be  the  largest 
in  the  country,  being  190  ft  wide,  and  460  long,  occupying  an 
area  of  55,900  aquaro  feet,  or  nearly  two  acres  of  land.  The 
loofi  which  ia  190  ft  span,  rests  wholly  on  the  walla,  without  any 


78 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Other  support.  The  walls,  built  of  brick,  are  18  ft.  hi^,  aud  fM) 
inches  thick,  and  where  the  rafters  rest  upon  them  the  thickness 
is  doubled.  The  entire  space  within  these  w  ills  is  one  immense 
room,  unbroken  even  by  a  single  pillar,  and  is  usually  filled  with 
piles  of  merchandise.  The  cars  from  Albany  on  the  east  track 
deliver  their  freight— consisting  chiefly  of  the  produce  and  pro- 
visions  of  V/estern  New  York,  and  the  varied  manufactures  of 
Worcester,  Springfield,  and  the  towns  adjacent  to  the  road— on 
an  ample  platform  furnished  with  scales,  on  a  level  with  the  cars. 
The  cars  on  the  west  track  for  Albany,  and  the  intermediate 
places,  are  at  the  same  time  receiving  groceries,  dye<stuf&,  wool, 
cotton,  and  a  variety  of  other  articles,  in  incredible  quantities. 

This  railroad  was  chartered  in  March,  1833,  and  opened  for 
travel  from  Worcester  to  Springfield  in  1839,  aud  as  far  as  Al« 
bany  on  the  Hudson,  in  1842.  The  cost  of  this  road  (156  miles) 
has  been  $8,185,788.  Its  gross  receipts  between  Worcester  and 
Albany,  in  1847,  were  $1,335,336,  an  increase  of  $380,918.11 
over  1846.  It  is  built  in  the  most  substantial  manner,  and  is 
considered  a  model  work  of  its  kind.  The  engineering  difficul- 
ties upon  it  were  very  great,  in  consequence  of  the  elevated  and 
rugged  sections  of  country  through  which  it  passes  to  reach  the 
western  boundary  of  Massachusetts.  Between  Worcester  and 
Spencer,  a  distance  of  12  miles,  it  crosses  a  chain  of  hills  eleva- 
ted 950  ft.  above  tidewater  in  Boston  harbor.  After  leaving 
Springfield,  it  ascends  by  the  valley  of  Westfield  river,  crossing 
and  recrossing  that  stream  and  its  branches  27  times,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  rocky  and  unfavorable  nature  of  this  part  of  the 
state.  In  the  township  of  Washington  it  crosses  a  summit  1,480 
feet,  and  20  miles  further  another  918  feet  above  tidewater,  with 
grades  80  feet  to  the  mile. 

"  That  section  of  the  Western  Rauroad  which  traverses  the  wild  hills 
of  Berkshire  is  a  work  of  immense  labor,  and  a  wonderful  achieve* 
meat  of  art. 

"  After  leaving  the  wide  meadows  of  the  Connecticut,  basking  in 
their  rich  inheritance  of  alluvial  soil  and  unimpeded  sunshine,  you  wind 
through  the  narrow  valleys  of  the  Westfield  river,  with  masses  of  moun< 
tains  before  you,  and  woodland  heights  crowding  in  upon  you,  so  that 
at  every  puff  of  the  engine  the  passage  visibly  contracts.  The  Alpine 
character  of  the  river  strikes  you.  Th3  huge  stones  in  its  wide  chan 
ntl,  If  liich  have  been  torn  up  and  roll  >i  down  by  the  sweeping  tornmtt 


na. 


^WESTERN  RAILROAD. 


79 


of  spriog  and  autumn,  lie  bared  and  whitening  in  the  summer's  sun 
Tou  cross  and  recross  it,  as  in  its  deviations  it  leaves  space,  on  one 
side  or  the  other,  for  a  practicable  road. 

"  At  <  Chester  Factories'  you  begin  your  ascent  of  80  feet  in  a  mile 
for  13  miles !  The  stream  between  you  and  the  precipitous  hiU-side, 
cramped  into  its  rocky  bed,  is  the  Pontoosne,  one  of  the  tributaries  of 
the  Westfield  river.  As  you  trace  this  stream  to  its  mountain  home,  it 
dashes  along  beside  you  with  the  recklessness  of  childhood.  It  leaps 
down  precipices,  runs  forth  laughing  in  the  dimpling  sunshine,  and  then, 
shy  as  the  mountain  nymph,  it  dodges  behind  a  knotty  copse  of  ever^ 
greens.  In  approaching  the  '  summit  level,'  you  travel  bridges  built  a 
hundred  feet  above  other  mountain  streams,  tearing  along  their  deep- 
worn  beds ;  and  at  the  '  deep  cut'  your  passage  is  hewn  through  solid 
rocks,  whose  mighty  walls  frown  over  you. 

"  Mountain  scenery  changes  with  every  chang^g  ses^or— we  might 
almost  say  with  every  change  of  atmosphere.  In  the  spring,  while  the 
skirts  of  winter  still  hang  over  this  high  cold  region,  and  the  trees  seem 
afraid  to  put  out  their  buds,  the  Pontoosne  breaks  forth  from  its  icy 
bars,  and  leaps  and  rushes  on  as  if  with  conscious  joy  for  its  recovered 
liberty.  t 

"  In  summer,  as  there  is  little  on  these  savage  hills  of  what  is  pecu- 
liar  to  summer,  flowers  and  fruitfulness,  it  is  a  happy  chance  to  make 
this  pass  when  piles  of  clouds  hide  the  hot  sun,  and  the  rain  is  pouring 
down  in  sheets,  when  every  little  dropping  rill  that  has  dried  away  in 
the  summer's  heat,  is  suddenly  swelled  into  a  waterfall,  aiKl  over  the 
bank  and  down  the  cliffs  they  come  pouring  and  leaping.  \:: 

"  In  autumn,  the  beeches  and  maples  on  the  hill  sides  are  glowing 
with  a  metallic  brightness,  softened  and  set  off  most  exquisitely  by  the 
evergreen  of  the  towering  pines,  the  massive  cones  of  the  Norway  firs, 
and  the  graceful,  plumy  hemlocks  that  intersperse  them. 

"  In  wint«r,  the  art  that  sends  you  swiftly  and  securely  through  these 
stern  solitudes,  is  most  gratefully  felt.  The  trees  bend  creaking  before 
the  howling  blast,  the  snow  is  driving  and  drifting,— here  it  is  piled  on 
either  side  in  solid  walls  above  your  car,  and  there  the  hideous  roots  of 
the  upturned  stumps  are  bare. 

"  On  you  glide,  by  the  aid  of  the  most  recent  discoveries  and  inge- 
nious contrivances  of  art,  through  a  country  whose  face  is  still  marked 
with  the  savage  grandeur  of  its  primeval  condition." 

The  importance  of  this  road  tu  Boston,  and  that  section  of  the 
country  through  which  its  route  lies,  is  demonstrated  by  the  in* 
creasing  amount  of  business  yearly  transacted  upon  it,  both  in 
passengers  and  freight.  It  is  said  that  such  is  the  regularity  and 
precision  with  which  the  locomotives  and  trains  from  Boston  to 
Albany  perform  the  distance  of  200  miles,  that  the  farmers  on 
the  line  set  their  clocks  by  them.         ,, ,,.  ^ .,_ , .  ,,  ,,.... 


80 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


^'^THB  PITTSFXELD  AMD  NORTH  ADAMS  RAILROAD 
leaves  the  Western  Railroad  at  Pittsfield,  and  extends  to  North 
Adams,  20  miles:  it  was  opened  in  Oct  1846,  and  cost  about 
$450,000.    Fare  60  cents. 

Route  from  Boston  to  Albany,  (see  Maps  Nos.  6,  7,  and  8.) 
-—Trains  leave  Boston,  from  the  Worcester  depot,  Beach-st.,  op- 
posite the  United  States  Hotel,  three  times  daily  for  Albany, 
Sundays  excepted.  Those  leaving  in  the  morning  reach  Spring- 
field in  time  to  dine,  and  stop  half  an  hour ;  those  leaving  Boston 
in  the  afternoon  stop  overnight  at  Springfield,  and  leave  next 
morning  for  Albany,  arriving  there  about  noon.  Usual  time  be- 
iween  Boston  and  Albany,  10  hours.  Fare  $5.00.  The  trahis 
for  Troy  leave  Greenbush  on  the  arrival  of  the  trains  from  Bostoik 
Stages  and  other  conveyances  will  be  found  at  most  of  the  depots 
on  the  rou^,  to  convey  passengers  to  the  various  hotels  and  places 
in  the  vicinity.  (For  the  route  from  Boston  to  Worcester,  see 
page  74. 

The  stopping-places  between  Worcester  and  Springfield,  (see 
Map  Na  7,)  with  fares  and  distances  from  Boston,  &c.,  are  as 
follow :  Clappville,  53  miles,  $1.50  ;  Charlton  Depot,*  57,  $1.60; 
Spencer,  62,  $1.70 ;  E.  Brookfield,  64,  $1.75 ;  S.  Brookfield, 
67,  $1.95 ;  West  Brookfield,  69,  $1.96 ;  Warren,  73,  $2.05  ; 
Palmer  Depot,  83,  $2.25  ;  N.  Wilbraham,  89,  $2.55 ;  Wilbra- 
ham,  92,  $2.65.— We  now  arrive  at 

SraiNGFiELn,  the  most  important  of  the  towns  on  this  route, 
lying  upon  the  e.  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  98  miles  from  Bos- 
ton, 102  from  Albany,  18  f^m  Northampton,  36  from  Green- 
field, 26  from  Hartford,  Conn.,  and  142  from  the  city  of  N.  York. 
It  is  the  centre  of  a  larg«i  inland  and  river  trade,  its  natural  as 
Well  as  artificial  advantages  rendering  it  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant commercial  depots  on  Connecticut  river.  It  has  railroads 
diverging  from  it,  on  the  e.  to  Boston,  on  the  w.  to  Albany,  N.Y., 
on  the  N.  to  Greenfield,  (this  road  is  being  extended  to  Bellows 
Falls,  Vt.,)  on  the  s.  to  Hartford  and  New  Haven ;  and  the 
New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  which  now  connects  it 


*  From  Charlton  Depot,  it  is  designed  to  extend  a  branch,  to  be  called 
the  Southbridge  Branch  Railroad,  to  Southbridge,  10  miles.  It  will  proba* 
bly  be  opened  for  travel  during  the  present  year. 


flTTSFIELD  AKD  HORTH  ADAMS  RAILROAD. 


81 


tAXLROAD 
e  to  North 
C08t  about 

7,  and  8.) 
ich-st.,  op- 
>r  Albany, 
ch  Spring- 
ing Boston 
leave  neyt 
tl  time  be' 
The  trains 
}in  Bostoik 
the  depots 
and  places 
eeater,  see 

[[field,  (see 
c.,  are  as 
7,  $1.60; 
rookfieldf 

$2.05; 

Wilhra- 

this  route, 
from  Bos- 
n  Green- 
N.  York, 
latural  as 
Mst  impor- 
railroads 
ay,  N.Y., 
Bellows 
and  the 
nnects  it 

be  called 
ifillpro)^ 


with  the  great  commercial  depot  of  the  Union.  The  houses  here 
•re  well  made  and  uniformly  built  of  brick,  and  the  appearance 
of  the  town  is  lively  and  cheerful.  Main-st,  the  principal,  is 
about  two  miles  and  a  half  long,  and  runs  parallel  with  the  river 
The  chief  part  of  the  business  of  Springfield  is  transaijted  in  this 
street.    Pop.  in  Jan.  1860,  20,721. 

Cars  leave  Springfield  for  Hartford  on  the  arrival  of  the  trains 
from  Boston ;  and  for  Oreei^jield  three  times  daUy.  During  the 
season  of  navigation,  steamboats  ply  between  this  place  and  Hart- 
ford, and  other  towns  on  the  river. 

The  United  States  Armory,  at  this  jdace,  is  the  most  exten- 
nve  in  the  country.  It  is  situated  on  an  elevated  plain  about 
half  a  mile  from  the  village.  The  buildings,  which  are  of  brick, 
are  arranged  around  a  square  of  about  20  acres,  presenting  a 
handsome  appearance.  A  cupola  on  one  of  them  affords  a  de- 
lightful view  of  the  river  and  surrounding  country.  There  are 
about  300  men  employed  in  the  Arsenal.  About  15,000  muskets 
are  annually  made  here,  and  150,000  are  stored  in  the  buildings 
connected  with  this  establishment  There  are  several  well-kept 
hotels  in  Springfield,  that  offer  excellent  accommodations  at  a 
reasonable  rate.     Fare  from  Boston,  $2.50 :  time  about  5  hours. 

West  Springfield,  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  100  miles  from 
Boston,  and  two  miles  from  Springfield,  is  connected  with  the 
latter  place  by  a  bridge  over  the  Connecticut,  four  ferries  and 
also  by  the  Western  Railroad,  which  passes  through  it.  It  is 
equidistant  from  Boston  aod  Albany.    Fare  $2.85.  » 

Weatfield,  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  is  a  delightful  'own, 
with  great  natural  beauties.  It  is  108  miles  from  Boston,  lymg 
in  a  valley  about  four  miles  in  diameter,  and  surrounded  by  hills 
of  considerable  height.  Here  the  canal  road  from  New  Haven 
joins  the  Westera  Fare  |2,95.  Ruseell,  116  miles  from  Bos- 
ton, $3.05;  Cheater  Village,  119,  $3.15;  Cheater  Factory, 
126,  $3.35  ;  N.  Becket,  135,  $3.60  ;  Washington  Summit,  138, 
$3.70  ;  Hinsdale,  143,  $3.85  ;  Dalton,  146,  $3.90.  .^ 

FlTTSFIELD,  151  miles  from  Boston,  is  a  large  manufacturing 

and  agricultural  town,  elevated  1 ,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 

sea.  It  is  151  miles  w.  from  Boston,  and  49  e.  from  Albany.  The 

village  is  beautifully  situated,  and  contains  many  handsome 

:"  .  '  "- "--■-      6  ^  -    . 


HAILBOAD  A1P»  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


■n 


dwellingd.  bi  tSIi  yillaSfe  there  is  still  standing  one  cf  the  origU 
nal  forest  tree»-Hi  large  elm,  120  feet  high,  and  90  feet  to  thn 
lowest  limb^-HBin  interesting  relic  of  the  primitive  woods,  and 
justly  esteemed  a  curiosity  by  persons  visiting  this  place.  Pitts* 
field  contaiaa  a  medical  institution,  and  a  seminary  of  leammg 
The  town  received  its  present  name  in  1761,  in  honor  of  William 
Pitt,  (Eari  of  Chatham,)  the  celebrated  British  statesman.  Fare 
from  Boston,  $4.00. 

Shakir  Village,  156  miles  from  Boston,  Fare  $4.20;  Rich- 
mond,  159,  $4.35.— The  State  Line,  162  miles  from  Boston  and  38 
from  Albany,  is  the  point  from  whence  diverges  the  Housatonic 
Railroad,  terminating  at  Bridgeport,  on  Long  Island  Sound,  98 
miles,  and  also  that  of  the  Hudson  and  Berkshire  Railroad  to 
Hudson,  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  33  miles. — Canaan,  167 
miles  from  Boston,  $4.60 ;  E.  Chatham,  172,  $470 ;  Chatham 
Fowr  Corners,  177,  $4.90 ;  Kinderhook,  184,  $4.95  ;  Sehodae, 
192,  $5.00, — arrive  at  Oreenbush,  and  cross  the  ferry  to  Albany, 
200  miles  from  Boston.    Fare  $5.00/  ^^'-Y'**'"^  ^*'';^*^^^^ 


-■iUmij'/'.' 


•.^..^i 

•>!>■> 


OONNEOnOUT  BITER  RAIZAOAIX    v^r.  j^  j>:(<  . 

\W^^im::i:)-i--     (See  Map  No.  8.)  Li.i*  ^jAf'/t^yi 


n! 


This  road  extends  from  Springfield,  Mass.,  to  Greenfield,  36 
miles:  it  is  being  continued  to  Brattieboro',  Ver.,  and  from 
thence  to  Bellows  Falls,  where  it  will  meet  the  railroads  from 
Bofjlfion  on  their  routes  to  the  St  Lawrence  and  the  West  The 
road  from  Springfield  to  Northampton,  a  distance  of  17  miles, 
was  opened  in  1845,  and  from  thence  to  Greenfield,  19  miles,  in 
1846.    This  road  cost  $1,010,542. 

Route  FROM  Springfield  to  Northampton  and  Greenhelix 
—To  Cabot  Junction  is  four  mile&  Here  is  situated  Cabotville, 
a  large  manufacturing  village  on  the  Chickopee  river.  There 
are  three  cotton  manufacturing  establishments,  with  a  capital  of 
$1,700,000  giving  employment  to  upwards  of  1,500  operativea 
The  Ames  Company  are  laigely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
swords,  brass  cannon,  bells,  machinery,  and  cutlery. — Chickopes 
FttllSf  another  important  manufacturing  village,  is  united  iritb 


CONnBCTICUT  BIVEB  RAILROAD. 


88 


CabotvUle  by  the  Chiekop^  Branch  Railroad,  two  milea  long 
There  is  a  cotton  mannfacturiiig  company  estahlished  here  with 
a  capital  of  ^700,000,  giying  employment  to  about  800  operativee. 
There  are  also  extensive  manufactories  of  papert  iron  castings, 
6re-arni8,  machinery,  &c. — VFt22»maiiM(^7  mil^f*  JPareSQ  cents ; 
Smth*8  Ferry,  13* miles,  37^  cents.     4>  !,.  u,.-,.**...^ 

Northampton,  17  miles  from  Springfield,  is  delightfully  Situ- 
ated on  the  w.  ^de  of  CSonnecticut  river,  on  rising  ground*  about 
a  mile  from  the  river,  and  is  surrounded  by  large  tracts  of  fertile 
meadow  land.  It  is  a  favorite  place  of  resort  for  travellers,  and 
is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  villages  in  New  England.  Agricul- 
tural and  manufacturing  pursuits  are  the  chief  employments  of 
the  people.  For  some  years  past  it  has  prosecuted  with  spirit  and 
success  the  rearing  of  the  silkworm,  and  large  quantities  of  sew- 
ing silk  are  annually  produced.    Pop.  about  5>0d0.    Fare  50  cts. 

Mount  Tom  is  in  the  town  of  Northampton,  on  the  w.  side  of 
Connecticut  river,  and  Mount  Holyoke  on  the  e.  or  opposite  side ; 
the  former  is  elevated  1^214  feet,  and  the  latter  1,120.  To  visit 
Mount  Holyoke  the  traveller  must  cross  the  ferry,  which  lands 
him  at  the  base  of  this  renowned  elevation,  where,  by  a  rather 
steep  ascent,  he  can  attain  its  very  summit,  upon  which  houses 
for  the  accommodation  of  visiters  have  been  erected.  Here  he 
will  be  amply  rewarded  by  a  view  of  the  vast  panorama  of  varied 
beauty  which  lies  spreftd  at  his  feet,  and  extends  to  the  very 
verge  of  the  horizon.  Immediately  beneath,  the  beautiful  Con- 
necticut winds  through  one  of  the  richest  valleya  of  New  Eng- 
land,— a  valley  checkered  with  fields  and  woods,  hillock  and  dale. 

Passing  Northampton,  we  proceed  to  Hatfield.  Fare  65  cents. 
In  this  town  large  quantities  of  broom-corn  are  grown,  and  brooms 
manufactured  to  a  great  extent ;  also  vehicles,  boots,  shoes,  &>c 

Wkately,  26  miles  from  Sfmngfield.  Fare  75  cents.  It  is 
watered  by  Mill  river  and  West  Brook,  on  which  streams  are  tan- 
neries, manufactories  of  woollen  goods,  of  gimlets,  hammers, 
&c.  like  the  above  town,  it  produces  broom-corn  in  abun- 
dance, which  is. manufactured  into  brooms.  A  few  miles  w.  of 
the  Connecticut,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  West  Whately,  is  Mount 
Esher,  which  rises  nearly  1,000  feet  abmr^  kbeiiver,  from  which 
the  prospect-is  VfBry  imposingi  iiVH^I^W  i^)i^- ^>;ir^i 


t 


i 


>, 


u 


RAILROAD  AND  (  TEAMBOAT  COMFAHIOIT. 


Bloody  Brook  village  is  uoted  as  the  place  where,  m  1675, 
Capt  Lathrop  and  76  out  of  84  men  under  his  command  were 
slain  by  the  Indians.  In  1838|  a  monoment  was  erected  here 
commemorating  the  event 

Deerfitld  w  a  town  of  considerable  trade.  In  one  year  the 
goods  manufactured  at  this  place  amounted  to  about  0250,000. 
Fare  01.00. — JDeerfield  and  Sugarhaf  Mountaina  are  in  this 
vicinity.  The  former  rises  700  feet  above  the  plain,  and  the  lat- 
ter, which  is  an  isolated  hill  of  a  corical  form,  rises  600  feet  above 
the  river. 

Greenfield  is  situated  on  an  elevated  plain,  on  the  mar^n  of 
Green  river,  and  contains  many  handi  ?«me  buildings.  The  man- 
ufactures of  the  town  consist  of  a  great  variety  of  useful  articles. 
Fme  frwn  Springfieldt  36  miles,  $1.10.  (For  continuation  of 
this  route  into  Vermont,  see  Map  No.  9,  and  Sot  routea  Stem 
Greenfield,  see  page  90.) 

South  Hadley  FalU  are  in  the  Connecticut  river,  seven  miles 
N.  from  Cabotville :  they  extend  a  distance  of  two  miles,  the  en- 
tire fall  from  the  upper  dam  being  50  feet  A  canal  is  construct- 
ed around  these  falls,  with  five  locks,  and  a  cut  through  solid  rock 
40  feet  in  depth  and  300  feet  in  length.  There  is  a  dam  across 
the  river  of  1,100  feet,  which  was  constructed  to  overcome  the 
pWncipal  fall  in  the  river :  it  produces  a  water-power  of  great  ex- 
tent The  cataract  rushes  over  a  confused  mass  of  rocks,  pre- 
senting varied  forms  of  beauty  and  wildness.  At  South  Hadley 
village^  three  miles  n.  of  the  falls,  is  situated  the  Mount  Holyoko 
Female  Seminary,  a  school  designed  to  give  a  practical  domestic 
education  with  intelligent  instruction. 

Amhertti  seven  miles  n.  b.  from  Northampton,  is  conspicu- 
ous for  its  elevated,  healthy,  and  commanding  situation,  being 
surrounded  by  an  amphitheatre  of  hills.  Amherot  College  ranks 
among  the  most  respectable  institutions  of  the  kind  in  the  coun- 
try It  is  located  on  high  ground,  in  the  centre  of  the  village, 
surrounded  by  a  fertile  country,  and  commanding  a  prospect  of 
one  of  the  most  picturesque  sections  of  the  state.  A  regular  line 
of  »tage»  leaves  Northampton  for  Amherst  on  the  arrival  of  the 
cars  from  Springfield.  From  Amherst,  we  can  proceed  n.  through 
Sunderland  to  the  foot  of  Mount  Toby,  an  elevation  which  rises 


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NORTHERR   RAILROAD. 


1,000  feet  above  the  Connecticut  river :  it  is  compoeed  of  pud* 
ding-atone,  and  the  email  atones  within  it,  of  various  aixea  and 
of  every  color,  are  round  and  amooth,  as  though  waahed  by  the 
ocean.  There  ia  a  cavern  on  one  aide  of  the  mountain,  which 
ia  about  60  feet  deep  and  150  in  length ;  and  on  the  n.  w.  aide, 
in  the  n.  part  of  Sunderland,  are  a  curioua  cave  and  fiaauro. 
From  Sunderland  the  traveller  can  croas  the  bridge  over  the  Con- 
necticut to  Whately,  and  thence  to  Deerfield. 

BOUTES  FROM  OONOORO,  V.  B.,  (See  Map  No.  9.)— From 
thia  place  a  chain  of  railrbada  leada  in  a  a.  and  a.  s.  direction  to 
Boeton,  and  in  a  n.  w.  to  the  Connecticut  river  at  Lebanon :  an- 
other runa  tewarda  Winnipiaeogee  Lake  in  the  n..  and  one  on  the 
s.  to  Pohamouth. 


BOSTON,  OONOORD,  AND  MONTBEAL  BAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  5.) 

Thia  road  will  extend  from  Concord,  N.  H.,  to  Plymouth,  on  the 
Pemigewasset  river,  45  milea ;  thence  to  Haverhill,  on  the  Con- 
necticut, there  connecting  with  a  road  leading  to  Montreal.  The 
coat  to  Meredith  Bridge,  27  miles,  ia  about  $343,703.  Fare  from 
Beaton  to  E.  Concord,  $1.60 ;  N.  Concord,  $1.70 ;  Canterbury, 
$1.75 ;  Northfield,  $1.85 ;  Sanbornton  Bridge,  $2.00 ;  Union 
Bridge,  $2.10 ;  Meredith  Bridge,  $2.25 ;  Lake  Village,  $2.30. 

Stages  leave  Meredith  daily  (connecting  with  other  lines)  for 
all  the  principal  towns  in  northern  New  Hampshire,  Vermont* 
and  the  Canadas. 


THB  NORTHERN   RAILROAD,   N.  B. 
(See  Map  No.  9.) 

This  highly  important  thoroughfare  is  a  continuation  of  the 
route  from  Boston  to  Concord  via  Lowell  and  Nashua,  to  the  vil- 
lage of  Lebanon,  which  is  within  about  five  miles  of  the  Con- 
necticut river ;  the  completion  of  wj^ich  to  the  mouth  of  White 
river,  Yt,  including  the  construction  of  a  truss-bridge,  some  600 
feet  long,  over  the  Connecticut,   was    effected  in  season  for  the 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


opening,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1848,  of  the  Vermont  Central  Rail- 
road to  Northfield,  and  thence  to  Montpelier.  The  latter  road 
(see  Map  No.  10)  now  unites  the  Connecticut  river  with  Lake 
Champlain,  and  by  the  extensi,;n  road  from  Burlington  to  the 
St.  Lawrence,  will  connect  with  Montreal.  It  will  also  form, 
with  that  of  the  Ogdensburg  road,  a  continuous  line  to  the  wa- 
ten  of  the  great  lakes.  The  Northern  Railroad,  from  the  yalley 
of  the  Morrimao  to  that  of  the  Connecticut,  69  miles,  passes 
over  a  rough  and  forbidding  country,  and  severe  natural  obetaclea 
have  been  overcome  in  its  construction.  More  than  3,354,000 
^ubic  yards  of  earth  and  87,000  of  solid  rock  have  been  removed, 
and  64,354  perches  of  bridge  and  culvert  masonry  constructed, 
at  a  cost  of  about  $3,000,000.  The  sununit  of  the  road  ir  in 
Orange,  and  is  about  700  feet  above  the  Merrimoo  and  500 
above  the  Connecticut.  It  is  overcome  by  a  grade  of  50  feet, 
which  is  the  highest  on  the  whole  line.  The  Northern  Railroad 
between  Concord  and  Franklin  was  opened  Deo.  38, 1846,  and 
to  Lebanon  Nov.  17,  1847.  The  whole  original  capital  stock  of 
this  company  was  $1,500,000,  with  the  right  t<  increase  it  if 
found  necessary. 

Route  from  Conoobd  to  Lxbanon,  (sae  Map  No.  9.) — On 
leaving  the  Concord  depot  it  passes  along  upon  the  interval  k.  of 
the  village,  and  crossing  Horse-Shoe  Pond  takes  the  course  of 
the  Merrimac  river,  keeping  the  w.  bank,  (to  enable  it  to  do 
which  the  river  has  been  turned  from  its  ancient  bed,)  and  pass- 
ing along  not  far  from  the  West  Parish  in  Concord,  where  a  depot 
is  established  with  the  name  of  West  Concord. 

The  next  stopping-place  is  near  Fisherville,  a  bustling  little 
village  upon  Contoocook  river.  Here  the  track  r'osses  Mrs.  Dus- 
tan's  Island,  made  illustrious  by  the  notable  exploit  of  that  lady 
with  the  Indians,  in  March,  1698.  Passing  on,  the  next  depot 
is  at  BoteaweUi  a  very  excellent  farming  town  ;  thence  to  North 
Botcatoen  and  to  F"^  iuklin,  18  miles  from  Concord,  a  place  of 
considerable  important  »t  the  head  of  Merrimac  river,  or  at  the 
junction  of  Pemigi»«7f4f^>.  and  "^Vinnipifuogee  rivers.  Franklin 
contains  about  2,000  iLtod/iU'^^B. 

This  route  is  one  ^f  coni^iderable  interost  and  picturesque  beau- 
ty:  it  passes  throu^  the  Webster  farm,  an  otigect  of  curiositj  to 


VERMONT  AHD  MASSACHUSETTS  RAII  .LOAD. 


m 


RtrangerR,  m  being  the  place  where  the  Hon  Daniel  Webiiter 
uaaMd  hia  youth.  Fare  from  Concord  to  W.  Concord,  10  centa ; 
to  Fitherville,  20 ;  to  Boteawen,  25;  to  W.  Boaeatoeu,  95 ;  to 
Franklin,  50 ;  to  £.  Andover,  65  ;  to  Andoter,  80  ;  to  W.  An- 
dover,  85  ;  to  Danbury,  $1.00;  to  Orafton,  $1.15 ;  to  Canaan, 
$1.35  ;  to  Enfield.  ,C\^i\) ;  to  E.  Lebanon,  $1.55  ;  to  Lebanon, 
$1.65;  to  W.  L.vrt  ^  •?.75.  Fare  from  Boeton  to  the  latter 
place,  $3.P5     Diotunce  142  roilea 

Hanoi  er,  i^l.  11. ,  ii  aituated  a  few  milea  n.  of  W.  Lebanon,  on 
an  ext<>  '  )  plain,  half  a  mile  from  the  Connecticut  river,  and 
180  leei.  above  the  level  of  its  waters.  The  principal  honsea  are 
erected  around  a  Mjuare  of  12  acres ;  the  remainder  stand  on  dif- 
ferent streets,  leading  from  the  green  in  all  directions.  This  is 
the  seat  of  Dartmouth  College,  founded  in  1769,  for  the  educa- 
tion of  Indians,  and  named  after  William,  Earl  of  Dartmouth. 
It  is  an  institution  which  holds  a  very  respectable  rank  for  learn- 
ing and  influence,  and  the  ability  of  its  officers. — (For  the  eon^ 
tintuition  of  thie  route  through  Vermontf  see  "  Vermont  Central 
Raifax>ad.") 


J 


>. 


Routes  from  Fitohburo.^— At  Fitchbnrg,  the  traveller  will  find 
9tage»  to  convey  him  to  places  in  the  vicinity,  and  also  to  those 
at  a  distance,  away  from  the  line  of  railroads.  Trains  leave 
Iltchburg  for  Boston  four  times  daily ;  trains  also  connect  with 
the  Vermont  and  Massachusetts  Raifaroad,  and  also  with  the 
Cheshire  Railroad. 


'  auv 


7;.M'  ,  'MW^.i-if.'^ 


\i^KMONT  AND   MASSAOHUSETTS  RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  0.) 

This  road  leaves  the  Fitchburg  Railroad  at  Fitchburg,  passing 
through  Athol,  Northfield,  ^c,  to  Brattleboro',  Ver.  ;  thence 
up  the  Connecticut  river  to  Bellows  Falls,  where  it  will  unite 
with  the  chain  of  railroadn  through  Western  Vermont  to  Bur- 
lington, and  also  with  those  following  up  the  valley  of  the  Con- 
necticut It  is  open  for  travel  to  Athoi,  33  miles  firom  Fitchburg 
and  83  from  Boston.    An  attempt  has  been  made  to  oUun  a 


iX: 


88 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


charter  for  the  construction  of  a  railroad  from  Greenfield,  MacMk* 
to  Troy,  N.  Y.  At  Greenfield,  the  Vermont  and  Massachusetts 
Railroad  would  then  connect  Troy  with  Boston,  making  a  new 
route  from  the  latter  city  to  the  Hudson  river. 

From  Boston  to  Athol. — To  Fitchburgt  50  miles,  $1.00, 
(see  this  route ;)  thence  to  W.  Fitchburg,  52,  $1.10  ;  Westmin- 
ster, 55,  $1.13;  S^.  Ashburnham,  60,  $1.25;  Gardner,  65, 
$1.37;  Templeton,  70,  $1.50;  Baldwinsville,  71,  $1.55;  S. 
Royalston,  77,  $1.75 ;  Athol,  83,  $1.85 ;  8.  Orange,  87,  $1.95 ; 
Wendell,  91,  $2.05  ;  Swing,  94,  $2.15. 

Athol,  a  manufacturing  place,  receives  great  water-power  from 
Miller's  river. — Northfield  consists  of  one  street  a  mile  long :  the 
houses  have  a  neai  and  comfortable  appearance.  ,  ^  ,<,  ,^, ,  g 

Brattleboro\  Vt.  is  a  very  pleasant  place,  situated  on  an  ele- 
vated plain  above  the  Connecticut.  The  vicinity  is  noted  for  its 
invigorating  air,  pure  water,  and  fine  mountain  scenery.  The 
town  is  connected  with  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  by  a  hand- 
some covered  bridge.  There  are  several  factories  and  mills  herC) 
which  derive  their  power  from  a  creek,  whose  water  falls  over  a 
ledge  of  rocks. 

Bellows  Falls  are  a  series  of  rapids  in  the  Connecticut,  ex- 
tending about  a  mile  along  the  base  of  a  high  and  precipitous 
hill,  known  as  "  Fall  Mountain,"  which  skirts  the  river  on  the 
New  Hampshire  side.  At  the  bridge  which  crosses  the  river  at 
this  pkice,  the  visiter  can  stand  directly  over  the  boiling  flood ; 
viewed  from  whence,  the  whole  scene  is  wild  and  exciting  in  the 
extreme.  The  Connecticut  is  here  compressed  into  so  narrow  a 
compass  that  it  seems  as  if  one  could  almost  leap  across  it.  The 
water,  which  is  almost  one  dense  mass  of  foam,  rushes  through 
this  chasm  with  such  velocity,  that  in  striking  on  the  rocks  be- 
low, it  is  forced  back  upon  itself  for  a  considerable  distance.  In 
no  place  is  the  fall  perpendicular  to  any  considerable  extent,  but 
in  the  distance  of  half  a  mile  the  waters  descend  about  50  feet 
A  canal  three-fourths  of  a  mile  long,  with  locks,  was  constructed 
round  the  falls,  many  years  since,  at  an  expense  of  $50,000. 


CHESHIRE  RAILROAD— SXTLLIVAIV  RAILROAD. 


89 


rf>ii,iJi'Cw'-.i. 


m 


,i    .  OHBSHIBB   RAILROAD. 

(See  Map  No.  9.) 

This  route  is  also  an  extension  of  the  Fitchburg  road :  it  leaves 
the  junction  at  South  Ashbumham,  Mass.,  and  when  completed 
will  pass  through  Keene,  N.  H.,  to  Bellows  Falls,  at  which  place 
it  will  connect  with  the  Rutland  road  and  the  valley  of  Lake 
Champlain ;  and  also  with  the  Sullivan  road,  a  branch  uniting 
the  Cheshire  with  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad.  This  road 
will  receive  a  great  part  of  the  travel  and  business  of  the  Rut- 
land, with  which  and  the  Fitchburg  it  will  form  the  shortest, 
cheapest,  and  one  of  the  best  railroad  lines  between  Boston  and 
Burlington.  It  will  have  an  equal  chance  of  doing  the  business 
created  by  the  opening  of  the  Ogdensburg  Railroad,  and  also  of 
Montreal.  The  Cheshire  Railroad  is  now  opened  through  to 
Bellows  Falls,  110  miles  from  Boston,  and  18  from  Keene,  N.  H. 

Route  feom  Boston  to  Bellows  Falia — To  Mtchburff,  60 
miles,  $1,00;  South  Ashbumham,  61,  $1,26;  Winchendon,  69^ 
$1,60 ;  Fitzmlliam,  78,  $1,65  ;  Trot/,  83,  $1,70 ;  Keene,  93,  $1,90 ; 
Westmoreland,  106,  $2,16  ;  Walpole,  111,  $2,30 ;  Bellows  Fallfl^ 
116,  $2,86.  --V:  .v- :r'"^^'--^--V  i-::[  -• 

Keene,  one  of  the  prettiest  places  in  the  state,  is  situated  on  a 
flat  B.  of  the  Ashuelot  river.  It  is  particularly  entitled  to  notice 
for  the  extent,  width,  and  uniform  level  of  its  streets.  The 
main  street,  extending  one  mile  in  a  straight  line,  is  almost  a 
perfect  level,  and  is  well  ornamented  with  trees.  It  is  a  place 
of  considerable  business,  there  being  several  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments here.  Passengers  will  find  etage  conveyance  at  Win- 
chendon  to  Rindge  and  Jaffrey ;  at  Fitzwilliam,  on  Tuesday, 
Thursday,  and  Saturday,  on  arrival  of  the  first  train  from  Bos- 
ton, to  Richmond,  Winchester,  Hinsdale,  and  Brattleboro' ;  and 
on  opposite  days  from  those  places  to  Fitzwilliam. — At  Troy, 
stages  will  connect  with  all  the  trains,  through  Keene  and  Bel- 
lows Falls,  to  and  from  all  Western  New  Hampshire,  Vermont, 
Canada,  and  Northern  New  York.  ,;  ,  ,  . 


THE  SULLI7AN  RAILROAD,  25  miles  in  length,  connects 
with  the  Cheshire  road  at  Bellows  Falls,  and  unites  it  with  the 


90 


RAILROAD   AND   STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Vermont,  Central,  and  Passumpsic  Railroads.  Bellows  Falls 
TO  WiNDsoE,  Ac — To  Charlestoum,  8  miles,  fare  25  cents ;  N. 
Charle8t<ywn,  18,40  cts. ;  Glaremont,  17,  SOcts. ;  Windsor,  i6^ 
16  cts. ;  Hartland,  29,  90  cts. ;  N.  Hartland,  83,  $1,06  cts. ; 
Hartford,  Vt^  40,  $1,26. 

Routes  from  Greenfield. — ^Trains  leave  Greenfield  for  North- 
ampton  and  Springfield  three  times  daily ;  at  the  latter  place  con- 
necting with  the  trains  for  Boston,  Albany,  Hartford,  and  N.  Ha^ 
vea  Fare  from  Greenfield  to  Springfield,  $1,10  ;  from  the  lat- 
ter place  to  Boston,  $2,75  ;  to  Albany,  $2,25  ;  to  Hartford,  75 
cents ;  and  to  New  Haven,  $1,87.  From  N.  Haven  to  N.  York  by 
steamboat.    Fare  to  New  York  from  Springfield  about  $3,00. 

Passengers  can  leave  Greenfield  by  the  Vermont  and  Massa- 
chussetts  ^.  R.,  for  Fitchburg,  Lowell,  Nashua,  Concord,  and  Bos- 
ton.   Stages  leave  Northampton  for  Amherst,  Easthampton,  Ac. 

From  Greenfield,  the  Connecticut  River  Railroad  is  now  con- 
tinued to  Brattleboro',  (see  Map  No.  9,)  uniting  with  the  Ver- 
mont and  Massachusetts  at  the  State  line.  This  railroad  com- 
pletes the  connection  with  the  roads  in  progress  pervading  the 
valley  of  the  Connecticut,  which,  when  finished,  will  open  a 
railroad  communication  between  New  York  city  and  the  extreme 
noirthem  boundary  of  Vermont,  and  by  other  roads  yet  to  be 
built,  will  open  the  communication  with  Montreal  and  Quebec 


ii-^lYi. 


'^'m" 


■■-■,*■    (;■ 


THE  RUTLAND  RAILROAD. 

(See  Maps  Nos.  0  and  10.) 
^  *  This  road  is  now  open,  and  extends  from  Bellows  Falls  to  Bur- 
lington, 117  miles :  it  forms  a  continuation  of  the  Cheshire  Rail- 
road in  New  Hampshire,  and  opens  a  new  route  and  the  shortest 
from  Boston  via  Fitchburg  to  Lake  Champlain  and  Canada.  Start- 
ing from  Bellows  Falls,  it  runs  up  the  valley  of  Williams  river ; 
it  then  passes  into  the  valley  of  Black  river,  and  continues  to  the 
Green  Mts. ;  upon  passing  Mt.  Holly  Gap,  it  runs  into  the  valley 
of  Mill  river,  and  the  valley  of  Otter  creek,  till  it  reaches  the  val- 
ley of  Lake  Champlain.  For  almost  the  whole  of  its  course,  it 
runs  through  valleys  of  rivers  and  the  valley  of  the  lake  with  easy 


[)ws  Falls 

cents;  N. 

Indsor,  26, 

H,06  cts.; 

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gradual  slopes.  A  branch  road  extends  to  Whitehall,  at  which 
it  unites  with  the  Saratoga  and  Washington  Railroad,  thus  open- 
ing a  route  to  New  York. 

From  Bellows  Falls  to  Cheater,  12  miles,  40  cents ;  LucUow, 
26,  80  ct& ;  Mount  Holly,  38,  $1,05  ;  Clarendon,  48,  $1,46 ;  Jut- 
land, 51,  $1,65  ;  Pittaford,  60,  $2,00 ;  Brandon,  68,  $2,25  ;  Mid- 
dlehury,  85,  $2,65  ;  New  Haven,  92,  $2,90 ;  Vergennea,  97,  $3,00 ; 
Ferriaburff,  103,  $3,20;  Charlotte,  107,  $3,26;  Shelburn,  111, 
$3,25  ;  Burlington,  116,  $3,30. 

Cheater  is  a  thriving  place.  Ludlow  is  mountainous,  but  con- 
tains good  land  for  the  grazing  of  sheep,  <&c  Mt.  Holly  is  a  plea- 
sant town,  situated  on  the  summit  of  the  Green  Mountains.  The 
soil  is  well  adapted  for  grazing,  and  here  are  produced  large 
quantities  of  wool,  beef,  butter,  and  cheese. 

Rutland  is  a  very  neat  village,  well  built  and  handsomely 
located :  it  is  the  centre  of  trade  fur  a  large  section  of  fertile 
country.  Its  agricultural  products  are  large  and  valuable.  The 
town  is  watered  by  Otter  creek  and  its  tributaries,  which  sup- 
ply it  with  good  water-power,  and  upon  which  are  several  man- 
ufacturing establishments.  (For  continuation  of  this  route^  see 
Map  No.  10.)  From  the  Rutland  Railroad  at  this  place,  a  branch 
will  be  built  to  Whitehall,  N.  Y.,  via  Castleton. 

Brandon,  on  the  route  of  the  Rutland  Railroad,  is  a  flourishing 
town,  finely  watered  by  Otter  creek,  Mill  river,  and  Spring 
Fond,  on  which  streams  are  good  mill-seats.  Minerals  of  fine 
quality  are  found  in  this  town.  There  are  here  two  curious  cav- 
erns formed  of  limestone,  the  largest  containing  two  apartments, 
each  from  16  to  20  feet  square.  It  is  entered  by  descending  from 
the  surface  about  20  feet 

Salisbury  IB  watered  by  Otter  creek  and  by  Middlebury  and 
Leicester  rivers.  The  latter  affords  a  good  water-power,  which 
propels  a  number  of  valuable  manufacturing  establishments. 

Middlebury  is  a  beautiful  and  flourishing  town  on  Otter  creek : 
at  the  falls  on  this  stream  are  extensive  manufacturing  establish- 
ments ;  and  large  quantities  of  white  and  variegated  marble,  with 
which  the  town  abounds,  are  sawed  and  polished  for  various  usesi, 
and  trane^rted  to  market  It  is  the  shire  town  of  Addison 
county. 


92 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Vergennea  has  a  fine  BitKition  on  Ottei  creek,  seven  miles 
from  Lake  Champlain.  The  creek  at  this  phce  is  500  feet  wide, 
and  at  the  falls  is  separated  by  two  islaudR,  which  form  three 
distinct  falls  of  37  feet.  These  produce  a  great  hydraulic  power, 
rendered  valuable  by  being  situated  in  the  heart  of  a  fertile  coun- 
try, and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  lake,  and  will  be  much  increased 
in  value  by  the  opening  of  the  Rutland  Railroad.  From  Ver- 
gennes  the  railroad  is  carried  along  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake 
Champlain  to  Burlington,  and  from  thence  it  will  unite  with 
Montreal.    (For  description  of  Burlington,  see  Indox.) 

FETEBBORO'  AND  SHIRLEY  RAILROAD.— This  road,  ex- 
tending from  the  Fitchburg  road,  in  Groton,  to  West  Townsend, 
was  opened  in  the  fall  of  1847,  and  is  12^  miles  in  length.     ,,    ' 

From  BovroN  to  W.  Townsend. — Over  the  Fitchburg  Rail- 
road to  Groton,  37  miles.  Fare  90  cents ;  Squannacook,  41, 
$1.0.5  ;  Townsend  Harbor,  45,  and  Townsend  Centre,  47,  $1J20 ; 
W.  Townsend,  49,  $1.25. 

WILTON  RAILROAD,  N.  H.— This  road  is  in  New  Hampshire, 
and  connects  at  Nashville  with  the  Concord  and  Lowell  railroads ; 
and  also  with  the  Nashua  and  Worcester.  It  is  open  to  Am- 
herst, 12  miles,  and  will  be  continued  to  Eeene,  via  Wilton  and 
Peterboro',  there  intersecting  the  roads  to  Canada. 


'  ■  ^  '"  ■  :'^  *HB  VERMONT  CENTRAL  RAILROAD. 

(See  Map  No.  10.)  . 

This  road  miites  with  the  New  Hampshire  Northern,  and  the 
JPaeaumpsic  River  railroads,  at  White  River  Junction,  and  with 
the  Sullivan  road  at  Windsor ;  thus  continuing  the  routes  through 
New  Hampshire,  and  of  those  meeting  at  Bellows  Falls,  through 
Vermont  to  Lake  Champlain,  at  Burlingtoa  Another  line  con- 
nects  this  road  at  Rouse's  Point  with  the  Ogdensburg  road,  and 
also  with  the  line  of  travel  to  Montreal  It  opens  an  expedi- 
tious route  between  Canada  and  Boston,  and  in  connection  with 
the  lines  in  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  with  New  York  city. 


corhecticut  and  fassumfsic  rivers  railroad.     99 

Route  from  Windsor  to  Burungton. — ^To  ffartland,  4  miles, 
16  ct& ;  North  ffartland,  9,  80  eta ;  W%ite  River  Junetiorit  14» 
45  cts. ;  White  River  Village,  16,  60  cts. ;  Sharon,  27,  86  cts. , 
8<yuth  Royalton,  82,  $1,00 ;  Roydton,  84,  $1,06 ;  Bethel,  89; 
91,20 ;  Randolph,  46,  $1,40 ;  Roxhwry,  60,  |1,80 ;  Northjield, 
67,  $2,06 ;  Montpelier,  77,  $2,26 ;  Waterbury,  88,  $2,60 ;  Bol- 
ton, 96,  $2,76 ;  Richmond,  101,  $2,96 ;  Willitton,  106,  $8,10 ; 
Essex,  110,  $8,20 ;  Winooski,  114,  $3,86 ;  Burlington,  117,  $8,40 

Stages  run  in  coDnection  with  this  road,  to  all  parts  of  Oentra 
Northern,  and  Western  Vermont. 

Montpelier,  the  capital  of  Vermont,  is  situated  very  near  the 
centre  of  the  state.  It  is  surrounded  by  hills  of  considerable 
elevation  ;  and  although  it  is  too  low  to  command  an  extensive 
prospect,  it  is  very  pleasant,  and  quite  romantic  in  its  ap- 
pearance. It  is  a  great  thoroughfare  from  all  directions,  and 
commands  a  large  and  valuable  trade.  (For  Burlington,  see 
page  179.) 


OONNEOTIOUT  AND  PASSUMFSIO  BITERS    RAILROAD. 

(See  Map  No.  10 ) 

This  new  route  will  extend  from  the  mouth  of  White  river,  in 
Hartford,  Vt.,  opposite  the  town  of  Lebanon,  N.  H.,  following  up 
the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  and  Fassumpsic  rivers,  to  the  north 
line  of  the  state  at  Derby.  ' '  ,, 

.  The  valley  of  the  above  rivers  n.  of  the  White,  forms  the  nat- 
ural busiunss  centre,  and  the  outlet  of  one  of  the  best  agricultural 
districts  in  New  England,  abounding  also  with  available  water- 
power  to  any  desirable  extent.  Numerous  business  villages,  and 
some  of  considerable  importance,  are  located  upon  the  immediate 
line  of  this  road  within  the  first  75  miles. 

This  road  meets  at  the  Canada  line  the  St.  Lavtrence  ana 
Canada  Railroad,  with  which  it  continues  the  route  of  the  roads 
in  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  to  the  city  of  Montreal  A  road 
has  been  authorized,  connecting  this  route  with  Quebec,  at  a 
point  near  Sherbrooke,  30  miles  distant  from  the  Northern  termi- 
nus of  the  Ccnnecticut  and  Fassumpsic  rivers  road.  The  place 
of  intersection  is  nearly  equidistant  from  Quebec  and  Montreal*  \ 


94 


RAILROAD  AHD  STEAMBOAT  COMFAHION. 


Rom  FKOH  'White  Rivks  JuNonoN  to  Wellb  Ritib. — ^To 
NorvAeh  and  Jianover,  6  miles, /artf  10  cents ;  Thet/ord  asxd  Limef 
16,  46  cts. ;  NoHh  Thetfwd,  17,  66  cts. ;  FairUe  and  Orford,  22, 
Bradford  and  Piermont,  29, 90  cts. ;  Newbury,  86,  |1,10 ;  Wtlli 
Eiver,  40,  $1,26. 

Stages  leave  the  Wells  River  station!  on  the  arrival  J  the  cars, 
for  all  the  principal  places  in  Northern  Vermont.  Also  for  Lit- 
£ton,  Guildhall,  Oolebrook,  and  Stetoartetoton,  towns  in  New 
Hampshire. 

The  completion  of  these  roads  will  form  almost  a  direct  lino 
of  communication  from  Boston  to  Quebec  and  Montreal,  and,  in 
connection  with  the  lines  in  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  will 
open  a  new  thoroughfare  between  New  York  city  and  the  above 
important  places  in  Canada:  for  a  description  of  which,  see 
pages  181  and  186. 


OLD  OOLONT  RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  la.) 

This  road  was  opened  for  travel  on  the  19th  of  Nov.  1845,  and 
extends  from  the  South  Cove  in  Boston  to  Plymouth,  37  miles. 
It  is  designed  to  extend  it  through  Sandwich  to  Barnstable  on 
Cape  Cod,  a  further  distance  of  38  miles.  The  cost  of  this  road 
was  $1,397,058.  The  depot  in  Boston  is  at  the  corner  of  Kneel- 
and  and  South  sts.,  where  tickets  are  procured  before  taking 
seats  in  the  cars.  Stages  and  other  conveyances  are  always  in 
attendance  to  convey  passengers  to  or  from  the  depot,  or  to  any 
part  of  the  city.    Fare  25  cents  each  person. 

The  Dorchester  and  Milton  trains  leave  Boston  five  times 
daily :  the  arrangement  is  similar  from  those  places  to  Boston. 

Dorchester,  four  miles  from  Boston,  lies  on  Dorchester  Bay, 
in  Boston  harbor.  It  is  under  8  high  state  of  cultivation, — ^fruits, 
vegetables,  and  flowers  being  raised  here  in  great  abundance. 
This  town,  in  consequence  of  the  facilities  for  reaching  Boston, 
has  become  a  favorite  place  of  residence  for  many  of  its  citizena 
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OLD  LOLONT  SAILBOAO. 


95 


Nepotuet  VUlaget  situated  in  the  town  of  Dorchester,  is  on 
the  Neponset  river,  near  its  month.  It  has  considerable  trade, 
and  the  population  is  rapidly  increasing. 

Quiney,  eight  miles  from  Boston,  is  situated  on  Quincy  Bay, 
in  Boston  harbor.  The  village,  which  is  built  on  an  elevated 
plain,  is  remarkable  for  its  neatness  and  beauty.  The  ancestral 
estate  of  the  Quincy  family,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  residences 
in  New  England,  is  in  this  town.  In  a  church  in  the  village, 
elected  in  1838,  at  a  cost  of  $40,000,  is  a  beautiful  monument 
to  the  memory  of  John  Adams  and  his  wife.  This  town  supplies 
the  "  Quincy  granite,"  noted  for  its  durability  and  beauty.  Im- 
mense quantities  are  annually  quarried  and  sent  to  various  parts 
of  the  U.  States.  By  means  of  a  railroad  from  the  quarries  to 
Neponset  river,  this  material  is  transported  at  a  small  cost  Fare 
from  Boston,  35  cents. — N.  Braintree,  10}  miles,  35  cents ;  S, 
Braintree,  11},  30  cents ;  S.  Weymouth,  15, 40  cents ;  N.  Ahir^" 
ton,  18,  45  cents ;  Abington,  194,  50  cents ;  S.  Abington,  31, 
55  cents ;  N.  Hanson,  33i,  60  cents ;  Hanson,  34|,  65  cents ; 
Plympton,  30, 80  cents ;  Kingston,  33,  90  cents. 

Plymouth,  37  miles  &  e.  from  Boston,  is  celebrated  as  being 
the  landing-place  of  the  "  Pilgrims,"  who  disembarked  here  on 
the  S3d  of  Dec  1630.  It  \a  the  oldest  town  m  New  England. 
Pilgrim  Hall,  the  building  most  worthy  of  notice,  contains  a 
valuable  painting  representing  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims  from 
the  "  May  Flower."  It  is  13  by  16  feet,  and  is  valued  at  $3,000. 
The  cabinet  of  the  Pilgnm  Society  contams  many  valuable  an- 
tiquities. From  Burying  Hill,  in  the  reai  of  the  town,  which  is 
elevated  160  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  is  a  fine  view  of  the 
village,  the  harbor,  and  ship}Mng  beyond,  with  the  coast  for  some 
miles  in  extent  'VPlymoutb  Rock,"  a  deeply  interesting  spot  to 
New  Englanders,  is  near  the  termmation  of  Leyden-st.  The 
town  contains  about  300  ponds:  the  largest,  called  the  Billing- 
ton  Sea,  is  about  six  miles  in  circumference.  It  is  situated  two 
miles  8.  w.  of  the  village,  and  contains  a  good  supply  of  pickerel 
and  perch.  Fare  from  Boston  to  Plymouth,  $1.10:  usual  time 
1|  hours.  Stages  convey  passengers  from  Plymouth  to  Barn- 
stable, 38  miles,  and  to  other  places  on  Gape  Cod.  Stages  also 
Veave  Kingston  for  Duxbury,  three  miles  distant     Stages  will 


96 


RAILROAD  AND  8TEABIB0AT  COMPANIOIT. 


also  be  found  at  most  of  the  depots  on  the  route  to  carry  to  any 
of  the  neighboring  towns  or  villages.    Pop.  .7,088. 

TBB  BBIDQEWATER  BBANOB^  six  and  a  half  miles  in 
length,  connects  with  the  Old  Colony  road  at  S.  Abington,  and 
passes  from  thence  through  Northville  and  E.  Bridgewater  U 
Bridgewater,  37^  miles  from  Boston.    Fare  65  cents. 

THE  SOUTH  SHORE  RAILROAD  Commences  at  the  OldOol- 
'  ony  Railroad  in  Quincy,  and  is  opened  to  Gohassei 

FaoM  Boston  to  Cohasset. — ^To  Quincy,  8  miles, /are  25  cts. ; 
E.  Braintree,  11,  84  cts. ;  Weymouth,  12, 86  cts. ;  N.  Weymouth, 
14,  40  cts.;  S.  Weym<nah,  15,  43  cts.;  Hingham,  18,  45  cts.; 
Nantasket,  20,  60  cts. ;  Oohcuset,  22,  60  cts. 

Hifigmmf  a  pleasant  town  situated  on  Boston  harbor,  lies  12 
miles  K.  of  Boston  by  water,  and  14  by  land.  It  is  also  five  miles 
8.  w.  from  N&ntasket  Beach,  and  an  equal  distance  from  Cohas- 
set village.  It  is,  during  the  summer  months,  an  agreeable  place 
of  resort  for  the  people  of  Boston,  and  also  for  strangers  visiting 
that  city.  The  ride  by  steamboat  through  Boston  harbor,  and 
the  passage  among  the  many  beautiful  islands,  is  truly  delightful. 
The  scenery  from  the  hills  in  the  village  present  fine  and  exten* 
sive  views  of  the  bay  and  surrounding  country.  A  steamboat 
plies  regularly  between  Hingham  and  Boston,  making  three  trips 
daily  during  the  summer  months.  Fare  25  cents.  The  Old 
Colony  House,  an  excellent  hotel,  b  within  a  short  distance  of 
the  steamboat  landing. 

Cohaeaet,  five  miles  from  Hingham,  is  of  easy  access  from  the 
latter  place.  The  situation  being  cool  and  refreshing  of  a  hot 
summer's  day,  large  numbers  are  attracted  thither.  The  bathing, 
fishing,  and  marine  scenery  are  equal  to  any  on  the  coast 

In  the  s.  part  of  the  town  of  Marshfield  is  situated  the  Hon. 
Daniel  Webster's  country  seat:  it  lies  12  miles  n.  from  Plymouth, 
in  full  view  of  the  open  sea,  and  is  surrounded  by  highly  cultivated 
grounds. 

Dttxburyf  a  maritime  town,  is  rix  miles  n.  from  Plymouth  and 
30  s.  B.  from  Boston.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  elevated  ground, 
and  conunands  a  view  of  the  ocean.    At  present  the  most  con- 


FALL  RIVER  RAILROAD. 


97 


venient  way  of  reaching  this  place  from  Boston  is  by  the  Old 
Colony  RaUroad  to  Kingston,  and  thence  by  stage  to  Dnxbury, 
three  miles. 


PALL  HI7ER  RAILROAD. 

This  roud  extends  from  the  Old  Colony  at  S.  Braintree,  11^ 
miles  from  Boston,  to  the  town  of  Fall  River.  It  is  42  miles  in 
length,  and  cost  $1,050,000,  or  $$25,000  per  mile.  It  was  open- 
ed for  travel  in  1846. 

Route  from  Boston  to  Fall  River. — Trains  leave  the  Old 
Colony  depot,  Boston,  daily,  passing  over  that  road  to  «S>.  Brain- 
tree,  (see  Map  No.  12  ;)  from  thence  to  Randolph,  15  miles,  Fare 
35  cents ;  to  E.  Stoughton,  17,  40  cents  ;  to  N.  Bridgewater, 
20,  50  cents;  to  E.  and  W.  Bridgewater,  25,  60  cents;  to 
Bridgewater,  27,  65  cents,  (now  see  Map  No.  11  ;)  Titicut,  31, 
70  cents;  Middleboro',  35,  80  cents;  Myrick^s  Station,  42, 
$1.00 ;  Assonet  or  Freetown,  45,  $1.10  ;  Terry's,  47^,  $1.20  ; 
Somerset,  48^,  $1.25  ;  Fall  River,  53,  $1.35. 

Fall  River,  a  flourishing  and  important  manufacturing  town, 
is  situated  on  the  falls  of  the  outlet  of  the  Watuppa  Ponds,  at  the 
junction  of  the  stream  with  Taunton  river,  and  near  Mount 
Hope  Buy.  These  ponds  contain  about  5,000  acres,  being  11 
miles  long,  and,  on  an  average,  about  one  mile  broad.  They  are 
produced  by  deep,  never-failing  springs,  and  are  two  miles  e.  of 
the  village.  The  descent  of  the  river  is  136  feet  in  a  regular 
volume  of  water,  not  liable  to  excess  or  diminution,  and  adequate 
to  heavy  manufacturing  operations.  The  harbor  of  Fall  River  is 
safe,  and  of  easy  access,  and  has  sufficient  depth  of  water  for 
ships  of  the  largest  class.  Several  vessels  from  this  port  are  en- 
gaged in  the  whale-fishery,  and  many  others  are  employed  in 
the  coasting  trade.  The  principal  business  of  the  place  consists 
in  the  manufacture  of  cotton,  wool,  machinery,  stoves,  the  print- 
ing of  calico,  &c.  The  establishment  for  the  manufacture  of 
iron,  wholly  operated  by  steam,  is  on  a  very  large  scale,  employ- 
ing between  400  and  500  hands,  and  using  up  about  30  tons  of 

pig  and  hoop  iron  per  day.    Fop.  in  Jan.  1860,  11,806 

7 


'■=•¥ 


98 


llAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


On  Sunday,  July  2d,  1843,  Fall  River  was  visited  by  a  de- 
structive fire,  in  which  200  buildings,  including  the  Pocasset  Hotel, 
a  splendid  structure,  were  consumed.  The  loss  of  property  was 
estimated  at  upwards  of  half  a  million  of  dollars. 

There  ard  regular  stage  routes  to  New  Bedford,  Taunton, 
Bristol,  and  Providence.  There  is  also  a  steamboat  line  to  the 
latter  place,  a  distance  of  28  miles,  which  plies  daily,  each  way. 

Route  from  Boston  to  New  York  via  Fall  River  and  New- 
fort. — Passengers  take  the  cars  in  Boston,  at  the  Old  Colony 
depot,  corner  of  Kneeland  and  South  sts.  (^or  the  route  to  Fall 
River,  see  page  97.)  At  Fall  River  the  railroad  from  Boston  ter- 
minates, and  passengers  are  conveyed  from  thence  in  one  of  the 
splendid  steamers  belonging  to  this  line,  through  Narragansett 
Bay  (see  Map  No.  14)  to  Newport,  R.  I.,  18  miles  distant,  where 
^  the  steamer  stops  to  land  and  receive  passengers,  and  are  con- 
veyed from  thence  round  Point  Judith,  and  through  Long  Island 
Sound  (see  Map  No.  15)  and  the  East  River,  passing  over  the 
boiling  waters  of  "  Hurl  Gate,"  to  the  city  of  New  York,  arri- 
ving at  an  early  hour  the  next  morning ;  distant  from  Boston, 
236  miles.  Fare  $5.00  ;  state-room  $1.00  extra.  (For  city  of 
New  York,  see  page  118.) 

Newport,  one  of  the  towns  where  the  state  legislature  holds 
its  sessions,  is  situated  on  Rhode  Island,  (the  island  from  which 
the  name  of  the  state  is  derived,)  in  Narragansett  Bay,  and  is, 
by  the  channel,  5  miles  from  the  sea,  30  miles  s.  e.  from  Provi- 
dence, 71  from  Boston,  and  165  from  New  York.  The  harbor, 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  world,  is  safe,  and  accessible  by  ships  of 
the  largest  class.  The  town,  lying  on  ground  gradually  rising 
from  the  water,  has  a  beautiful  site  facing  the  harbor,  in  a  south- 
easterly direction.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  salubrity  of  its  climate, 
its  cooling  ocean  breezes,  and  its  fine  views,  which  have  made  it 
a  favorite  resort  during  the  summer  season.  Visiters  and  inva- 
lids will  here  find  every  accommodation,  either  at  hotels  or  board- 
ing-houses. Sea-bathing,  fishing,  sailing,  and  riding,  are  the 
chief  amusements.  In  the  waters  in  this  vicinity  there  are  about 
60  difiTerent  kinds  of  fin  and  shell  fish,  which  are  taken  in  great 
abundance. 


NEW  BEDFORD  AND   TAUNTON  RAILROAD. 


90 


OAFE  OOD  BRANOH  B.VXLROAD. 

This  road  leaves  the  Old  Colony  at  Middleboro'  Four  Comers, 
and  extends  to  Wareham,  and  from  thence  to  Sandwich,  28  miles. 

RouTB  FROM  Boston. — From  the  depot  of  the  Old  Colony  Rail- 
road to  Middleboro',  35  miles,  fare  80  cents ;  to  Rock  Meeting- 
House,  88i,  95  cts.;  S.  Middleboro',  42i  $1,10;  W.  Wareham, 
46,  $1,20 ;  Wareham,  49^  $1,25  ;  Agawam,  60i,  $1,33 ;  Cohas- 
set  Narrows,  55,  $1,46 ;  Monument,  57,  $1,50 ;  N.  Sandwich,  24, 
$1,60 ;  W.  Sandwich,  26,  $1,50 ;  Sandwich,  28,  $1,60. 

'Wareham^  at  the  head  of  Buzzard's  Bay,  is  favorably  situated 
for  trade  and  commerce.  Its  harbor  is  safe  for  vessels  drawing 
12  feet  of  water :  240  coasting  vessels  arrived  here  in  1844, 
bringing  and  taking  away  50,000  tons  of  merchandise.  There 
wore  also  belonging  to  this  port  three  ships  and  three  brigs  en- 
gaged in  the  whaling  business,  at  an  outfit  of  $131,000.  In  the 
town  of  Wareham  are  several  ponds  containing  a  great  variety 
of  fish,  whilst  the  shores  abound  with  oysters,  lobsters,  clams,  &c., 
and  the  forests  with  game.  This  and  the  adjoining  towns  aflford 
a  great  field  for  the  sportsman. 


TAUNTON  BRANOH  RAILROAD,  AND  NEW  BEDFORD  AND 
TAUNTON  RAILROAD. 

(See  Map  No.  11.) 

The  former  of  these  leaves  the  Providence  Railroad  at  Mans- 
field, and  extends  to  Taunton,  11  miles.  It  was  opened  for  travel 
in  1836,  and  cost  $250,000.  The  latter  road  is  a  continuation 
of  the  former  to  the  city  of  New  Bedford :  it  was  opened  in  1840, 
is  20  miles  long,  and  cost  $400,000. 

Route  from  Boston  to  Taunton  A^^D  New  Bedford. — Pas- 
sengers by  this  route  will  take  the  cars  of  the  Providence  Rail- 
road at  their  depot  in  Boston,  near  the  foot  of  the  "  Common," 
to  Manafield,  25  miles,  (for  this  part  of  the  route,  see  page  102;) 
thence  to  Norton^  29,  Fare  70  cents  ;  Taunton^  36,  75  cents  ; 
Myricka,  42,  $1.00  ;  New  Bedford,  56,  $1.50 :  usual  time  from 
Boston,  3  hours. 


100 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Tauntorit  a  beautiful  town,  is  situated  on  Mill  river,  at  its 
junction  with  Taunton  river.  The  latter  is  navigable  to  Taun- 
ton for  vessels  of  small  draft,  and  affords  great  water-power.  The 
village,  in  the  centre  of  the  township,  contains  many  handsome 
public  and  private  buildings,  located  around  a  fine  enclosure, 
culled  Taunton  Oreen,  a  public  walk  ornamented  with  trees. — 
The  Mount  Pleasant  Cemetery,  near  Taunton  Green,  is  laid  out 
in  a  tasteful  manner,  on  the  plan  of  Mount  Auburn  Cemetery, 
near  Boston. 

New  Bedford,  an  important  place  of  business,  and  port  of 
entry,  is  on  the  w.  side  of  Acushuet  river,  a  small  stream  which 
falls  into  an  estuary  of  Buzzard's  Bay.  It,  is  situated  in  N.  Lat 
41°  37'  43",  W.  Long.  75°  59',  and  is  56  miles  from  Boston,  230 
from  New  York,  14  from  Fall  River,  and  55  from  Nantucket. 
Between  tHe  latter  place  and  New  Bedford  there  is  a  regular 
steamboat  communication. 

The  city  of  New  Bedford  is  built  upon  rising  ground,  and  the 
streets  are  laid  out  with  much  regularity,  crossing  each  other 
at  right  angles.  The  buildings  are  mostly  of  wood,  although  ! 
more  durable  materials  are  now  used  to  some  extent.  Many  of 
the  houses  are  neatly  surrounded  by  extensive  and  well-cultivated 
gardens,  and  the  streets  on  which  they  are  built  are  bordered ' 
with  ornamental  trees.  Among  the  public  buildings  may  be  men- 
tioned the  Town  Hall,  Custom-House,  and  Court-House.  The 
former  is  a  magnificent  structure  of  granite,  100  feet  long,  60 
wide,  and  three  stories  high — the  lower  of  which  is  used  as  a 
public  market  The  Custom-House,  built  of  granite,  is  also  a 
fine  structure.  In  this  building  is  the  Post-Office.  The  Court- 
House  is  a  plain  structure,  built  of  brick.  The  County  Jail  and 
House  of  Correction  are  near  it. 

The  people  of  New  Bedford  are  extensively  engaged  in  the 
whale-fishery.  This  branch  of  trade  is,  however,  declining,  ow- 
ing to  the  diminution  of  profits.  We  copy  from  the  Whalemen's 
Shipping  List  of  New  Bedford  the  following  statistics  in  regard 
to  it : — Whole  number  of  vessels  employed  in  the  fishery,  Jan.  ^' 
1,  1848,  617  ships  and  barks,  25  brigs,  and  17  schooners— 210,541 
tons.  Whole  number  employed  in  the  fishery,  Jan.  1,  1847,  67r 
ships  and  barks,  31  brigs,  50  schooners,  1  sloop— 230,218  tons . 


MILFORD  BRAirCH— NORFOLK  C0X7NTT  RAILROAD.       101 

showing  a  diminution  of  53  ships  and  barks,  6  brigs,  3  schooners, 
and  1  sloop— 19,677  tons.  The  population  of  New  Bedford,  in 
Jan.  1860.  was  18,870. 

A  ateamboatf  running  in  connection  with  the  cars  from  Bos- 
ton, leaves  here  on  Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays,  (on 
arrival  of  the  early  train,)  for  Nantucket :  time  five  hours,  and 
from  Boston  eight  hours.  A  boat  also  leaves  New  Bedford,  (on 
arrival  of  the  first  train  from  Boston,)  on  Mondays,  Wednesdays, 
Fridays,  and  Saturdays,  for  Martha'a  Vineyard,  Wood's  Hole, 
and  Holmes's  Hole.  Passengers  from  New  York  to  Stonington 
^ake  the  cars  for  New  Bedford,  and  arrive  at  Nantucket  by 
steamer  the  day  after. 

MILFORD  BRANCH  RAILROAD,  (See  Maps  Nos.  6  and  14.) 
— ^This  is  a  branch  of  the  Boston  and  Worcester  Railroad,  opened 
in  Dec.  1847.  It  leaves  that  line  at  S.  Framingham,  and  ex- 
tends to  Milibrd :  length  13  miles. 

From  Boston  to  Holliston  and  Milford. — From  the  Wor- 
cester  Railroad  depot,  over  that  route  to  S.  Framingham,  21 
miles  ;  from  thence  to  Holliston,  8  miles.  Fare  70  cents  ;  and  to 
Milford,  5  miles ;  total,  34  miles.  Fare  $1.00. 

From  Boston  to  Dedham,  (see  Map  No.  6.) — Passengers  by 
this  route  are  taken  over  the  Providence  Railroad  to  Low  Plain, 
eight  miles.  From  this  place  a  branch  runs  to  Dedham,  two 
miles,  a  very  pleasant  place,  and  the  conveniences  for  reaching 
it  from  Boston  make  it  a  desirable  reiidence.    Fare  25  cents. 


in  the 
ag,  ow- 
lemen's 

regard 
y,  Jan. 

10,541 

7,  67r 
tons. 


THE  NORFOLK  COUNTY  RAILROAD  extends  from  the  Provi- 
dence road  to  Blackstone,  there  intersecting  the  Providence  and 
Worcester  Railroad.  It  will  unite  with  the  other  lines  leading 
to  the  Hudson  river. 

From  Boston  to  Blackstone. — To  Dedham,  10  miles, /are  25 
cents;  S.  Dedham,  14,  35  cts.;  Durfee's,  15, 40ct8. ;  Plympton's, 
18,  50  cts.;  Walpole,  19,  55  cts.;  K   Wrentham,  23,  70  cts. 
Franklin,  27,  80  cts.;  Bellingham,  80,  80  cts.;  Mill  River,  33 
90  cts. ;  ^/acArstone,  35,  $1,00. 


102 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


FR07IDEN0E   AND  WOROESTER  RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  14.) 

This  road,  which  extends  from  Providence,  R.  I.,  to  Worces- 
ter, Mass.,  45  miles,  was  opened  to  Millville,  on  Tuesday,  Sept 
28th,  1847,  and  to  Worcester,  on  the  25th  Oct.  following ;  on 
which  occasion  a  train  of  20  cars  drawn  by  two  locomotives,  and 
containing  1,500  persons,  made  a  pleasure  trip  over  the  road, 
during  the  course  of  which  they  were  saluted  by  the  discharge 
of  artillery  along  the  whole  line,  and  were  received  at  Worcester 
with  every  demonstration  of  joy.    Cost  $1,226,223. 

From  Providence  to  Worcester. — Trains  stop  at  Pawtuck- 
et,  Central  FalhfValley  Falls,  Lonsdale,  Ashton,  Albion, Man- 
ville,  Hamlet,  Woonsoeket,  Waterford,  Blackstone,  Millvillei 
Uxbridge,  Whitin's,  Northbridge,  Farnumville,  Grafton,  Sut- 
ton, and  Millbury.  The  trains  arrive  iu  Worcester  in  time  to 
connect  with  the  trains  for  Springfield,  Hartford,  and  Albany  ; 
and  the  down  train  arrives  in  Providence  in  time  for  the  steam- 
boat tram  for  New  York.  Fare  through  %l  25. 


BOSTON  AND  FROVIDENOE,  AND  STONINOTON    '  . 

RAILROADS. 

The  former  of  these  railroads,  which  connects  Boston  with 
Providence,  was  opened  in  1834 :  it  is  42  miles  long,  and  cost 
$1,928,600.  The  latter  road,  which  is  properly  a  continuation 
of  the  above  to  the  head-waters  of  Long  Island  Sound,  was  com- 
pleted iu  1838,  at  a  cost  of  $1,920,000. 

Route  from  Boston  to  Providence. — Cars  leave  the  depot  in 
Boston  for  Providence  daily,  stopping  at  the  following  places  on 
(he  route  to  land  and  receive  passengers,  (see  Map  No.  6 :) — Rox- 
bury,  two  miles,  Fare  10  cents.  This  place,  a  handsome  sub- 
urb of  Boston,  is  under  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  and  abounds 
witn  beautiful  gardens  and  pleasure-grounds.  Omnibuses  ply 
regularly  betwden  this  city  and  Boston. — Jamaica  Plains,  four 
miles.  Fare  10  cents.  Jamaica  Pond,  in  this  vicinity,  is  a  de- 
lightful and  attractive  spot ;  the  cars  pass  within  a  short  distance 


Worces- 
ly,  Sept 
ring ;  on 
ives,  and 
he  road, 
lischarge 
iTorceBter 

'awtuck- 
on,  Man- 
)Iillville, 
on,  Sut- 
tirae  to 
Albany ; 
B  steam- 


ON 


:on  with 

ind  cost 

inuation 

ras  com- 


depot  in 
laces  on 
-Rox' 
me  sub- 
abouuds 
uses  ply 
ins,  four 
is  a  de- 
distance 


Ztiii^'cJi .  acccctbio  tc  AH  crt' uniyTess 


i)otheve.arZ347  hylVMU^'zs  r^i  the  Clerks  O-rrce.  ck' che DistrU't Ctytcrt.c^^  u  Sirutl;.er7t 


■'Vlc District, Ciyicrt.c^'^ "  Sjii£%£m,2)istrict  crfNewTiTrk 


Drecvm  &  Iai.gi"jy"W:WLni.Tru5  :^.Y. 


BOSTON  AND  PROVIDENCE  RAILROAD. 


108 


of  it — Toll  Oatet  five  miles,  Fare  12  cents  ;  Kenney*»  Bridge, 
7  miles,  30  cents ;  Dedham  Low  Plain,  8  miles,  20  cents. 

Cantcn*  (see  Map  No.  14)  is  14  miles  from  Boston,  Fare  40 
cents.  It  is  a  beautifully  diversified  and  picturesque  town,  wa- 
tered by  the  Neponset  river,  which,  with  the  numerous  ponds 
In  its  vicinity,  gives  it  an  extensive  water-power.  The  rail- 
road bridge,  which  crosses  the  river  at  Canton,  is  one  of  the 
finest  pieces  of  masonry  in  the  country.  It  is  of  hewn  granite, 
is  612  feet  long,  and  elevated  63  feet  above  the  foundation,  rest- 
ing on  six  arches,  with  a  succession  of  arches  on  top.  Its  cost 
exceeded  $90,000. 

Sharon,  eight  miles.  Fare  50  cents.  This  town  occupies  the 
highest  land  hetweeu  Boston  and  Providence  :  its  natural  scenery 
is  exceedingly  fine.  Mashapoag  Fond,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water 
over  a  mile  in  length,  rests  upon  a  bed  of  iron  ore.  During  the 
low  stages  of  the  water,  the  ore  is  extracted  by  machines  made 
for  the  purpose.  Fishing  and  pleasure  parties  frequent  this  pond 
in  the  summer  season. 

Foxboro',  21  miles,  Fare  56  cents.  This  place,  together  with 
Wrentham,  the  latter  being  situated  off  lo  line  of  the  railroad, 
is  noted  for  the  large  quantities  of  cotton  and  straw  annually  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  bonnets.  lu  the  last-named  place  is  a 
curious  cavern,  called  Wampum' t  Rttck,  nine  feet  square  and 
eight  feet  high.  Wrentham  is  '^  miles  from  Boston,  and  about 
seven  w.  from  the  depot  at  Foxboro'. 

Mansfield  is  25  miles  from  Boston  and  17  from  Providence. 
The  New  Bedford  and  Taunton  Railroad  here  joins  the  Boston 
and  Providence.  Fare  from  Boston  70  cents. — Tobey'a  Corner, 
27  miles.  Fare  80  cents;  Attlebor6',f  31,  95  cents;  Seckonk, 
38,  $1.15.     ,  •--'i' 

Providence,  a  city  and  port  of  entry,  and  the  semi-capital  of 
Rhode  Island,  is  situated  iii  41°  49'  22",  N.  Lat.,  and  71°  24'  48", 
W.  Long.,  and  is,  next  to  Boston,  the  second  city  in  New  Eng- 
land for  population  and  trade.     It  is  42  miles  s.  s.  w.  from  Boston, 


*  Stoughton  Branch  runs  from  this  depot  to  Stoughton  Centre,  four 
miles. 

t  From  this  station,  a  branch  road,  four  miles  long,  runs  to  the  Prov- 
dence  and  Worcester  road  at  Valley  Falls. 


104 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


173  E.  from  New  York,  30  n.  from  Newport,  55  n.  e.  from  New 
London,  45  s.  e.  from  Worcester,  and  70  e.  from  Hartford,  Conn. 
The  population  in  1840  was  upwards  of  33,000.  The  city  is  built 
on  both  sides  of  the  river,  and  is  connected  by  wide  and  substan 
tial  bridges.  On  the  e.  side  are  three  principal  streets,  running 
parallel  with  the  river — Water,  Main,  and  Benefit  streets.  On 
Main-st.  stand  a  number  of  public  buildings,  and  many  elegant 
brick  edifices.  On  this  side  of  the  river  the  laud  rises  abruptly, 
and  the  cross  streets  have  a  steep  ascent.  Benefit-st.  has  an 
elevated  situation,  and  east  of  it  the  city  is  laid  out  with  much 
regularity,  the  streets  generally  running  in  an  e.  and  w.  direction, 
crossed  by  others  nearly  at  right  angles.  On  the  hill,  overlook- 
ing the  city,  is  Brown  University,  a  Baptist  institution,  established 
in  1770.  From  this  place  there  is  a  delightful  view  of  the  city, 
with  a  great  extent  of  the  surrounding  country. 

Among  the  public  buildings  are  a  State-House,  City  Hall, 
Hospital,  Jail,  State  Prison,  Custom-House,  Atheneeum,  the 
buildings  of  Brown  University,  a  Theatre,  and  a  number  of 
Churches.  The  Arcade,  one  of  the  finest  buildings  of  its  kind 
in  the  country,  is  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  and  fronts  on  two 
streets,  extending  from  Weybosset-st  on  one  front,  to  Westmiu 
ster-st.  on  the  other,  with  a  fine  Ionic  portico  on  each.  It  is  225 
feet  long,  80  feet  broad,  and  72  feet  high,  divided  into  three  sto- 
ries, containing  upwards  of  80  shops,  the  whole  lighted  by  a  glass 
roof  It  is  Ljilt  of  granite,  and  was  completed  in  1828,  having 
cost  $130,000.  vvvvM 

The  citizens  of  Providence  h*-  -  long  been  celebrated  for 
their  commercial  spirit,  and  their  large  investments  of  capital  in 
foreign  commerce ;  but  of  late  years,  much  of  it  has  been  di- 
verted to  the  pursuit  of  domestic  manufactures.  The  amount 
of  capital  invested  in  manufacturing  establishments,  within  as 
well  as  without  the  city,  is  very  great.  The  manufactures  con- 
sist chiefly  of  cotton  goods,  steam-engines,  machinery,  and  cop- 
per, brass,  iron,  and  tin  wares. 

Lines  of  packets  ply  regularly  to  New  York,  Albany,  Phila- 
delphia, and  Baltimore.  The  Blackstone  Canal  extends  from 
Providence  to  Worcester,  45  miles,  passing  through  numerous 
manufacturing  towns  and  villages  scattered  along  the  whole 


FROVTOENCE  AND  STONINGTOIT  BAILROAD. 


106 


course  of  Blackstone  and  Pawtucket  riTera.  Fare  from  BooUm, 
^1.25 :  uatuil  time  2  hourB. 

SieamhoaU  run  from  Providence  to  Fall  River,  and  also  from 
Jie  former  place  to  Newport.    Usual  fare  50  cents. 

Stages  leave  the  Manufacturers'  Hotel,  Providence,  for  places 
in  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  and  Massachusetts.  Fare  to  Pom- 
fret  Depot  and  Danielsonville,  Conn.,  $1.00 ;  to  Hartford, 
$3.00,  (stopping  at  the  intermediate  towns ;)  to  Norwich,  $l-Co ; 
to  New  London,  $2.00. 

A  charter  has  been  obtained  for  constructing  a  railroad  from 
Providence,  R.  I.,  to  Willimantic,  in  Windham  county.  Conn., 
and  from  thence  to  Hartford,  and  from  the  latter  place  to  Fish- 
kill,  on  the  Hudson  river,  opposite  the  Newburg  branch  of  the 
New  York  and  Erie  Railroad.  At  Willimantic,  it  will  connect 
with  the  one  (about  to  be  built)  from  New  London,  Conn.,  to  the 
Western  Railroad,  Mass.,  at  Palmer  depot. 

From  Providence  to  Stoninqton,  (see  Map  No.  14.*) — To 
Warwick,  5  miles,  12  cents ;  Apponaug,  9,  25  cents ;  Ghreen- 
wich,  12,  35  cents  ;  Wickford,  18,  55  cents ;  Kingston,  25,  75 
cents ;  Richmond,  33,  90  cents  ;  Charlestown,  38,  $1.10  ;  Wes- 
terly, 42,  $1.30  ;  Stonington,  48,  $1.50. 

Warwick,  an  important  manufacturing  town  in  Rhode  Island, 
is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Narraganset  Bay,  six  miles  from 
Providence.  From  some  of  the  elevations  here,  a  large  part  of 
'  the  state  and  the  bay  can  be  seen  in  clear  weather.  —Apponaug 
village,  in  its  south  part,  is  on  a  branch  of  Narraganset  Bay, 
and  has  a  good  harbor,  a  mile  distant,  for  vessels  of  any  size,  and 
those  of  from  20  to  50  tons  come  up  to  the  village.  A  mile  from 
Apponaug  is  "  Drum  Rock,"  a  huge  rock  so  perfectly  balanced 
upon  another,  that  a  boy  14  years  of  age  can  set  it  in  motion, 
causing  a  noise  more  sonorous  than  that  of  a  drum,  and  which 
in  a  still  evening  may  be  heard  a  distance  of  six  or  eight  miles. 
This  curiosity  is  much  visited  in  the  summer  season. — Pawtuxet 
Village,  in  Warwick  township,  at  the  mouth  of  Pawtuxet  river, 
four  miles  s.  from  Providence,  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of 
cotton  goods,  which  is  here  extensively  carried  on. 


*  The  distances  on  the  map  are  from  Boston. 


106  RAaROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 

Stoningtoiif  Conn.,  is  situated  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  Long 
Island  Sound.  Being  the  termination  of  the  railroad  from  Provi- 
dence, it  is  an  important  point  on  this  route,  between  New  York 
and  Boston.  Its  harbor  is  well  protected  by  a  breaktoatett  made 
by  the  United  States,  at  a  cost  of  $50,000. 

Route  from  Boston  to  New  York  via  Providence  and 
Stoninoton. — Travellers  by  this  route  will  take  the  splendid  cars 
of  this  highly,  important  and  well-managed  thoroughfare,  at  the 
Providence  depot  in  Boston,  and  are  thence  conveyed  over  the 
railroad  to  Providence  and  Stonington,  see  pages  102,  105.  The 
cars  in  future  will  go  through  direct,  either  way,  without  the 
interruption  of  crossing  the  ferry  at  Providence  :  a  branch  road 
now  extends  around  the  head  of  the  Cove,  uniting  the  Stoning- 
ton and  Providence  railroads.  At  Stonington,  (see  Map  No. 
15,)  passengers  take  the  steamboat,  and  are  conveyed  thence 
through  Long  Island  Sound  and  the  East  River  to  the  city  of 
New  York,  arriving  there  early  the  next  morning.  Fare  from 
Boston  to  New  York,  $5.00  ;  deck  passage,  $3.50 :  time  about 
12  hours.     . 


NORWICH  AND  WOROESTER  RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  14.) 

This  road  extends  from  Norwich,  Conn.,  to  Worcester,  Mass., 
where  it  unites  with  the  chain  of  railroads  from  Boston  to  Albany, 
and  also  with  those  pervading  the  states  of  New  Hampshire  and 
Vermont.  This  line,  including  the  branch  to  Allyn's  Point,  is 
66  miles  in  length :  it  was  opened  for  travel  in  1839,  and  cost 
$2,400,000. 

Route  from  Worcester  to  Norwich. — To  Auburn,  5  miles, 
Fare  10  cents ;  Oxford,  12,  25  cents  ;  Webster,  16,  35  cents ; 
Fishersville,  22,  50  cents ;  Thompson,  25,  60  cents ;  Pomfret 
Depot,  28,  65  cents ;  Daysville,  32,  75  cents  ;  Danielsonville, 
35, 85  cents  ;  Central  Village,  40,  $1.00 ;  Plainfield,  43,  $1.10 ; 
Jewett  City,  49,  $1.25 ;  Norwich,  59,  $1.50 ;  Allyn's  Point, 
66,  $1.75. 

Stages  leave  Central  Village  for  Providencei  on  Tuesdays, 


NOEV'TfiH  AND  WORCESTEa  RAILROAD. 


107 


Thursdays,  and  Saturdays ;  also  from  DanieUonvillet  on  Mon- 
days, Wednesdays,  and  Fridays.    Fare  $1.25. 

Norwich  is  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Thames 
river,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Shetucket  and  Yantic  rivers, 
whose  united  waters  constitute  the  Thames.  It  is  13  miles  n. 
from  New  London,  38  s.  e.  from  Hartford,  38  s.  w.  from  Provi- 
dence, and  50  n.  e.  from  New  Haven.  The  city  is  built  on  a 
steep  acclivity  facing  the  s.,  the  houses  rising  in  terraces,  street 
beyond  street,  and  as  approached  from  the  s.  in  coming  up  the 
river,  it  exhibits  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  interesting  views 
on  the  route.  The  falls  a'c  Yanticville,  a  flourishing  manufac- 
turing village  about  a  ifWe  from  Norwich,  are  a  curiosity,  being 
singularly  wild  and  pictriresque.  From  a  high  projecting  rock 
which  overhangs  the  '  of  these  falls,  the  Mohegan  Indians 
formerly  plunged  to  de;  -  jn,  when  pursued  by  the  Narragau- 
setts,  preferring  thus  to  perish  than  fall  into  the  hands  of  their 
enemies.  About  a  mile  e.  of  Norwich  is  the  flourishing  manu- 
facturing village  of  Greenville,  situated  on  Shetucket  river.  A 
dam  across  the  river  at  this  place  furnishes  a  large  amount  of 
water-power  for  manufacturing  purposes.  Paper  is  made  here 
to  a  great  extent.  ^  m^- 


Route  from  Boston  to  New  York  via  Worcester  and  Nor- 
wich.— Passengers  leaving  Boston  by  this  route,  take  the  cars  of 
the  Worcester  Railroad  at  the  depot  on  Beach-st.,  opposite  the 
United  States  Hotel,  whence  they  are  conveyed  to  Worcester, 
44  miles,  (see  Boston  and  Worcester  route,  page  73  ;)  thence  to 
Norwich,  Conn.,  59  miles  ;  and  thence  to  Allyn's  Point,  7*  miles 
further,  a  distance  from  Boston  of  110  miles,  (see  Norwich  and 
Worcester  route,  page  106.)  From  Allyn's  Point,  the  traveller 
is  conveyed  in  a  splendid  and  commodious  steamer  to  Now  York, 
128  miles,  (arriving  there  early  the  next  morning,)  which,  on  its 
way  down  the  river  Thames,  stops  at  New  London  to  land  and 
receive  passengers.  The  total  distance  from  Boston  to  Now  York 
by  this  route  is  238  miles :  time  13  hours.  (For  map  of  Long 
Island  Sound,  see  No.  15.)     Fare  through  $5.00  ;  deck,  $3.50. 

New  London  is  admirably  situated  on  the  w.  bank  of  the 
Thames,  about  three  miles  n.  of  the  Sound.    It  is  13  miles  s. 


108 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFANION. 


from  Norwich,  43  s.  k.  from  Hartford,  54  e.  of  New  1.  aven,  and 
120  from  New  York.  Its  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  U. 
States,  with  water  of  i«.  .icieut  depth  for  the  largOb^  vessels,  and 
is  seldom  frozen.  The  city  is  defended  by  forts  Trumbull  and 
Griswold,  the  former  being  on  the  New  London  side  of  the  river, 
a  mile  below  the  city,  and  the  latter  on  the  opposite  side,  on  an 
eminence  overlooking  the  city  of  New  London. 

A  few  years  after  the  last  war  with  Great  Britain,  the  mer- 
chants of  New  London  turned  their  attention  to  the  whale  and 
8eal  fisheries,  which  have  become  an  important  branch  of  com- 
merce. "^  About  $2,000,000  are  invested  in  this  trade.  There  is 
ali-io  a  number  of  vessels  employed  in  the  shore  fisheries,  which 
supply  the  markets  of  New  York,  and  most  of  the  neighboring 
cities,  with  fish. 

On  the  6th  of  Sept.  1781,  a  large  portion  of  New  London  was 
laid  in  ashes  by  the  British,  under  the  traitor  Arnold.  Fort  Gria- 
wold  was  captured,  and  great  part  of  the  garrison  put  to  the  sword. 
A  granite  obelisk,  125  feet  high,  erected  near  the  spot,  commem- 
orates the  event ;  and  on  a  tablet  are  inscribed  the  names  of  those 
who  fell  on  that  occ??sion.  During  the  last  war  New  London 
was  blockaded  for  some  time  by  a  British  squadron  under  Com- 
modore Hardy. 

THE  NEW  LONDON,  WILLIMANTIO  AND  PALMER  RAIL- 
ROAD extends  from  New  London  to  Willimantic,  28  miles,  and 
thence  to  the  Mass.  Western  road,  at  Palmer  depot,  35  miles 
farther.  The  entire  cost  is  about  $1,182,000.  It  joins  at  Willi- 
mantic with  a  railroad  to  Hartford,  which  is  continued  from 
thence  to  the  Hudson  river,  opposite  Newburg.  Here  it  rms 
a  union  with  tho  N.  Y.  and  Erie  road,  by  means  of  the  Newbui^ 
branch.  From  Willimantic,  roads  will  diverge  towards  Provi- 
dence and  Blackstone,  uniting  the  foregoing  roads  at  these  places 
with  the  roads  leading  to  Bostoa 

Willimantic  lies  28  miles  n.  from  N.  London,  and  about  26  e- 
from  Hartford;  it  is  a  flourishing  manufacturing  village.  Its 
water  power  is  immense,  and  from  the  facilities  possessed  for 
communicating  vfi^  all  parts,  there  is  no  doubt  that  it  will  be- 


come a  place  of  the  first  importance.      . 


ItOXTTI   FBOM  N.  TORE  TO  H.  HAVEN,  ETC. 


109 


DAT  LINE   FROM  BOSTON  TO  NEW  YORK  VIA  SFRINO- 
FIEIA   HARTFORD,  AND  NEW    HAVEN. 

Passeugers  preferring  day  travel  between  these  two  cities,  will 
avail  themselves  of  the  above  route.  The  railroad  train  leaves 
Boston  from  the  Worcester  depot,  Beach-st.,  at  7  a.  m.,*  whence 
we  are  conveyed  over  the  Worcester  and  the  Western  railroad* 
to  Springfield,  98  miles,  (see  this  route  at  page  77  ;)  thence  to 
Hartford,  134  miles,  and  to  New  Haven,  160  miles.  At  the  lat- 
ter place  we  continue  the  route  by  the  New  York  and  New 
Haven  jlailroad,  76  miles,  making  the  entire  distance  286  miles, 
occupying  about  10  hours.  (See  these  routes  respectively.)  Fare 
$5,00.  By  referring  to  Map  No.  2,  the  route  will  be  more  readtty 
unddrstood.    (For  New  York  city,  hotels,  <bc.  see  page  118.) 

Route  vrom  New  York  i-o  New  Haven,  Hartford,  ana 
Springfield,  (see  Maps  Nos.  15  and  13.) — Passengers  leav» 
New  York  daily  by  steamboat  from  Peck  Slip,  East  River,  for 
New  Haven,  distant  80  miles,  which  is  usually  reached  in  about 
five  hours.  As  he  proceeds  up  the  river,  the  traveller  has  an 
opportunity  of  viewing  the  upper  portion  of  the  city,  bordering 
on  the  river,  with  its  shipping  and  ship-building ;  and  on  the 
Long  Island  shore,  Brooklyn,  its  Navy  Yard,  and  Williamsburg. 
Four  miles  above  New  York  is  Blackwell's  Island,  on  which  is 
the  Penitentiary.  A  short  distance  beyond  is  Astoria,  a  suburb  of 
New  York.  Presently  the  boat  is  carried  with  arrowy  swiftness 
through  the  boiling  waters  of  Hurl  Gate,  and  thence  oaward  to 
Throg's  Point,  and  into  the  broad  expanse  of  Long  Island  Sound, 
which  extends  to  Fisher's  Island,  a  distance  of  100  miles.  Pro- 
ceeding up  the  Sound,  the  shore  on  either  side  becomes  dim,  in 
consequence  of  the  distance  we  are  from  it,  except  some  of  the 
moio  prominent  headlands,  which  jut  out  beyond  tbp  general  line 
of  the  Connecticut  shore. 

New  Haven,  semi-capital  of  Connecticut,  is  situated:  at  the 
head  of  a  bay  which  sets  up  four  miles  from  Long  Island  Sound, 

*  We  would  advise  travellb/s  to  make  inquiry  oversight  at  their  ho- 
tels, or  consult  the  newspaper  advertisement,  as  to-  the  exact  hour  the 
train  starts,  as  the  above  time  of  departure  is  liable  te  be  changed. 


no 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANIOX. 


^ 


in  41°  18'  30"  N.  Lat.,  and  72°  56'  45"  W.  Long,  from  Green- 
wich. Pop.  in  1860,  18,500.  The  city,  which  lies  on  a  plain, 
with  a  gentle  inclination  towards  the  water,  is  in  other  directions 
skirted  by  an  amphitheatre  of  hills,  which  at  their  termination 
present  bold  blufis  of  trap-rocks,  rising  almost  perpendicnlariy  to 
the  height  of  330  to  370  feet,  and  constituting  a  striking  feature 
of  the  scenery.  From  the  summit  of  these  hlnfb  is  presented 
a  fine  view  of  the  city,  of  Long  Island  Sound,  here  about  20 
miles  wide,  and  of  the  adjacent  country.  The  harbor  is  entered 
by  three  rivers — Quinnipiac  on  the  e.,  West  river  on  the  w.,  and 
by  Mill  river  on  the  s.  Quinnipiac,  towards  its  mouth,  furnishes 
great  quantities  of  fine  oysters  and  clams,  to  the  trade  in  which 
the  village  of  Fairhaven  chiefly  owes  its  prosperity.  New  Ha- 
ven consists  of  two  parts — the  Old  Town  and  the  New  Town— 
and  is  laid  out  with  great  regularity.  The  Old  Town  was  laid 
out  in  the  form  of  a  square,  half  a-  mile  wide,  divided  into  nine 
smaller  squares.  These  squares  have,  by  intersecting  streets, 
been  divided  into  four  parts.  The  central  was  reserved  for  pub> 
lie  purposes,  and  may  vie  with  the  public  grounds  of  any  other 
city  in  the  country.  On  this  square  are  located  three  churches, 
of  various  architecture,  and  which  are  not  excelled  by  any  simi- 
lar edifices  in  New  England.  The  State-House,  &  splendid  edifice 
of  the  Doric  order  of  architecture,  after  the  model  of  the  Parthe- 
non at  Athens,  stands  near  the  centre  of  the  western  half  of  this 
square.  On  its  west  side  is  the  fine  row  of  buildings  belonging 
to  Yale  College.  There  is  a  public  cemetery  at  the  n.  w.  comer 
of  the  Old  Town,  that  has  been  denominated  the  P^/C'la'Chais  i 
of  America.  Beautifully  ornamented  with  trees  and  shrubbery, 
this  "  garden  of  graves"  deservedly  attracts  much  attention  ftoia 
visiters. 

There  are  about  20  Churches  in  New  Haven,  a  Custom-House 
a  Jail,  an  Almshouse,  a  State  General  Hospital,  thi'ee  Banks  and 
a  Savings  Institution,  a  Young  Men's  Institute,  and  an  Institu- 
tion for  the  support  of  Popular  Lectures,  with  a  well-selected 
library. — Yale  College^  founded  in  1701,  and  named  in  honor  of 
Elihu  Yule,  of  Loudon,  who  bequeathed  it  £500,  and  an  equal 
amount  in  goods,  (the  latter  of  which  were  never  received,)  is  the 
most  important  public  institutio.^  in  the  city.    Besides  possessing 


ROUTE  FROM  R.  TORK  TO  N.  HAVER,  ETC. 


in 


tn  Greenii 

1  a  plain, 

directions 

trmination 

icalarly  to 

ug  feature 

presented 

about  30 

is  entered 

lie  w.,  and 

,  furnishes 

I  in  which 

New  Ha- 

V  Town— 

I  was  laid 

1  into  niiie 

]g  streetSi 

)d  for  pub> 

any  othei 

churches^ 

any  stmi- 

did  edifice 

le  Parthe- 

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belonging 

w.  comer 

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shrubbery, 

ition  from 

im-House 
ianks  and 
m  Institu* 
U-selected 
a  honor  of 
an  equal 
ed,)  is  the 
possessing 


the  most  splendid  mineralogical  cabinet  in  the  United  States, 
consisting  of  more  than  16,000  specimenu.  it  has  a  magnificent 
collection  of  paintings,  by  Trumbull  and  other  dirtiuguished  art- 
ists.  It  has  33,000  vols,  in  its  libraries.  Though  possessing  lim- 
ited funds,  it  has  more  students  than  ejif  other  college  in  the 
Union. 

X  The  harbor  of  New  Haven  is  safe,  but  shallow,  and  is  gradu- 
ally filling  up  with  mud  in  its  northwestern  part  When  the  first 
settlers  arrived,  it  was  sufficiently  deep  for  all  the  purposes  of 
commerce,  and  ships  were  built  and  launched  where  now  are 
meadows,  gardens,  and  buildings.  The  maritime  commerce  of 
New  Haven,  however,  is  extensive,  its  foreign  trade  being  chiefly 
with  the  West  Indies. — A  line  of  steamboats  plies  daily  between 
this  city  and  New  York  ;  and  there  are  several  lines  of  packets 
running  to  the  same  place.  It  is  counected  by  railroad  with  N. 
York,  and  with  the  various  lines  pervading  the  New  England 
States.     Umal  fare  from  New  York,  ^1.50. 

Fair  Havens  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  New  Haven,  is  on 
the  Quinnipiac  river.  It  is  an  enterprising  and  thriving  village. 
Its  wealth  is  chiefly  derived  from  its  trade  in  oysters,  wb  h  is 
extensively  pursued  between  the  months  of  October  and  i^^>n\. 

SachenCa  Headf  a  wild  and  picturesque  spot,  16  miles  &  e. 
from  New  Haven,  and  three  miles  s.  of  Guilford,  is  an  attractive 
watering-place  during  the  sultry  months  of  summer.  It  has  a 
crood  hotel,  with  ample  accommodations  for  visiters,  near  which 
the  steambocit  lands  its  passengers. 

See  Map  No.  '  —From  New  Haven  to  North  Haven  is  7 
miles,  Fare  25  cents  ;  to  Wallingford,  12,  37  cents ;  Meriden,* 
18,  65  cents ;  Berlin  Station,  22,  75  cents  ;  Neio  Britain,  25, 
87  cents  ;  and  to  Hartford,  36,  $1.12;  and  from  New  York  to 
Hartford,  116  miles,  $2.50.  '^  .-«  -  .  .  -  .   -  > 

Hartford  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Connecticut  river,  50 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  is  in  N.  Lat.  41°  45'  50",  and  W.  Long 
72°  50'  45"  from  Greenwich.  The  population  in  1850,  17,851. 
It  is  35  N.  N.  E.  from  New  Haven,  26  s.  from  Springfield,  44  n.  w. 

*  From  this  station  stages  leave  for  Middletownon  the  e.  and  for  Wa« 
tierbury  on  the  w    -^  -«--«--'■ -^    -.;  v^~.  -  v     -..-...  -■:.,^    -,-...-,. 


t.; 


lis 


\ 


RAE  JU)AI>  AKD  STEAMBOAT  COMPAinOir/ 


Jom  New  London,  15  w.  from  Middletown,  73  w.  from  ProTi*. 
dence,  R.  I.,  124  from  Botton.  tnd  116  from  New  York.  The 
city,  built  on  ground  rising  gradually  from  the  river,  is  laid  out 
with  jitllts  regularity,  ay^aring  to  have  been  more  the  result  of 


->fft 


■SS-TI 

i't     III 

^m 

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P 

B 

■v»»■^A 

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i^^ 

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H 

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JH 

HV'„;. 

^H 

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^ 

^fe;-?*: 

^^rt*^*/*-*!^! 

i^'iJ'i 

•-*'-H*?«i«I' 

Vhw  o»  HA»»oikB,  Coirir 
'Hi  'j!';^?')*'  ■*^'f'^'?fi%-;i  i-)^*iit'^'*fl*«*"  l''%'f^i>i);j^«l^«is  'S^i'^'i^'i 
circumstances  than  of  forecnght  and  design.  Many  of  its  streets, 
however,  are  attractive  from  the  elegance  of  their  edifices,  and 
important  from  the  extensive  business  of  which  they  are  the  seat 
The  scene  of  the  principal  retail  business  is  in  Main-st.,  which> 
broad,  but  not  entirely  straight,  extends  through  the  city  from  n. 
tu  s.,  present! iig  un  almost  unbroken  range  of  buildings,  many  of 
them  large  and  elegant.  Most  of  the  public  buildings  are  in 
this  street ;  ami  Itere  Mill  river,  which  crosses  the  city  from  w. 
to  B.,  is  passed  by  h  bridge  1 00  feet  wide,  consisting  of  a  single 
arch  of  104  ft  et  Kpaii,  elevated  30  feet  9  inches  above  the  bed  of 
the  river  to  the  top  of  the  arch.  From  Morgan>st,  a  bridge  of 
six  arches  of  1(>0  feet  each,  crosses  the  Connecticut  river  to  East 
Hartford.  It  is  a  costly  and  substantial  structure.  »,?;■=>  Ur.^^£'<iH 
Hartford,  front  its  situation,  is  calculated  to  become  a  place  of 
considerable  commerce.  The  Connecticut  river,  which  has  been 
made  navigable  120  miles  above  the  city,  brings  to  it  a  great 
8'  juiit  of  the  produce  of  the  fertile  country  through  which  it 
ftowu     Steamers  ply  daily  to  New  York ;  and  there  are  two 


ROUTE  FROM  N.  YORK  TO  M.  HAVEN,  ETC. 


113 


om  ProTi- 

oric.    Tho 

IB  laid  out 

result  of 


rv-.( 


its  streets, 
fices,  and 
>  the  seat 
t.,  which, 
y  from  n. 
,  many  of 
^  are  iu 
f  froni  w. 
'  a  single 
.he  bed  of 
bridjfe  of 
>r  to  East 

I  place  of 
has  been 
t  a  great 
which  it 
are  two 


•taam  freight-packets — one  of  which  runs  to  Philadelphia,  tha 
other  to  Albany.  There  are  also  packet  lines  to  Boston,  Albany* 
New  London,  Norwich,  Providence,  and  Fall  River.  ]f^ 

Of  the  public  buildings,  the  State-HoueSf  built  in  the  Doric 
style,  is  the  most  prominent.  It  fronts  on  Maiu-st,  standing  on 
the  public  square,  and  is  surrounded  by  an  iron  railing,  and  orna- 
mented with  trees.  The  legislature  holds  its  sessions  here- 
meeting  at  Hartford  and  New  Haven  on  alternate  years,  the  odd 
years  at  Hartford. — ^The  City  Hall,  also  in  the  Doric  style,  is  a 
large  building,  fronting  on  Market-st.,  between  I''ng6ley  and 
Temple  sts. — Trinity  College,  formerly  Washington  College, 
founded  in  1824,  and  finely  located  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
the  <;ity,  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Episcopalians. — The  Athe- 
n<Bum,  an  elegant  edifice  of  the  Doric  order,  was  erected  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  Young  Men's  Institute,  the  Historical  So- 
ciety, and  a  Gallery  of  Paintings. — Hartford  has  the  honor  of 
having  established  the  first  institution  for  the  relief  of  that  most 
unfortunate  class  of  persons,  the  deaf  and  dumb — the  Americr/i 
Asylum.  This  establishment  was  opened  for  the  reception  of 
pupils  in  1817,  the  number  of  whom  rapidly  increased  from  7  to 
140,  which  rather  exceeds  the  average.  The  institution  has  spa- 
cious buildings,  with  eight  or  ten  acres  of  ground  attached.  Con- 
gress also  granted  it  a  township  (or  S3,000  acres)  of  laud  iu  Ala- 
bama, to  constitute  a  permanent  fund. — The  Retreat  for  the 
Insane,  an  equallv  meritorious  institution,  is  on  an  elevated  site, 
a  mile  and  a  quarter  s.  w.  of  the  State-HDuse.  The  grounds 
around  the  buildings  are  laid  out  with  much  taste,  and  orna- 
mented wUh  shrubbery  and  gardens. — There  are  in  the  city  sev- 
eral churches,  some  of  which  are  remarkable  for  their  architecture* 
five  banks,  a  bank  for  savings,  and  four  insurance  companies.— 
The  old  burying-ground  here,  is  a  place  of  much  interest,  con- 
taining as  it  does  the  monuments  of  some  of  the  first  settlers  of 
the  place.  Another  attraction,  and  which  must  continue  to  be 
an  object  of  interest  as  long  as  it  exists,  is  the  "  Charter  Oak,'* 
with  whose  history  every  one  is  familiar. 

During  the  season  of  navigation,  steamboats  for  the  convey- 
ance of  passengers  usually  ply  between  Hartford  and  Springfield^ 

From  Hartford  to  Windsor,  7  miles  Fare  25  cents ;  Windsor 

8 


«aiu 


ff§  "^     ^      RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPAHIOR.      "    * 


Jjoeki  13.38  oentfl ;  Thomptonville,  18, 50  cents ;  and  to  Spring- 
field,  36  miles  from  Hartford,  75  cents.  From  New  Haven,  69 
miles,  $1.87  ;  from  New  York,  143  miles,  $3.25 :  usual  time 
about  8  hours. — (For  description  of  Springfield,  see  Index.) 

THB  OANAL  RAILROAD  will  extend  north  from  New  Haven 
to  West  Springfield,  at  which  place  a  connection  will  be  formed 
with  the  Massachusetts  Western  Railroad.  It  will  be  continued, 
80  as  to  furm  a  union  with  the  Connecticut  River  Railroad. 

From  Nbw  Havkx  to  FxaMiNOTON. — To  Hamden  Plains^  4 
miles,  12  cents ;  Centreville,  7, 15  cts. ;  Mount  Oarmel,  9,  20  cts. ; 
Cheshire,  16,  87  eta;  Hitchcock's,  20,  50  cts.;  Southington  Cor- 
ners, 22,  62  cts.;  Southington,  28,  62  cts.;  Plainville,  28,  87 
cts. ;  Farmington,  82,  $1,00. 

Stages  leave  Hitchcock's  iwWaterburi/ :  Plainville  (or  Bristol, 
Ferryville,  PlymotUhyNxirthfield  and  Litchfield :  Farmington  for 
UhionviUe,  Collinsville,  New  Hartford,  and  Winated 

SOnni  F^OM  NEW  TORE  TO  BRIDGEPORT,  OONN.,  AND 
'  ^^jj  HOUSATONIO  RAILROAD.        •         -  v  'A 

Passengers  at  New  York  take  the  steamboat  from  the  foot  of 
Market-st,  East  River,  and  in  about  four  hours  reach  Bridge- 
port on  Long  Island  Souud,  a  distance  of  60  miles.  (See  Maps 
Nos.  15, 13,  and  8.)  Hero  is  the  commencement  of  the  Housa- 
tonic  Railroad,  which  extends  to  West  Stockbridge,  96  miles.  A 
branch,  extending  thence  to  the  state  line  of  Massachusetts,  unites 
this  road  with  the  Hudson  and  Berkshire,  and  also  with  the 
Western  Railroad  from  Boston  to  Albany.  The  Housatonic  Rail- 
load  was  opened  for  travel  in  1843,  having  cost  $3,000,000. 

Passengers  can  dispense  with  the  steamboat  route  to  Bridge- 
port, and  take  the  cars  (in  Canal-si)  of  the  N.  Y.  and  New  Haven 
Railroad,  which  stops  at,  the  Housatonic  depot,  in  Bridgeport, 
and  be  conveyed  thence  to  places  on  that  route :  if  for  Albany,  or 
places  on  the  Western  Railroad,  they  must  stop  at  the  Mass.  State 
line,  and  join  the  cars  that  run  between  Boston  and  Albany. . 
...  BaiDOEPoai  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  an  arm  of  Long 


HOUSATOmO  RAILBOAO.' 


115   il 


Island  Sound,  which  receive!  Pequanook  river,  a  considerable 
mill-stream.  This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  flourishing 
places  in  New  England.  The  city  is  chief  y  built  on  an  elevated 
plain,  12  feet  above  highwater-mark.  Ncilhwest  of  the  city  the 
ground  gradually  rises  to  the  height  oi  50  feet,  forming  an  emi- 
nence called  Golden  Hill,  the  summit  of  which  is  a  plain,  with  a 
commanding  view  of  the  Sound  and  surrounding  country.  There 
is  a  bridge  across  the  harbor  1,236  feet  long,  with  a  draw  for  the 
passage  of  vessels.  Carriages  and  saddlery  are  extensively  man- 
ufactured for  exportation.    Pop.  in  1850,  'Z.SSS.    Fare  $1.00. 

From  Bridgeport  to  Stepney,  10  miles.  Fare  25  cents;  Bott»- 
ford,  15,  50  cents;  Newton,  19,62  cents;  Htiwley8t)ille,23,  75 
cents;  Brookfield, '2B,  $1.00;  New  Milford,  36,  $1.25;  Gay- 
lord's  Bridge,  41,  $1.37  ;  Kent,  47,  $1.50  ;  Cornwall  Bridge, 
.55,  $1.62;  Cornwall,  59,  $1.75;  Canaan  Falls,  66,  $1.87; 
N.  Canaan,  73,  $2.00:  State  Line,  133  miles  from  New  York; 
Sheffield,  80 ;  Great  Barrington,  85 ;  Van  Deueenville,  88 ; 
West  Stockbridge,  96  miles  from  Bridgeport.  Fare  to  each  of 
the  four  last  named  places  $2,00. 

Cornwall  is  whore  the  Foreign  Mission  School  was  established 
in  1818,  in  which  some  distinguished  heathen  youth  have  been 
educated  as  missionaries,  who  have  been  useful  among  the  Amer- 
ican Indians,  and  in  the  Sandwich  Islands.  In  the  village  grave- 
yard is  a  monument  erected  to  the  memory  of  Henry  Obookiah, 
a  pious  Owyheean  youth,  who  was  brought  to  this  country  in 
1808,  and  from  whom  this  school  had  its  origin,  in  the  atteuipt  to 
qualify  him  for  missionary  labors.  r-^    riM^^ry 

Canaan  Falls  is  the  most  extensive  cascade  in  the  state  of 
Connecticut  A  ledge  of  limestone  rocks  crosses  the  Housatonio 
river  at  this  place,  causing  a  perpendicular  fall  of  60  feet,  which 
affords  extensive  water-power. 

Sheffield,  Mass.,  80  miles  n.  of  Bridgeport,  is  one  of  those  de- 
lightful towns  where  the  lover  of  majestic  mountain  scenery 
'  wishes  to  linger.  The  village,  which  is  very  neat,  is  situated  in 
a  beautiful  valley,  surrounded  by  hills,  one  of  which  rises  to  the 
height  of  3,200  feet.     (See  Map  No.  8.) 

Monument  Mountain,  in  the  town  of  Great  Barrington,  derives 
its  name  from  a  rude  pile  of  stones  on  its  southeastern  point, 


it  \ 
■I 


i^ 


116 


RAILROAD  AMD  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


raiwd  over  the  grave  of  a  beautiful  Indian  girl,  who,  through  the 
influence  of  a  pa^iouate  love  for  one  with  whom  the  religion  of 
her  tribe  would  not  allow  her  to  be  united  in  marriage,  threw 
herself  from  le  mountain,  and  fell  upon  this  ipot.  Every  In- 
dian, who  afterwards  puMed  the  place,  threw  a  stone  upon  the 
grave  to  commemorate  the  event  J  iriifAH  f«?>fTJ«j£i' 

West  Stockbridge  is  the  terminus  of  the  Housatonic  Railroad 
from  Bridgeport ;  but  a  branch  railroad,  of  about  two  miles  in 
length,  unites  it  to  the  Western  Railroad  at  the  state  line,  where 
there  is  a  depot,  from  which  the  traveller  is  conveyed  over  th'^ 
Albany  and  West  Stockbridge  Railroad  to  Greenbush  and  Albany 
iij  Stage  Linet  eontueted  toitk  the  Housatonic  Railroad-    . 
Stages  leave  Bridgeport  for  Fairfield^  Norwalk,  Stratford,  Mil 
ford,  New  Haven,  and  Derby.    A  stage  leaves  Huwieysville  for 
Danbury,  &o. ;  from  Cornwall  Bridge  and  Ntw  Milfnrd  to  Litch.^ 
field,  fare  from  New  York,  $2.75 ;   from  Canuan  to  Norfolk 
and  Sharon,  fare  from  N.  York,  $2.00  ;  from  West  Stockbridgit 
to  Lee,  Lenox,  Old  Stockbridge,  and  Curtisville,  fare  from  New 


York,  $2.00. 


'»^^**fi'j|!j«iv?j'»»iijr|  U'v»j-i,.'?,(.fn(-'  -I:'"*'''  'xvd 


HUDSON  AND  BERKSHIRE  RAILROAD,  (See  Map  No.  8.) 
^This  road  extends  from  West  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  to  the  city 
of  Hudson  on  Hudson  river,  and  connects  at  the  state  line,  and 
also  at  Chatham  Four  Corners,  with  the  Western  Railroad  to 
Boston  and  Albany,  and  with  the  Housatonic  Railroad  to  Bridge 
port  Its  length  is  33  miles,  and  it  was  opened  for  travel  in  Sept 
1838.  The  original  cost  of  constructing  the  whole  distance,  in- 
cluding outfit,  &c.,  was  $575,613.  (For  description  of  Hudson, 
see  Index.)  From  Hudson  to  Claverack,  3  miles.  Fare  12  cents  ; 
Mellenville,  7,  25  cents  ;  Ghent,  12,  37  cents ;  Chatham  Four 
Corners,  16,  50  cents ;  Edtoard'e  Depot,  28,  87  cents ;  State 
Line,  30,  90  cents;  W.  Stockbridge,  33,  $1.00. 


^- 


t  I  •■-•-.  -.tv 


» 


;)  r.S-pr 


sit-  {;    ^.,    t,'e..&i,, 


,^  ROUTES  TO  NEW  LEBANON  SPRINGS. 

>  1       a>     (See  Map  No.  8.) 

f:ii  These  celebrated  springs,  one  of  the  most  delightful  watenng- 
placee  in  the  country,  can  now  be  reached  with  facility  ftom 


;«■■ 


ROUTKS  TO  NEW  LEBANON  8PRIN08. 


Ill    !  ; 


varioaa  directions.    The  Hudson  and  Berkshire  Railroad  forms  a 
direct  route  for  summer  travel  from  New  York  city,  and  indeed  j 

from  all  the  towns  on  the  river  below  Hudson.  By  this  route  the  r 
traveller  can  leave  New  York  at  7  a.  m.,  by  the  steamer,  and 
reach  Hudson  at  3  p.  m.,  where  the  cars  of  the  Hudson  and  Berk- 
shire  Railroad  are  in  readiness  to  convey  him  to  Edvoardt  Depot, 
28  miles  from  Hudson,  and  8  miles  from  the  Springs.  Upon  hia 
arrival  at  Edwards  Depot,  the  company  have  in  readiness  a  line 
of  stages,  with  careful  drivers,  that  in  one  hour  reach  the  Springs. 
Distance  142  miles.  Visiters  are  also  conveyed  thither  by  the 
Housatonic  Railroad.  Passengers  by  this  route  leave  New  York 
for  Bridgeport  in  the  steamer,  from  the  foot  of  Market-st.,  East 
River,  at  6^  o'clock,  a.  m.  ;  arrived  at  Bridgeport,  they  take  the  ,; 

fine  cars  of  the  company,  and  reach  the  Massachusetts  State  T<ine 
Depot  at  3j^  p.  m.,  and  proceed  thence  to  Lebanon  Springs  by     ■ 
Btage-coach,  arriving  at  5j^  p.  m.  of  the  same  day.     Fare  through     | 
$3.50.     Distance  167  miles. 

From  Albany  and  the  West,  visiters  take  the  cars  of  the  Al- 
bany and  the  West  Stockbridge  Railroad  to  Canaan  Corners, 
33  miles,  at  which  place  a  stage  will  be  in  waiting  to  convey      \ 
them  directly  to  the  Springs,  7  miles  distant.    Total  distance 
from  Albany  40  miles:  through  tickets  $1.62.  «^ ; 

From  Boston  and  the  Eastward,  the  Lebanon  Springs  can  like- 
wise be  reached  by  the  Western  Railroad,  stopping  at  the  State 
Line,  and  taking  the  stage  from  thence  to  tho  Springs. 

New  Lebanon  is  situated  in  the  n.  e.  corner  of  Columbia  couu> 
ty,  N.  Y.,  on  the  turnpike-road  from  Albany  to  Pittsfield,  Mass.. 
25  miles  from  the  former  and  seven  from  the  latter  place.  It  is 
delightfully  situated  in  a  valley,  surrounded  by  cultivated  hills,  ■•'-  ■ 
which  present  variegated  and  pleasing  scenery.  This  is  the  chief 
seat  of  the  family  of  Shakers,  a  religious  community  practising  ^  v 
celibacy,  and  alike  remarkable  for  their  mode  of  worship,  and  the 
singular  order  and  economy  of  their  domestic  concerns.  The 
society,  which  numbers  about  600,  owns  3,000  acres  of  excellent  ' 

and  highly  improved  land.  .  ( 

This  "^ace  has  become  a  great  resort  for  visiters  from  all  direc- 
tions ;     <ie  to  enjoy  the  romantic  scenery  of  this  region,  and     ' 
itheis    -9  beneficial  influence  of  its  waters.    The  Spring,  a     -  '£ 


UK  tlAtt.nnAn  ANtt  HtNAMttnAT  (lOMPANKlNi 

mtlifk  Kn4  H  hutf  (Vntii  lhi«  vl)U((««  nit  ihw  mIiU  nf  n  hilt,  U  l»ii  iWtl 
III  Hiftiuolftr,  Miul  l\mr  (V»(>t  ()«^«>|s  mikI  illmthMriftMi  iii«iir  Iti  mouiiiiii 
wMt^r  milU(«iout  (n  umt  n  nilll  'I'lin  t««iit|»i*ifntiirA  Im  TSI^  KmIik^ii' 
hf^Ut  whioh  IwUiK  ud^Mr  miniiiii*!'  ht^il  rwitili^*^  tl  (lnli|tlill'ul  (ht 
Im^hfuiKv  *l[w  WAti^f  (n  tMMiolcwii  jMii^  MM  oi-yMiil,  (lllHlomilMt  Hint 
m^ll«  Aiui  In  ((n«kutv<l  Ih<iiiv)UaIiiI  in  tiititriiiil  ulidli'tiulloiiM,  •lalti'liniiiii 

MIhI  ('lttllU«««MIM  lllH>»tllMlM  lifWIH^rnllyi  i  «*?.->  .     rt  ^     .    H-:Tnmi(^i 

■  /.Jfli.  <<  ■j^>  -'^  ^-Hr-a      MBW  YORK  dtryii  .    ..^^^ .,.>.,..,,A|if^ 

TliiN  o(ty«  ilii«  irn^dt  «^iti|mrUiiit  mihI  iitriht|Htli«  of  Aiti«rttiRi  mu 
j«ty«himi  imiim^  iiii<H>UI«(litii|H>i'i«ti'liy  uv^i*  ^vory  otlinr  ully  In  Uif 
thiUm.  ItM  viuinlly  t«  Uiw  (h«i*hiii  ntui  Um  itiit^iil  avpiiuvm  of  In. 
t«»\rtHmr«Mi»i  iiui  tmly  wiili  «vi«ry  |mrl.  nt'  il«  own  Hlntoi  liiit  with  New 
Kii|tliin«l  niui  ih«  iUtini  lmitl«Hii)(  muiIIi  hiuI  w«Rti  niiii  tliruUKh 
thprn^  with  ("Vt^ry  ulhor  iH>utimt  of  tlio  ooiiittryi  oftUr  uiii'ivMlloii  lift* 
oiliU«H<  IVm  tmtio  Miitl  (>oiuiwi^o.  I  in  liitilutin  tVttiit  tlio  (}lly  IIhII 
in  40")  4^  4.1"  N.  \  hmKiludo  w.  {\nn\  Uwt^nvtMx  74"^  Oii'  af-rniit 
fmw  WdHJiiii^nii  l\'^  V  \iV\  Tho  |Mi|niliitiiUi  ut  dllli^i'eiil,  |M>i<i(HlM 
IimnIh^i'iiam  m\\mi  in  l(>Mi«  it  wmn  1,000  t  in  Hi!)7,  4,:iO:J  (  in 
17:U.8»IW4{  HAO,  HMHHh  l774,aVft«J  IHOO,00.4H!h  IHIO, 

ji6,a7,i;  i83io,  iaa,7orM  inao,  jiou,»A7(  la'i.v  u70,0H!h  ih40, 

St'^.ilO;  Mil)  mH^ivrtiin^  to  tho  iHniwnn  of  iH50  it.  wiim  ni7tOOO 
<— >mHkii\)r  itf  AiiuuiMt  Uiy  (Hmuuoit>iai  oitly«  of  tlio  world,  tint  tliiril 
iu  po|niUtKMi ;  whil«  il  it  the  fM^oond  in  tHinniirrt'inI  iin(K)rtiinoti 
hms^  iMt\\Mm^\  only  ity  tumditn  in  the  «xtent  of  it*  ooinnierno. 
The  «»«>in|mct  {mrtionofthe  uity  in  hnilton  the  nontli  end  of  Miin- 
h«ttAU  IttlniuU  at  the  jnnotiuu  of  (he  UndMon  with  (he  KiMt  river, 
whi«h  (HmnectK  the  WHten«  of  I^miji  iNltind  8onnd  with  the  hiirbor 
of  New  York.  The  i«liind  i«  K'H  mile*  ionj;  tVtun  n.  to  «.|  viiry- 
in)f  tWin  Imlf  «  mile  to  mniunvhttt  more  (hnn  two  mileii  in  width 
~4he  )2:re«te«t  width  lH>in)(  at  88th'4itreet — nnd  oontniiiH  uhout  Ui) 
«qu«npi  milei.  It  k  bounded  on  the  s.  by  the  (jtiit  nnd  llurlein 
rirers  the  fenuer  »e{mratiii^f  it  fann  Itony  Island  Honnd  ;  on  the 
w.  by  llndmu  nv«r,  which  m^txirntea  it  from  Now  Jemey  ;  und 
oa  the  N.  by  liarfem  riv«r — a  pari  of  whioli,  between  Kin|(Hbrid)(e 
tlitt  Uttdna,  rooaivvd  l^rom  the  Dutch  the  uame  of  Simyteu 


Hww  Vfiitit  nitt. 


no 


VHt    ruMt,    kn.,   «*■■»   DMtlM    *    WIMH»«   IK  VMM  Mt>»((|lk 


l)iiyv(«l  Of»nk.  (Innntitit  nntftmiittiflMtlaii  h«tWMiii  th#i  olty  and 
lt«  rttpiHIy  ItinraiNlnK  «nil  pititunwqiifl  nuburbt ,  in  k«pt  up  by  mataf 
of  Rtniitn  flirry-lMttf,  thn  lUrlnin  Riilraiid,  omnlbuMM,  iLo.  (  IIm 
(mnn  hi«lii|(  titnitfiiiiy  modtntitt  with  ttaootnmodfttlotiN  not  •!• 
onllnd  by  Mtmilnr  nonvtynnam  of  any  oth«ir  oltyt  >*mf!^> 

ThA  harbor  of  N«w  York,  whioh  li  parftotly  mL($t  ■nil  §Mf  of 
HQa«M,  flxl«ti(l»  «tf(ht  tnllM  ■•  of  th«  otty  to  tha  **  Narrowi/'  and 
In  9A  mllM  in  olroumraranoaf  baloK  Niiffloitntly  oapaalona  to  con- 
tain the  united  naviea  of  tha  world.  Tha  varlanatad  ■oenery  upon 
Hi  Hhornii,  to|(ethar  with  tha  naatly«built  oottagaa,  tha  country* 
aonta  nf  opulant  oitlxauMi  and  tha  flna  riaw  of  thn  tolanda,  and  of 
thn  niiy  of  Naw  York  in  approaohlns;  it  from  tha  "  Narrowa," 
linpiirt  to  thii  harbor  a  beauty  luiaurpaaaad  by  that  of  any  other 
ill  thn  world.  The  uutar  harbor,  or  bay,  aitenda  from  tha  Nar- 
rows to  Sandy  Hook,  where  la  a  lighthouaa,  at  the  diatanoe  of  18 
miinii  from  the  oity  In  the  harbor  adjoining  the  city  are  60?- 
•nmr'i,  Bndlow*a,  «ind  Eliia'i  Ulanda,  on  all  of  which  are  atrong 
fortifioationi.  The  Aral,  which  ia  tha  moat  important  of  Uia  thraa, 
inoludei  70  aorea  of  ground,  and  in  aitnatad  34M)0  faet  from  tha 
Battery.    It  baa  Fort  ^(dombua  in  tha  oantrap  «nd  on  ita  north- 


fl20 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


east  point  Gaatle  William,  a  round  tower  UOO  feet  in  circumfer- 
ence and  60  feet  high,  with  three  tiers  of  guns.  There  is  also  a 
battery  on  the  northwest  side,  commanding  the  entrance  through 
Buttermilk  Channel,  a  strait  which  separates  it  from  Brooklyn, 
L.  I.  Besides  these  fortifications,  the  harbor  of  New  York  is  well 
defended  by  similar  works  on  Bedlow's  and  Ellis's  islands  ;  at  the 
Narrows,  on  the  Long  Island  shore,  by  Fort  Hamilton  and  Fort 
Lafayette,  (formerly  called  Fort  Diamond,)  which  is  built  on  a 
reef  of  rocks,  about  200  yards  from  the  shore ;  and  on  Stateu 
Island,  opposite,  by  forts  Tompkins  and  Richmond.  The  Nar- 
rows here  is  about  two-thirds  of  a  mile  wide.  The  entrance  from 
:^.^-  the  Sound  on  the  East  River  is  defended  by  Fort  Schuyler,  on 
Throg'sNeck. 

The  fi^t  settlement  of  New  York  was  made  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  city  ;  hence  many  of  the  streets  in  that  section 
kj&.  ^^  narrow  and  crooked,  no  •regular  order  having  been  observed 
in  laying  them  out.  In  later  times  many  of  them  have  been 
widened  and  improved,  at  a  great  expense.  The  streets  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  city  are  laid  out  straightly,  and  some  of  ti  em 

>-  are  of  considerable  width.    Many  of  the  most  splendid  mansions 

.  and  places  of  religious  worship  of  which  the  city  can  boast,  are 
to  be  seen  in  this  quarter.  The  most  elegant  and  fashionable 
street  is  Broadway,  which  traverses  the  city  in  a  straight  line 

:  from  n.  to  s.,  being  2^  miles  long,  and  80  feet  broad,  and  termi- 
nating at  Union  Square,  where  it  is  connected  with  the  Fourth 

'  avenue.  It  is  occupied  by  many  splendid  stores,  elegant  houses, 
and  public  buildings,  and  few  streets  in  the  world  equal  it  in  the 
iplendor  and  bustle  it  exhibits.  It  is  also  the  great  promenade  of 
the  city,  being  much  resorted  to  in  pleasant  weather  by  the  gay 
and  fashionable. 

PuBUC  Walks,  Squares,  &c. — ^The  Battery^  which  contains 
about  11  acres,  is  situated  at  the  extreme  &  end  of  the  city,  at 
the  commencement  of  Broadway,  and  is  planted  with  trees  and 
laid  out  in  gravelled  walks.  From  this  place  is  a  delighttul  view 
of  the  harbor  and  its  islands,  of  the  numerous  vessels  arriving  and 
departing,  of  the  adjacent  shores  of  New  Jersey,  aucf  if  iiLjiiten 
and  Long  islands. — Castle  Garden,  connected  witU.  y»  &  B-tt^ery 
by  means  of  a  bridge,  is  used  for  public  meetings  tun'  e^hil'  ons, 


NEW  rOEK  CITY. 


131 


and  is  capable  of  containing  within  its  walls  10,00(  persons. 
Since  the  destruction  of  Niblo's  Garden  by  fire  (Sept  1846)  the 
fairs  of  the  American  Institute,  which  were  formeriy  held  there, 
have  been  removed  to  this  capacious  place. — The  Bowling  Oreen, 
situated  near  the  Battery,  and  at  the  commencement  of  Broad- 
way, is  of  an  oval  form,  and  surrounded  by  an  iron  railing. 
Withiu  its  enclosure  is  a  fountain,  the  water  from  which  falling 
upon  a  rude  pile  of  rocks  about  15  feet  in  height,  forms  a  pretty 
artificial  cascade. — The  Park  is  a  triangular  enclosure  situated 
about  the  centre  of  the  city,  and  has  an  area  of  1 1  acres :  it  con- 
tains  the  City  Hall  and  other  buildings.  It  is  embellished  in  its 
south  part  with  a  superb  fountain,  the  basin  of  which  is  100  feet 
in  diameter.  In  the  centre  of  the  basin  is  a  piece  of  work  in  the 
shape  of  an  Egyptian  lily.  Through  convex  iron  plates,  with 
numerous  perforations,  placed  around  the  base  of  this  work,  the 
water  is  projected  into  the  air,  and  falls  in  the  form  of  a  heavy 
mist,  around  a  column  that  rises  to  a  considerable  height,  through 
the  midst  of  the  green  leaves  of  the  lotus.  When  the  sun  is 
shining  full  upon  the  fountain,  the  effect  is  extremely  pleasing, 
from  the  number  of  miniature  rainbows  then  observable.  T!:3 
basin  is  encircled  by  a  neat  coping  of  white  marble.  Sixteen  feet 
beyond  the  coping,  the  whole  is  again  surrounded  by  a  pretty  and 
substantial  railing  of  iron — the  intermediate  space  being  decora- 
ted with  various  kinds  of  handsome  shrubbery. — St.  John's  Park, 
in  Hudson-square,  is  beautifully  laid  out  in  walks,  with  shade- 
trees,  and  is  kept  in  excellent  order.  It  is  surrounded  by  an  iron 
railing,  which  cost  about  $26,000. — Washington  Square,  or  Pa- 
rade  Ground,  in  the  n.  part  of  the  city,  contains  about  10  acres, 
surrounded  by  a  wooden  fence.  A  portion  of  this  square  was 
formerly  the  Potter's  Field. — Union  Square  is  situated  at  the  ter- 
mination of  Broadway  it  is  of  an  oval  form,  enclosed  with  an 
iron  railing,  and  its  centre  ornamented  with  a  fountain. — Gra- 
mercy  Park,  near  Union-square,  and  Tompkins  Square,  in  the 
N.  E.  part  of  the  city,  are  handsomely  laid  out  in  walks,  and  shaded 
with  trees.  There  are  other  squares  further  up  the  city — Mad- 
ison,  Hamilton,  &o. — which  are  extensive,  but  not  yet  laid  out. 
Churches,  Public  Buildings,  &c. — The  city  of  New  York 
ean  boast  of  many  splendid  public  buildings.    It  has  about  330 


^as 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPAHIO*. 


ehurches,  many  of  which  are  mrguificent  and  costly  atructaiM 
and  the  number  is  constantly  increasing,  especially  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  city  The  new  Trinity  Church  may  be  regarded  aa 
the  best  specimen  of  pure  Gothic  architecture  in  the  country. 
The  engraving  which  follows  represents  a  view  of  this  choroh 
taken  from  the  Custom-Hoose  steps,  WalUst.  , . «/; 


The  foHowing  is  a  brief  history  of  the  origin  of  this  church. 
The  first  religious  services  of  this  society  (at  that  time  known  at 
the  "  Church  of  England  in  America")  vere  held  in  a  small 
chisel  which  stood  near  the  Battery.  The  rapid  increase  of  the 
congregation  made  it  necessary  to  erect  a  larger  and  more  com- 
modious  edifice,  which  was  done  in  1696,  du.'.ing  the  reign  of 
William  IIL  and  Maiy.    It  was  fiivt  opened  for  divine  service 


tructoTM 
the  upper 
tgarded  aa 
I  country, 
is  church 


■  i.rii^ 
.  .10-; 

1./     ,'■.'! 

;y  •{'.<<.<• 
.V  .■  )i 

,;J!;i  tit 

.  !*.>;»' I 
.:  'i'<(i 
-/mil- 

church, 
cnown  ai 

a  Bmall 
se  of  the 
ore  com- 

eign  of 

service 


"-"! ^1  ft*  -     KRW  YORK  CITY. 


" r',.<\'^y.)<j\ ',' 


128 


in  February,  1697,  it>y  tho  Rev.  Mr.  Vesey,  Rector  oi  New  York. 
In  1735  it  was  found  necessary  to  make  an  addition  at  its  east 
end,  and  two  years  afterwards  it  was  again  enlarged  on  the  north 
and  south  sides.  This  building  was  146  feet  long  and  72  wide, 
with  an  ornamei>ted  steeple  IdO  feet  high.  During  the  awful 
contlagratiou  of  ihe  city  in  Sept  1776,  this  spacious  edifice  was 
entirely  destroyed,  and  remained  a  heap  of  ruins  during  the  Rev- 
olutionary war.  "  From  the  size  and  height  of  this  noble  struc- 
ture, from  the  simple  stylo  of  its  architecture,  from  the  lofty  trees 
which  embosomed  it,  and  the  graves  and  monuments  of  the  dead 
which  surrounded  it  on  every  side,  it  presented  to  the  spectator 
a  strikin;;  object  of  contemplation,  and  impressed  him  with  ideas 
connected  with  reverence."  At  the  close  of  the  war  it  was  again 
rebuilt,  and  consecrated  in  1790  by  Bishop  Provost.  This  edifice 
wan  not  as  spacious  as  the  one  destroyed,  it  being  only  104  feet 
long  and  72  feet  wide,  with  a  steeple  about  200  feet  high.  In 
1839,  this  building  was  taken  down,  and  the  present  magnificent 
edifice  erected  in  its  place.  It  is  built  throughout  of  sandstone, 
without  galleries,  and  is  capable  of  seating  with  comfort  800  per- 
sons, being  189  feet  lon^,  84  wide,  and  64  high.  It  cost  nearly 
$400,000.  The  height  of  the  tower,  including  the  spire,  is  264 
feet  The  tower  contains  a  chime  of  bells  and  a  clock.  In  the 
graveyard  adjoining  the  church  may  be  seen  the  monuments  of 
Hamilton,  Lawrence,  and  others,  who  occupy  an  enviable  dis- 
tinction in  the  history  of  the  country.  Trinity  Church  is  the 
oldest  and  richest  Episcopal  society  \n  America ;  she  annually 
devotes  a  large  portion  of  her  vast  income  to  the  erection  and 
support  of  churches  throughout  the  state.  Her  corporation,  or 
vestry,  whose  business  it  is  to  conduct  the  afifairx  '^f  the  church,  is 
composed  of  men  of  high  standing  in  society,  and  who  areusuall;/ 
characterized  as  being  just  and  liberal  in  their  official  capacity 

Trinity  Tower. — Visiters  have  access  to  the  tower  of  Trinity 
Church,  it  being  open  to  the  public,  except  when  the  building  is 
oocupi«)d  for  religious  purposes.*  This  tower  afibrds  one  of  the 
most  splendid  panoramic  views  to  be  seen  on  this  continent 
Ascending  the  stairway  we  reach  a  landing,  on  a  level  with  the 


*  ▲  fee  is  expected  from  visiters  by  tho  person  in  attendamw. 


124 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFAinON. 


i 


ceiling  of  the  church,  from  which  there  \a  a  complete  view  of  the 
elegant  interior.  Ascending  another  l!>ivht,  we  reach  the  belfryi 
where  the  bells  fomung  the  chime  are  deposited,  which  so  fre- 
quently ring  out  their  sweetly  &>jlemn  peal.  Here  on  tht  out- 
side, surrounded  by  a  strong  railing,  is  a  balcony,  atTd^rding  a  '^''ew 
of  the  city.  On  ascending  still  higher,  om  of  the  iXifmt  superli 
views  greets  the  beholder.  The  city,  full  o!  life  and  animation, 
lies,  as  it  wi^rey  at  hit*  feet,  while  far  and  wide,  in  every  direr; /on, 
the  com  lr7,  the  rivers,  tho  islands — citleti  and  vilbges — aro 
spread  out  bcjrie  him,  Birayed  m  »\l  the  attractions  with  wliicii 
nature  and  .irt  have  inv^^ifpd  ihem. 

The  following  waa  tht  vsumb  r  ^if  churches  of  each  denomina> 
tion  in  the  city  of  Now  Yot*;,  in  Jan.  1848:  Protestant  Episco- 
pal 41,  Preshyiiirian  33,  .Mrit.i'-dist  Episcopal  31,  Baptist  26, 
Dutch  Rt formed  15,  NrfiK'imd  Presbyterian  13,  Roman  Catho- 
lic 13,  Jewiah  9,  Congregational  7,  Friends  4,  Unitarian  3,  Lu- 
theran 3,  Associate  Presbyterian  3,  Unitersalist  3,  Associate 
Reformed  Presbyterian  2,  Welsh  3,  Methodist  Protestant  1, 
Misc(^llau60us  12.  t^isi-'..  •i^4*>3r;'<'~:^*'s*&4»ifsv.*4t^:v>j'^«fif:-.ri'i^^i«^^>^ 

Tho  City  Hallt  a  bailding  of  ihe  Corinthian  and  Ionic  ordersj 
displayino  a  fine  combination  of  taste  aad  elegance,  is  216  feet 
long,  105  v/ide,  und,  including  the  attiu  story,  65  high.  The  first 
stone  of  this  odifice  was  laid  in  1803,  and  its  construction  occu- 
pied, with  liUle  intermission,  a  period  of  10  years.  It  coven 
32,896  square  feet  of  ground,  and  is  two  stories  high  above  the  base- 
meat,  w;f  h  an  attic  story  in  the  centre  of  the  building.  The  front 
and  the  ends  are  of  white  marble — the  rear,  of  Nyack  freestone. 
In  this  building  are  28  offices,  and  other  public  rooms,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  is  the  Governor's  room,  a  splendid  apartment  ap- 
propriated to  the  use  of  that  functionary  on  his  visiting  the  city, 
and  occti'>ii3naJily  to  that  of  other  distinguished  individuals.  The 
walls  of  th  i;  room  are  embeilished  with  a  fine  collection  of  por- 
traits of  men  celebrated  in  the  civil,  military,  or  naval  history  of 
the  country.  It  is  53  feet  long  by  20  feet  wide.  In  the  Com- 
mon Council  room  is  the  identical  T,ir  occupied  by  Washing.*;, 
when  President  of  the  first  Ame-  <  Congress,  which  assemikd 
in  this  city. 

The  Merchants*  Exchange,  in  Wall-st.,  is  built  in  the  noo^^t 


I 


WEW  YORK  CITY. 


125 


dxaitul9  manner  of  Quinoy  granite,  and  is  fire-proof,  no  wood 
havtCji;  been  used  in  its  construction,  except  for  the  doors  and 
wii)  J  -frames.  It  is  erected  on  the  site  occupied  by  the  £x- 
chatu;*  buildiug  destroyed  by  the  §rreat  fire  of  1835.  The  pres-  , 
ent  one,  however,  covers  the  entire  block,  and  is  200  feet  long  by 
171  to  144  wide,  77  feet  high  to  the  top  of  the  cornice,  and  124 
to  the  <op  of  the  dome.  Tha.  entire  C04d;»;includiug  ground,  ki 
«i.«mai,ed  at  $1,800,000.       «"*«>'*"»'>  ..—  :^''  t* 

'  The  Custom-Housti  is  situated  on  the  comer  of  Wall  and  Nas- 
J8an  HiB.  It  is  built  of  white  marble,  in  the  Doric  order,  similar  to 
the  model  of  the  Parthenon  at  Athens,  and  is  200  feet  long,  90 
wide,  and  80  high.  I'he  great  hall  for  the  transaction  of  busi- 
ness is  a  circular  room  60  feet  in  diameter,  surmounted  by  a  dome, 
supported  by  16  Corinthian  columns,  30  feet  high,  and  having  a 
skylight  through  which  the  hall  is  lighted.  t^H-^-i.^  >  ..^< 

i  The  Post-Office,  a  short  distance  above,  in  Nassau-st.,  was  for- 
merly the  Middle  Dutch  Church,  now  rented  to  the  general  gov- 
ernment for  $5,000  a  year,  on  a  lease  for  seven  years.  The 
inside  has  been  fitted  up  suitably  for  the  business  of  the  office,  no 
other  alteration  having  been  made  in  the  building. 
'  The  Halls  of  Justice,  or  **  Tombs,"  is  located  in  Centre-st., 
between  Leonard  and  Franklin  sts.  It  is  a  substantial-looking 
building,  in  the  Egyptian  style  of  architecture,  253  feet  long  and 
i200  wide,  constructed  of  a  light-colored  granite  brought  from  Hal- 
lowell.  Me. 

Banks  in  the  City  op  New  Yohk,  (arranged  alphabetically  ^ 
•—American  Exchange,  50  Wall-st. ;  Bank  of  America,  46  Wall ; 
Bank  of  Commerce,  32  Wall ;  Bank  of  New  York,  Wall,  corner 
of  William  ;  Bank  of  the  State  of  N.  York,  30  Wall ;  Butchers' 
and  Drovers\  Bowery,  corner  of  Gr^nd  ;  Chemical,  216  Broad- 
way ;  City,  52  Wall:  Uy  D'>ck,  Avenue  D,  cor.  of  lOth-st. ; 
Fulton,  Fultou-st  u.  of  Peail ;  Greenwich,  402  Hudson; 
Leather  Manvfa  .urers\  45  William;  Manhattav  40  Wall; 
Mechanics',  33  Wall  ;  Merchants',  42  Wall ;  .lerchants'  Ex- 
change, 173  Greenwich ;  National,  36  Wall ;  North  River, 
Greenwif  a,  cor.  of  Dey ;  Phanix,  45  Wall ;  Seventh  Ward, 
Pearl,  cor.  of  Burling-slip ;  Tradesmen's,  177  Chatham  ;  Union, 
34  Wall 


WMM 


i*^-- 


wmm 


^v. 


126 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


J 


-The  Inbitrancb  Companies  are  mostly  in  Wall-st. 

Literary  Institutions,  &c. — Of  the  literary  institutions  of 
New  York,  Columbia  College,  at  the  foot  of  Park  Place,  i«  the 
-  oldest,  having  been  chartered  by  George  II.  in  1754,  by  the 
name  of  King's  College.  The  original  name  was  changed  to 
Columbia  College  in  1784.  It  has  a  president  and  ten  professors, 
1,170  alumni,  100  students,  and  a  library  containing  14,000  vols. 
The  building  contains  a  chapel,  lecture-room,  hall,  museum,  and 
an  extensive  philosophical  and  chemical  apparatus.  The  Gram' 
mar  School  attached  to  the  college  has  usually  from  200  to  300 
scholars,  and  instruction  is  given  in  all  the  branches  necessary 
for  admission  into  any  college,  or  for  the  performance  of  the  busi- 
ness of  the  counting-room. — The  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York  is  in  University  Place,  opposite  Washington  Square.  It  is 
built  of  white  marble,  in  the  Gothic  style,  and  is  180  feet  long  and 
100  wide.  The  building  contains  a  chapel,  which  receives  its 
light  from  a  window  of  stained  glass  in  the  west  front,  24  feet 
wide  and  50  high.  This  institution  was  founded  in  1831,  has  a 
president  and  11  professors,  a  valuable  library,  and  an  extensive 
philosophical  apparatus. — The  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
founded  in  1836,  is  located  in  University  Place,  between  Seventh 
and  Eighth  sts.  It  has  six  professors,  about  100  students,  and  a 
library  containing  over  16,000  vols. — The  General  Theological 
Seminary  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United 
States,  situated  at  the  corner  of  9th  avenue  and  21st-st.,  was 
founded  in  1819,  and  consists  of  two  buildings,  constructed  of 
stone,  in  the  Gothic  style  of  architecture. — The  Rutgers  Female 
Institute,  in  Madison-st,  has  a  fine  building,  a  valuable  library, 
and  choice  philosophical  apparatus. — The  New  York  Society  Li- 
brary is  on  Broadway,  corner  of  Leonard-st.  This  institution, 
which  was  founded  in  1754,  has  a  library  of  about  40,000  vols., 
a  lecture-room,  and  rooms  for  the  Academy  of  Design. — The 
Apprentices^  Library,  situated  in  Crosby-st.,  has  a  library  of 
12,000  vols.,  and  offers  facilities  for  the  cultivation  of  the  mind, 
of  which  a  large  number  of  apprentices  have  availed  themselves. 
Here  is  also  the  Mechanics'  School  vvhich  has  many  teachers, 
and  550  pupils. — ^The  New  York  Hospital,  situcted  on  Broad- 
way, opposite  Fearl-st.,  has  extensive  buildings,  and  is  finely 


KEW  YCBK  CITY. 


137 


tutions  of 
ice,  in  the 
4,  by  the 
langed  to 
professore, 
1,000  vols, 
leum,  and 
iie  Gram- 

00  to  300 
necessary 
'  the  busi- 
y  of  New 
re.  It  is 
t  long  and 
ceives  its 
t,  34  feet 
31,  has  a 
extenmve 
eminary, 

Seventh 
ts,  and  a 
eological 
United 
t-st.,  was 
acted  of 
9  Female 
B  library, 

iety  Li- 
stitution, 
100  vols., 
n.— The 
brary  of 
le  mind, 
imselves. 
eachera, 

1  Broad- 
s  finsly 


located.— The  New  York  Lunatic  Asylum  is  at  Bloomingdale, 
near  the  Hudson  :  attached  to  it  are  40  acres  of  ground,  laid  out 
in  gardens,  pleasure-grounds,  and  walks.  Being  on  elevated 
ground,  a  fine  view  of  Hudson  river,  with  the  surrounding  coun- 
try, is  here  obtained.  The  principal  building,  which  is  of  stone, 
cost,  with  its  grounds,  upwards  of  ||200,000.  It  contains  150 
patients.  ii.   ,«. 

tt'  The  Mercantile  Library  Association  and  Readiug-Room  is 
situated  in  Clinton  Hall,  at  the  corner  of  Nassau  and  Beekman 
streets.  It  contains  about  20,000  volumes,  and  a  fine  reading- 
room,  stocked  with  the  choice  periodicals  of  the  day. 

Hotels. — The  hotels  are  numerous,  well  kept,  and  not  sur- 
passed in  comfort  and  accommodation  by  those  of  any  other  city 
in  the  Union  ;  the  following  are  the  principal :  ,<f;^,  vvi^^Mkif 

lin  .The  Astor  House,  in  Broadway,  is  among  the  first  in  point  of 
attraction,  although  there  are  many  others  equally  well  kept.  This 
building  was  erected  by  the  late  John  Jacob  Astor,  and  opened 
on  the  3l8t  of  May,  1636  ;  it  is  built  of  Qainoy  granite,  in  a  re- 
markably massive  style,  simple  and  chaste,  is  five  stoi.cid  higfai 
with  a  front  of  201  feet  on  Broadway,  directly  opposite  the  Park, 
154  on  Barclay-st,  and  146^  on  Vesey-st.    Its  height  is  77  feet, 
and  it  contains  upwards  of  300  rooms.    The  dining-room  is  108 
feet  by  42.  The  entire  cost  of  the  building,  including  tho  ground, 
was  about  $750,000.    The  price  of  board  per  day  is  $2.00.— 
The  American  Hotel  is  pleasantly  situated  at  229  Broadway, 
opposite  the  Park.    Board  $2.00  per  day. — ^The  Athenaum  Ho- 
tel,  347  Broadway,  is  a  well-kept  house.    Board  per  day  $1.50. 
— The  Atlantic  Hotel,  5  Broadway,  opposite  the  Bowling  Green. 
Board  per  day  $1.50. — The   Carlton  House,  350  Broadway. 
Board  $2,00  per  day. — ^The  City  Hotel  has  been  taken  down^ 
and  handsome  stores  erected  on   its  site.     Clinton  Hotel,  in 
Beekman-st.    Boa.d  ^-er  day   $2.00.— The   Croton  Hotel  has 
been    converted    into    stores.  —  JDelmonico^a,    in    Broadway, 
near  the  Bowling   Grev      is    a  new    an-,    handsome    build- 
ing.   This  establishro^r         conducted  on  the  European  pkii. 
— Fir    ■ '  's,  in  Proadwi*y,  c^>rner   of  Walker-st..    is  a  new 
and  elegant   establishment,  conducted    upon    the    European 
plaq. — The  Franklin  Home  has  been  converted  into  stores. 


138 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Bihoard'a  Hotel  is  in  Broadway,  corner  of  Maiden-Lane. — 
Irving  House  is  in  Broadway,  corner  of  Chainber-street.— 
Jvdeon'i  Hotel  is  at  61  Broadway. — .^  ;  '>''  jJ^otel,  on  the 
comer  of  Park-Row  and  Beekman-ft.,  ,t>  cond  j«;.ed  on  the  Euro- 
pean plan.-^The  Merchants*  Hotd,  41  Courtland-st  Board 
$1.50  per  day. — The  National  Hotel,  5  Courtland-st  Board 
$1.50  per  day. — The  New  England  House,  111  Broadway. 
Board  $1.50  per  day.— The  New  York  Hotel,  721  Bro.: :  ^ , 
is  retired,  but  eligibly  situated.  Board  $2.00  per  day. —  riie  Po" 
eifie  Hotel,  162  Greenwich-st  Board  $1.50  per  day.^The 
Pearl'Street  House,  8Q  PcMl-at.  Board  reduced  to  $1.00  per 
day.— The  Rochester  Hot*^\  31  Courtland-st  Board  $1.25  per 
day. — Rathbun's  Hotel,  V>5  Broadway,  between  Courtland  and 
Liberty  sts.  Board  $?  00  per  day. — St,  Charles  Hotel,  Broad- 
way.— Tammany  Hall,  corner  of  Nassau  and  Frankfort  sts.,  is 
conducted  on  the  European  plan.— Tr«mont  Temperance  House, 
110  Broadway.  Board  $1.50  ^jr  day.— The  United  States 
Hotel,  formerly  Holt's,  is  on  Fulton-st,  bounded  by  P'larl  and 
Water  sts.  Board  per  day  $1.50.— The  Western  Hotel,  9  Court- 
land-st   Board  $1.25  per  day.  .^iw^ 

Besides  the  hotels,  with  which  tiie  city  abounds,  there  are  nu- 
merous private  Boarding-houses  in  difioreut  parts  of  the  city.  In 
addition  to  these,  there  are  many  Eating-houses,  where  the  visit- 
er pays  in  proportion  to  what  he  consumes ;  thefie,  however,  are 
principally  in  the  lower  or  business  part  of  the  city.  A  person, 
if  he  desires  it,  may  have  a  sleeping-r^otr  at  Lc.vejoy's  or  else- 
where, and  take  his  meals  at  one  of  these  places  at  any  hour 
during  the  day  that  suits  his  convenience.  Bills  of  fare,  with  the 
prices  affixed  to  each  article,  are  alway:  at  hand,  so  that  one 
knows  exactly  what  he  has  to  pay  before  he  gives  his  order. 
'^i  Places  of  Amusement. — These  are  not  numerous;  but  that  is 
characteristic  of  American  cities  generally,  when  com  ared  with 
those  in  Europe.    They  are  as  follows: —  -.'u 

Broadway  Theatre,  Broadway,  near  the  corner  of  Anthony  • 
at ;  Astor  Place  Opera  House,  comer  of  Astor  Place  and  Eighth- 
st.,  upper  part  of  B?  <idway ;  Park  Theatre,  opposite  the  Park, 
(destroyed  by  fire,  December  16, 1348,  soon  after  it  had  been  re- 
modelled and  fitted  up  in  a  superior  style  ;)  Mitchell's  Olympic 


HEW  YORK  CITY. 


129 


TTuatre,  444  Broadway,  above  Canal-si;  Bmoery  Theatre^ 
Bowery,  above  Bayard  at. ;  National  Theatre,  near  Chatham 
Square ;  Burton! »  Theatre,  41  Chambers-st. ;  American  Mtueum, 
Broadway,  opposite  the  Astor  House ;  Nibfo'»  Theatre,  Broad- 
way and  Pruice  sts. ;  Chinese  Museum,  689  Broadway  ;  Triplet 
Hall,  Mercer-st.,  entrance  also  on  Broadway ;  Castle  Garden^ 
off  the  Battery ;   Vauxhall  Garden,  upper  end  of  Bowery. 

Exhibitions  of  thb  Fine  Arts. — American  Art  Union :  Col- 
lection of  Paintings,  497  Broadway,  above  Broome-st.  Admis- 
sion free.  Thn  Hall  is  a  very  handsome  one.  150  feet  long,  and 
well  arranged  for  its  purpose,  having  room  on  its  walls  for  a  very 
large  collection  of  pictures.  International  Art  Union  :  Collec- 
tion of  Paintings,  289  Broadway,  comer  of  Reade-street.  Na- 
tional Academy  of  Design,  comer  of  Broadway  and  Leonard- 
street 

The  Croton  Water-Works. — The  building  of  this  great  work 
was  decided  ou  at  the  city  charter  election  of  1835,  and  on  the 
4th  of  July,  1843,  it  was  so  far  completed  that  the  water  was  let 
into  the  Reservoi' .  and  ou  thn  14th  of  October  following  it  was 
brought  into  the  .  '.  The  whole  cost  will  be  about  $14,000,000, 
more  than  double  the  original  estimate.  Between  the  Distribu- 
ting Reservoir  in  40tb-nt.  and  the  Battery,  up  to  Aug.  1847,  171 
miles  of  pipe  were  laid,  from  6  to  36  inches  in  diameter. 

The  aqueduct  commences  ive  miles  from  the  Hudson,  and  is 
about  40  miles  from  the  City  Hall.  The  dam,  which  is  250  feet 
long,  70  feet  wide  at  the  bottom,  and  7  at  the  top,  and  40  feet 
high,  is  built  of  stone  and  cement.  A  pond  five  miles  in  length 
is  created  by  the  dam,  covering  a  surface  of  400  acres,  and  con- 
taining 500,000,000  gallons  of  water.  From  the  dam  the  aque- 
duct proceeds,  sometimes  tunnelling  through  solid  rocks,  crossing 
valleys  by  embankments  and  brooks  by  culverts,  until  it  reaches 
Hariem  river.  It  is  built  of  stone,  brick,  and  cement,  arched 
over  and  under ;  is  6  feet  3  inches  wide  at  the  bottom,  7  feet  8 
inches  at  the  top  of  the  side  walls,  and  8  feet  5  inches  high ; 
has  a  descent  of  13^  inches  per  mile,  and  will  discharge  60,000,000 
of  gallons  ia  24  hours.  It  crosses  Harlem  river  on  a  magnificent 
bridge  of  stone,  termed  the  "  High  Bridge,"  1,450  feet  long,  with 
14  piers,  8  of  them  80  feet  span,  and  6  of  50  feet  span,  114  feet 

9 


-^i 


180 


RAILROAD  AMD  STEAMBOAT  COMFAMION. 


•» •/«/!/«  «^    SC. 


A  Hi 


l-^kl  1 


TiBW  O*  THB  ElSB  BridOB, 


r.fk  an.tu 


abore  tidewater  to  the  top,  and  which  will  cost  $900,000.  The 
Receiving  Reservoir  is  at  86th-st.  and  6th  avenue,  covering  35 
acres  and  containing  150,000,000  gallons  of  water.  Persons 
wishing  to  visit  the  High  Bridge  will  take  the  cars  of  the  Har- 
lem Railroad  to  Harlem,  Fare  12^  cents ;  at  which  place  a  ttage 
will  be  in  waiting  io  convey  them  to  the  bridge.  Fare  18}  cts. 
There  is  now  no  city  in  the  world  better  supplied  with  pure 
and  wholesome  water  than  New  York ;  and  the  supply  would  be 
abundant,  if  the  population  were  five  times  its  present  number. 
"'^The  most  convenient  mode  of  visiting  the  Dittrihuting  Re- 
eervoir  in  40th -st.,  or  the  Receiving  Reservoir  in  86th*8t.,  is  by 
the  cars  of  the  Harlem  Railroad,  which  leave  the  depot  opposite 
the  City  Hall  every  15  minutes  during  the  day.    Fare  13}  cts. , 

Steamboat  Lines  from  New  York.— During  the  season  of 
navigation,  regular  lines  of  steamboats  ply  upon  the  Hudson, 
passing  between  New  York,  Albany,  and  Troy,  and  also  for  the 
intermediate  places  on  the  river. 

From  New  York  to  Albany  and  Trot. — ^There  are  both' 
morning  and  evening  boats,  the  former  usually  leaving  New  York 
from  the  North  Rhrer  sidei  at  €||  or  7  o'clock,  arriving  in  about 


10 
pe 


NEW  YORK  CITY. 


18t 


10  houn.  The  latter  leave  New  York  at  5,  6,  or  7  o'clock,  ar- 
rivinip^  at  Albany  next  morning.  Fare  variei  according  to  com* 
petition  from  95  cents  to  ^1.50.  (See  "  Paaiage  up  the  Hud- 
Ron,"  and  also  Map  No.  18.) 

Dat  Line  prom  Nbw  York  to  Boston  via  New  Haven,  Hart- 
roRD,  AND  SpRiNoriBLD,  (seo  Map  No.  2,  also  this  route  from 
Boston  to  New  York.)  Cars  leave  New  York,  from  the  depot 
in  Canal-st.,  daily,  and  also  from  27th-Bt,  and  reach  New 
Haven,  76  miles,  in  about  four  houra  Fate  91,60.  Here 
we  take  the  cars  for  Hartford,  86  miles  distant,  and  arrive 
In  one  hour  and  a  half.  JPare  $1.00.  From  thence  we  are 
conveyed  to  Springjieldf  26  miles  further,  in  one  hour,  Fare 
$1.00  ;  and  from  thence  to  Boston,  98  miles,  in  four  and  a  half 
hours :  total  distance  236  miles :  time  12  hours.  Fare  through 
$5.UU.  i  <(,.M-'*j 

From  New  York  to  Boston  via  Norwich  and  Worcebtm, 
(see  Map  No.  2,  and  also  this  route  from  Boston  to  New  York.) 
•^Passengers  by  this  route  to  Boston  take  the  steamboat  from  the 
foot  of  Battery  Place,  at  5  p.  m.  in  summer,  and  4  p.  m.  in  win- 
ter ;  whence  they  will  bo  conveyed  through  the  Sound  to  the 
terminus  of  the  Norwich  and  Worcester  Railroad  at  Allyu'a 
Point,  125  miles ;  thence  over  the  above  road  to  Norwich,  132 
miles,  Fare  $2.50  ;  thence  to  Worcester,  191  miles.  Fare  $3.50; 
and  thence  to  Boston,  235  miles.  Time  13i^  hours :  Fare  through 
$5.00. 

From  New  York  to  Boston  via  Stoninoton  and  Providence, 
(see  Map  No.  2,  and  also  this  route  from  Boston  to  New  York.) 
— Passengers  leave  New  York  from  Pier  No.  1  North  River,  foot 
of  Battery  Place,  at  5  p.  m.  in  summer,  and  4  p.  m.  in  winter,  and 
are  thence  conveyed  over  the  Sound  to  Stonington,  125  miles,  in 
nine  hours,  Fare  $2.50  ;  thence  over  the  railroad  to  Providence, 
47  miles  further.  Fare  $4.00  ;  thence  to  Boston,  42  miles :  total 
distance  224  miles.    Time  12  hours :  Fare  $5.00. 

From  New  York  to  Boston  via  Newport  and  Fall  River. 
(See  Map  No.  2,  and  also  this  route  from  Boston  to  New  York.) 
Steamboats  leave  New  York  daily,  (Sundays  excepted,)  from 
Pier  No.  3,  North  River,  at  5  p.  m.  in  summer,  and  4  p.  m.  in 
T!s|9jr }  p9^ipg  through  the  Sound,  and  iux>und  l^ointJucUtb.  to 


I' 


mM 


^■ 


182 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Newportt  R.  I.,  165  miles.  Time  10  hours:  fare  $4.00.  Thenea 
to  Fall  Rivert  18  miles  further,  in  one  hour.  Fare  from  New 
York,  $4.00.  Thence  by  cars  to  Boston,  53  miles,  in  two  hours. 
Total  distance  236  miles:  time  13  hc<uii:  fare  $5.00.  On 
the  arrival  of  the  boat  at  Fall  River,  passengftrs  can  proceed  im- 
mediately by  railroad  to  Boston  ;  or  if  they  wish  to  remain  till 
the  starting  of  the  Accommodation  Train,  (having  breakfast  on 
board,  if  they  desire  it,}  they  will  leave  at  6^  a.  m.,  and  reach 
Boston  at  about  9^  a.  m.  (For  routes  from  New  York  to  Phila- 
delphia ;  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad ;  from  New  York  to 
New  Havent  Hartford,  &c.,  see  Index.)  '  a  < 

Rates  of  fare  in  New  York  for  Hacknby-Coaches,  CARRiAGXa, 
OR  Cabs.— For  conveying  a  passen^^er  any  distance  not  exceeding  one 
mile,  25  cents ;  two  passengers,  50  cents,  or  25  cents  each  ;  every  addi- 
tional passenger,  25  cents. 

For  conveying  k  passenger  any  distance  exceeding  a  mile,  and  within 
Vwo  miles,  50  cents ;  every  additional  passenger,  25  cents. 

For  the  use  of  a  hackney-coach,  carriage,  or  cab,  by  the  day,  with 
one  or  more  passengers,  $5.00. 

For  the  use  of  a  hackney-coach,  carriage,  or  cab,  by  the  hour,  with 
on^  or  more  passengers,  with  the  privilege  of  going  from  place  to  place, 
and  of  stopping  as  often  as  may  be  required,  as  follows  :— first  hour, 
$1.00 ;  second  hour,  75  cents ;  every  succeeding  hour,  50  cents. 

Children  under  two  years  of  age,  nothing ;  from  two  to  fourteen,  half 
price. 

Each  passenger  is  entitled  to  take  one  trunk,  valise,  box,  bag,  or  other 
travelling  package ;  and  as  many  more  as  he  pleases,  by  paying  six 
cents  for  each  extra  one,  or  12i  cents  if  over  ?  niile. 

If  the  distance  be  over  one  mile,  and  not  over  two  miles,  the  charge 
for   ie  passenger  is  50  cents,  and  each  additional  one,  25  cents. 

If  a  carriage  is  taken  by  the  day  or  hour,  it  must  be  so  specified. 

If  a  hack  is  detained  or  hindered,  the  driver  is  entitled  to  75  cents  for 
the  first  hour,  and  37^  cents  per  hour  afterwards,  in  addition  to  mileage. 

Every  hack  is  required  to  be  conspicuously  numbered,  and  to  have 
the  rates  of  fare  posted  up  within  it ;  and  iii  default  of  either  of  these, 
the  '  u.rer  is  not  to  demand  or  receive  any  pay. 

(  —Calls  to  and  from  dwellings,  to  or  from  steamboats,  or  other 
parts  of  the  city,  with  one  or  two  persons,  50  cents. 

When  leaving  the  stand  with  one  person,  any  distance  not  over  a 
mile  and  a  halt.  25  cents.  When  with  two  persons,  37^  cents.  When 
by  the  hou.*,  driving  in  town  from  place  to  place,  for  each  hour,  50  cents. 

Distances  from  thf  Citt  Hall.— To  the  Battery,  north  end,  three* 
quarters  of  a  mile— south  end,  one  mile ;  foot  of  Courtland>st.,  three- 
qoarters  of  a  mile ;  foot  of  Barclay-st.,  half  a  mile ;  foot  of  Chambmrf 


VICINITY  OF  NEW  YORK  CITY. 


133 


8t.,  half  a  mile;  foot  «  0<uial-8t.,  one  mile;  Dry  Dock,  two  miles; 
Catharine-flt.  Ferry,  tiiree-quarters  of  a  mUe ;  Fulton  Ferry,  half  a 
mile ;  South  Ferry,  one  mile ;  Navy  Yard,  Brooklyn,  one  mile  and  a 
quarter ;  Jersey  City  Ferry,  half  a  mile ;  Harlem,  eight  miles ;  Dis- 
tributing Reservoir,  three  miles  and  a  quarter ;  Receiving  Reservoir, 
five  miles. 

PukCES  IN  THE  VICINITY  OF  New  Yopk. — Brooklyn,  described 
at  length,  at  page  136 ;  Navy  Yard,  Brooklyn,  at  page  138 ; 
Atlantic  Dock,  at  page  139  ;  Greenwood  Cemetery,  at  page  139. 

Williamshurg  is  situated  on  Long  Island,  opposite  the  north- 
east part  of  New  York,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  East 
River.  This  place,  which,  as  well  as  Brooklyn,  has  become  the 
residence  of  numbers  doing  business  in  New-York,  is  increasing 
rapidly  in  wealth  and  population.  According  to  the  census  of 
1860,  its  population  amounted  to  80,786.  It  is  connected  with 
New  York  by  three  steam-ferries,  the  boats  on  which  ply  at 
regular  intervals.    The  ferriage  is  from  3  to  4  cents  each  way. 

Astoria,  a  flourishing  village  six  miles  n.  e.  of  the  city,  has  a 
fine  location,  being  situated  on  the  East  River  near  "  Hurl 
Gate."  It  has  become  a  favorite  residence  for  persons  from 
New  York. 

Flushing,  at  the  head  of  Flushing  Bay,  five  miles  from  Long 
Island  Sound  by  water,  and  nine  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  New 
York,  is  a  favorite  place  of  resort  for  the  inhabitants  of  that  city 
and  of  Brooklyn.  The  ride  from  the  latter  place  is  delightful : 
from  the  former  it  is  reached  by  steamboat,  one  plying  between 
the  two  places  at  regular  intervals, — afibrding,  during  the  sum- 
mer season,  a  delightful,  though  short,  aquatic  excursion  to  one 
of  the  most  inviting  places  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city.  Flushing 
is  celebrated  for  its  nurseries,  and  thousands  are  every  season  at- 
tracted thither,  who  love  to  revel  among  the  beautiful  creations 
of  the  Floral  world,  which  are  here  to  be  seen  in  greater  variety 
and  on  a  larger  scale  than,  perhaps,  at  any  other  place  in  the 
country.  There  are  four  considerable  nurseries  in  the  town.  Of 
these,  the  establishment  of  Parsons  &  Co.  is,  we  believe,  the 
most  extensive,  covering,  as  it  does,  about  70  acres.  The  other 
establishments  are  those  of  Winter  &  Co.,  King  &  Ripleyi  and 
W.  R.  Prince.  Tlie  latter  gentleman  claims,  we  believe,  for  his 
nuneiy  the  title  of  the  "  Linnean  Botanic  Garden ;"  but  the 


■4 


.■•  -*i 


■MM 


134 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


garden  formerly  cultivated  by  his  father  under  that  appellation, 
'  and  which  gained  such  celebrity  during  his  lifetime,  is  the  one 
now  owned  by  Winter  &  Co.  The  trees,  &c.,  the  produce  of 
these  gardens,  are  ik  demand,  not  only  for  every  part  of  the 
Union,  but  also  for  Europe.  Visiters  have  free  access  to  these 
gardens  on  all  days,  {Sundays  excepted.) 

Flatbush,  about  five  miles  from  Brooklyn,  Flatlands  eight, 
Chravesend  ten  miles,  are  small  but  handsome  places.  The 
shores  of  the  latter  place  abound  with  clams,  oysters,  and  water- 
fowl, and  are  much  resorted  to. 

Coney  Island,  belonging  to  the  town  of  Gravesend,  is  five 
miles  long,  and  one  broad,  and  is  situated  about  12  miles  from 
New  York.  It  has  a  fine  beach  fronting  the  ocean,  and  is  much 
frequented  for  sea-bathing.  On  the  n.  side  of  the  Island  is  an 
hotel.  Steamboats  ply  regularly  between  the  city  and  Coney 
Island  during  the  summer  season.     Fare  12^  cents  each  way. 

Fort  Hamilton,  one  of  the  fortifications  for  protecting  the  har- 
bor of  New  York,  is  situated  at  the  "  Narrows,"  about  seven 
miles  from  New  York.  There  is  here  an  extensive  hotel  or 
boarding-house,  for  the  accommodation  of  visiters.  The  Coney 
Island  boat  stops  at  Fort  Hamilton  to  land  and  receive  passen- 
gers.   Fare  12^  cents. 

Rockaway  Beach,  a  celebrated  and  fashionable  watering-place, 
on  the  Atlantic  sea-coast,  is  in  a  s.  e.  direction  from  New  York. 
The  Marine  Pavilion,  a  splendid  establishment,  erected  in  1834, 
upon  the  beach,  a  short  distance  from  the  ocean,  is  furnished  in 
a  style  befitting  its  object  as  a  place  of  resort  for  gay  and  fash- 
ionable company.  There  is  another  hotel  here  which  is  well 
kept ;  also  several  private  boarding-houses,  where  the  visiter, 
seeking  pleasure  or  health,  may  enjoy  the  invigorating  ocean 
breeze,  with  less  parade  and  at  a  more  reasonable  cost  than  at 
the  hotela  The  best  route  to  Rockaway  is  by  the  Long  Island 
Railroad  to  Jamaica,  twelve  miles,  25  cents ;  thence  by  stage 
eight  miles,  over  an  excellent  road,  to  the  beach,  50  cents. 

Bloomingdale  is  a  neat  village,  five  miles  from  the  City  Hail, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Hudson.  Here  is  the  Orphan  Asylum. 
Manhattanville,  two  miles  north  of  the  latter  place,  contains  the 
Limatic  Asylum,  which  occupies  a  commanding  situation.    Har- 


''''\'( 


VICnflTT  Of  NEW  TtGRK.  CVtt, 


135 


lem,  eight  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  is  reached  by  the  cars  on  the 
Harlem  Railroad,  which  leave  the  depot  in  New  York  many 
times  daily. 

Places  on  the  Hudson  river  worthy  the  attention  of  strangers, 
are  described  under  the  heading,  "  Passage  up  the  Hudson,"  at 
page  152 

Staten  Jeland,  the  landing  at  which  is  about  five  miles  from 
New  York  and  fronting  the  Quarantine  Ground,  has  a  fine  situa- 
tion commanding  a  splendid  view  of  the  beautiful  bay,  Long 
Island,  &.C.  There  are  here  hotels  and  boarding-houses,  for  the 
reception  of  visiters.  Steamboats  leave  New  York  several  times 
daily,  from  the  foot  of  Whitehall-st.,  at  the  Battery.  Fare  12J^ 
cents.  NeuD  Brightouy  Port  Richmond^  and  the  Sailor's  Snug 
Harbor,  an  asylum  for  superannuated  seamen,  are  situated  in 
the  N.  part  of  the  Island.  Steamboats  leave  daily  from  the  foot 
of  Battery  Place.       r"     , 

Long  Branch,  situated  on  the  eastern  coast  of  New  Jersey,  32 
miles  from  the  city  of  New  York,  is  a  popular  place  of  resort  for 
those  fond  of  seashore  recreation,  and  where  a  pure  and  invigor- 
ating atmosphere  is  always  to  be  found. 

The  Ocean  House,  a  hotel  of  the  first  order,  a  short  distance 
N  from  Long  Branch,  is  a  place  where,  during  the  oppressive 
heat  of  isuramer,  a  greater  degree  of  real  comfort  can  be  enjoyed 
than,  perhaps,  at  the  more  fashionable  watering-places.  The 
sea-breeze,  which  is  constant  here  as  well  as  at  Long  Branch, 
and  the  convenient  surf-bathiug,  have  an  almost  magic  efiect  in 
restoring  the  exhausted  energies  of  the  human  frame  ;  while  a 
view  of  that  grandest  of  objects,  the  Ocean,  which  is  here  spread 
out  before  you — now  gently  undulating  in  dalliance  with  the 
breeze,  and  now  upheaved  by  the  tempest — has  an  equally  salu- 
tary efiect  on  the  animal  spirits.  There  is  admirable  sport  in  this 
vicinity  fur  the  angler.  The  Shrewsbury  river  on  the  one  side, 
and  the  ocean  on  the  other,  swarm  with  all  the  delicate  varieties 
of  fish  with  which  our  markets  abound. 

Shrewsbury,  Red  Bank,  and  Tinton  Falls,  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  above,  are  also  peaces  of  great  resort. 

A  steamboat  leaves  New  York  daily  from  Fulton-slip  for  the 
above  places. 


f 


!3G 


RAILROAD   AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFANION. 


:»••■ 


-^^^^^ 


Vtew  from  Brooklyn    '  Helfhta  ' 


BROOKLYN. 


Bkooklvn,  the  Hecond  ^iity  in  the  state  of  New  York  for  pop- 
ulation, ifi  situated  at  the  w.  end  of  Long  Island,  opposite  the  city 
of  New  York,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  East  River. 
The  communication  between  the  two  places  is  rendered  easy  and 
convenient  by  five  steam-ferries,  viz :  The  Fulton  ferry,  (which 
is  by  far  the  greatest  thoroughfare  ;)  the  South  ferry  ;  Catharine 
ferry  ;  Jackton,  or  Navy  Yard  ferry,  and  the  Hamilton  Avenue 
ferry.  Two  new  ferries  are  about  to  be  established — the  Mon- 
tague and  the  Bridge-st.  ferries,  (the  former  for  foot  passengers 
only,) — and  will  soon  go  into  operation.  The  location  of  the 
above  ferries  is  shown  in  Map  No.  1. 

The  Fulton  ferry  boats  run  every  few  minutes  during  the  day 
and  evening,  until  12  p.  m.  After  that  hour,  a  boat  leaves  each 
side  every  30  minutes  until  morning.  The  price  on  each  ferry  is 
two  cents  for  foot  passengers  ;  children  lialf  price.  Commuters 
are  charged  ^10.00  per  annum.  The  crossing  to  and  fro,  on  both 
tha  Fulton  and  South  ferries,  especially  mornings  and  evenings, 
is  so  great  as  to  strike  a  stranger  with  astouishmeut.     Throe 


BROOKLYN. 


ia7 


boats  constantly  ply  at  the  same  time  on  each,  and  the  time  oc- 
cupied is  usually  from  four  to  six  minutes. 

Brooklyn  is  laid  out  with  considerable  regularity,  the  streets, 
with  the  exception  of  Fulton,  being  generally  straight,  and  cross- 
ing each  other  at  right  angles.  Many  of  them  are  shaded  with 
fine  trees,  which,  in  the  summer  season,  impart  to  the  city  the 
freshness  and  gayety  of  a  country  town.  It  is  this,  with  the  pu- 
rity of  its  atmosphere,  and  the  facilities  afforded  for  reaching  the 
great  metropolis,  that  has  made  this  place  increase  so  rapidly  in 
wealth  and  population.  Most  of  the  houses  are  well  built,  and 
many  are  distinguished  for  chasteness  and  elegance  of  architectural 
design.  ""'";;.  /■.••*.. :i;r-;i.M»i  ■'"■•-' 

The  ground  on  which  the  city  is  built  is  more  elevated  than 
the  opposite  shore.  The  *'  Heights,"  on  the  East  River,  present 
a  bold  front,  elevated  70  feet  above  tidewater,  affording  a  de- 
lightful view  of  New  York,  its  harbor,  the  islands  in  the  bay,  and 
the  shore  of  New  Jersey. 

The  shores,  where  not  defended  by  wharves,  undergo  continual 
and  rapid  changes  by  the  velocity  of  the  current  in  the  East 
River.  Governor's  Island  was  formerly  connected  with  Brook- 
lyn at  Red  Hook  Point ;  and  previous  to  the  Revolution,  cattle 
were  driven  from  the  Hook  to  the  island,  then  separated  by  a 
narrow  and  shallow  passage  called  Buttermilk  Channel,  which 
is  now  wide  and  deep  enough  for  the  passage  of  merchant  ves- 
sels of  the  largest  size. 

Brooklyn  was  incorporated  as  a  village  in  April,  1806,  and  as 
a  city,  with  greatly  extended  limits,  on  the  8th  of  April,  1834. 
It  is  divided  into  nine  wards,  and  is  govenu^d  by  a  mayor  and  a 
board  of  18  aldermen,  two  from  each  ward,  annually  electejl. 

The  population  of  B  ooklyn  increased  from  1830  to  1840  at 
the  rate  of  57  per  cent,  for  each  five  years,  and  from  1840  to 
1845,  it  was  64  per  cent.  The  census  of  1850  gave  this  place 
96,000  inhabitants,  making  it  in  point  of  numbers  the  seventh 
city  in  the  Union.  The  taxable  property  in  184'3'  amo;inted  to 
$29,365,189,  and  the  amount  of  taxes  the  same  year  was  within 
a  fraction  of  $250,000. 

Public  Buildu^gs. — Of  thewe  the  most  prominent  is  the  new 
City  Hall,  situated  on  a  triangular  piece  of  ground,  bounded  by 


138 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Court,  Fulton,  and  Joraleuion  sta.  It  id  constructed  of  white 
marble,  from  the  quarries  of  Westchester  county,  in  the  lonio 
style  of  architecture.  It  is  162  by  102  feet,  and  75  feet  in  height 
to  the  top  of  the  cornice.  It  is  surmounted  by  a  cupola,  the  top 
of  which,  from  the  street,  is  153  feet.  The  interior  contains 
rooms  for  the  various  departments  of  business  connected  with  the 
city  and  county.  Its  whole  cost  will  not  exceed  $200,000. — The 
Jailj  a  substantial  building  erected  in  1837,  is  situated  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  Brooklyn,  near  Fort  Greene. — ^I'he  Lyceum,  in  Wash- 
ington-st.,  coiAtei  of  Concord,  is  a  fine  granite  building,  with  a 
spacious  and  commodious  lecture-room. — ^The  City  Library  con- 
tains a  Surge  i  i.inber  of  valuable  literary  and  scientific  works. — 
The  Sc.  '  '^R  Bank  is  in  an  elegant  new  building  on  the  comer 
of  Fultot  ud  Concord  sts. — The  Brooklyn  Female  Academy,  a 
spacious  buildi       is  in  Joralemon-st.,  near  Clinton.  vH' 

Churcheb. — '^he  churches  in  Brooklyn  are  about  50  in  num- 
ber, and  many  of  those  recently  constructed  are  splendid  edifices, 
— the  principal  of  which  is  the  new  Episcopal  Church  of  "  The 
Holy  Trinity,"  situated  in  Ciinton-st.,  which  is  a  fine  specimen 
of  Gothic  architecture.  This  church  was  erected  by  the  munifi- 
cence of  a  citizen  of  Brooklyn  at  a  cost  of  about  $150,000. 

The  United  States  Navy  Yard  is  situated  on  the  s.  side  of 
Wallabout  Bay,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Brooklyn,  and  occu- 
pies about  40  acres  of  ground,  enclosed  on  the  land  side  by  a  high 
wall.  There  are  here  two  large  ship-houses  for  vessels  of  the 
largest  class,  with  workshops  and  every  requisite  necessary  for  an 
extensive  naval  depot.  The  United  States  Naval  Lyceum,  an 
interesting  place,  also  in  the  Navy  Yard,  is  a  literary  institution, 
formed  in  1833  by  officers  of  the  navy  connected  with  the  port. 
It  contains  a  splendid  collection  of  curiosities,  and  mineralogical 
and  geological  cabinets,  with  numerous  other  valuable  and  curi- 
ous things  worthy  the  inspection  of  the  visiter.  A  Dry  Dock  is 
being  constructed  here,  at  a  cost  of  about  $1,000,000.  On  the 
opposite  side  of  the  Wallabout,  half  a  mile  east  of  the  Navy  Yard, 
is  the  Marine  Hospital,  a  fine  building  erected  on  a  commanding 
situation,  and  surrounded  by  upwards  of  30  acres  of  well-culti- 
vated ground. 

At  the  Wallabout  were  stationed  the  Jersey  and  other  prison* 


.tf. 


BROOKLYN. 


139 


ships  of  the  English  during  the  Revolutionary  war,  in  which  it 
is  said  11,500  American  prisoners  perished,  from  bad  air,  close 
confinement,  and  ilUtreatmeut  In  1808,  the  bones  of  the  suf- 
ferers, which  had  been  washed  out  from  the  bunk  where  they 
had  been  slightly  buried,  were  collected,  and  deposited  in  13  cof- 
fins, inscribed  with  the  names  of  the  13  original  states,  and  placed 
in  a  vault  beneath  a  wooden  building  eiected  for  the  purpose,  in 
Hudson  avenue,  opposite  to  Frout-st.,  near  the  Navy  Yard. 

The  Atlantic  Dock,  about  a  mile  below  the  South  Ferry,  is 
a  very  extensive  work,  and  worthy  the  attention  of  strangers. 
The  Hamilton  Avenue  Ferry,  near  the  Battery,  lands  its  passen- 
gers close  by.  The  company  was  incorporated  in  May,  1840, 
with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000.  The  basin  within  the  piers  con- 
tains 42^  acres,  with  sufficient  depth  of  water  for  the  largest 
ships.  The  piers  are  furnished  with  many  spacious  stone  ware- 
houses. ....    .a  -.,..-.       ,.JV.,      .^.     _, 

Greenwood  Cemetery  is  in  the  &  part  of  Brooklyn,  at  Gow- 
anus,  about  three  miles  from  the  Fulton  Ferry,  at  which  place 
visiters  take  the  stages,  which  leave  hourly,  for  the  Cemetery. 
Fare  13^  cents.  Another  way  to  Greenwood  is  by  the  new 
ferry  at  Whitehall,  which  lands  its  passengers  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Cemetery,  on  a  pier  of  great  length  jutting  out  from  the 
shore:  carriages  run  from  the  landing-place  to  the  Cemetery, 
carrying  passengers  at  a  trifling  charge. 

This  Cemetery  was  incorporated  in  1838,  and  contains  242 
acres  of  ground,  about  one-half  of  which  is  covered  with  wood 
of  a  natural  growth.  It  originally  contained  172  acres,  but  re- 
cently 70  more  have  been  added  by  purchase,  and  brought  with- 
in the  enclosure.  Free  entrance  is  allowed  to  persons  on  foot 
during  week-days,  but  on  the  Sabbath  none  but  proprietors  of 
lots  and  their  families,  and  persons  with  them,  are  admitted ;  oth- 
ers than  proprietors  can  obtain  a  permit  f  r  carriages  on  week- 
days. These  grounds  have  a  varied  surface  of  hills,  valleys,  and 
plains.  The  elevations  afford  extensive  views  ;  that  from  Ocean 
Hill,  near  the  western  line,  presents  a  wide  range  of  the  ocean, 
with  a  portion  of  Long  Island.  Battle  Hill,  in  the  n.  w.,  com- 
mands an  extensive  viev/  of  the  cities  of  Brooklyn  and  New 
York,  the  Hudson  river,  the  noble  bay,  and  of  New  Jersey  and 


■^    ■- 


140 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFANIOIT. 


Staten  Island.  From  the  other  elevated  grounds  in  the  Cenie- 
tery  there  are  fine  prospects.  Greenwood  is  traversed  by  winding 
avenues  and  paths,  which  afford  visiters  an  opportunity  of  seeing 
this  extensive  Cemetery,  if  sufficient  time  is  taken  for  the  pur- 
pose. Several  of  the  monuments,  original  in  their  design,  are 
very  beautiful,  and  cannot  fail  to  attract  the  notice  of  strangers. 
Those  of  the  Iowa  Indian  princess,  Dohumine,  and  the  "  mad 
poet,"  McDonald  Clark,  near  the  Sylvan  Water,  are  admirable. 

Visiters  by  keeping  the  main  avenue,  called  The  Tour,  as  in- 
dicated by  gttide-boardg,  will  obtain  the  best  general  view  of  the 
Cemetery,  and  will  be  able  again  to  reach  the  entrance  without 
difficulty.  Unless  this  caution  be  observed,  they  may  find  them- 
selves at  a  loss  to  discover  their  way  out.  By  paying  a  little 
attent  on,  however,  to  the  grounds  and  guide-boards,  they  will 
soon  b&  able  to  take  other  avenues,  nany  of  which  pass  through 
grounds  of  pecuHar  interest  and  beauty.  .     ^  ^ 

"  In  Greenwood,  are  quiet  dells,  nestling  little  lakes  in  their 
bosoms,  shaded  by  locusts  and  willows  from  the  sun,  made  cool 
by  the  sea  breezes,  and  musical  with  the  songs  of  birds ;  or  you 
may  loiter  in  a  village  of  graves,  as  it  were,  with  hundreds  of 
visiters,  like  yourself,  poring  over  sculptured  tokens  of  affection." 

These  delightful  grounds  now  attract  much  attention,  and  have 
already  become  a  place  of  great  resort,  and  they  will  continue 
yearly  to  attract  additional  crowds  of  visiters,  as  their  beauties 
become  more  generally  known,  and  the  ties  more  extended  that 
bind  many  in  the  surrounding  country  and  neighboring  cities,  to 
the  unce-loved — not,  to  the  eyes  of  Faith  and  Affection,  dead, 
but  sleeping — forms  of  those  who  lie  in  this  beautiful  resting- 
place  of  the  departed.  '  "/ 


"  '.'VFJ 


r  > 


LOira   ISLAND  RAILROAD  ROUTE. 


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(See  Map  No.  15.) 


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This  road  extends  from  South  Brooklyn,  opposite  the  lower  part 
of  the  city  of  New  York,  to  Greenport,  at  the  east  end  of  Long 
Island,  96  miles.  It  was  opened  for  travel  in  1838,  and  cost  in 
ita  construction,  up  to  Jan.  1,  1848,  $2,027,991.68.    After  leav- 


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LONG  ISLAXD  BAILBOAp. 


141 


ing  the  depot  near  the  South  Feny,  the  .cftn  pa«  through 
a  tunnel,  under  Atlantic-st,  which  is  3,750  feet  long^  and 
ahout  30  deep,  at  the  highest  part  of  the  street,  auicl  which  cost 
$96,000. 

The  raihoad  to  Jamaica,  13  miles,  was  the  first  link  of  the 
road  constructed,  by  a  company  incorporated  April,  1833,  with  a 
capital  of  $300,000.  In  April,  1834,  the  Long  Island  Railroad 
Company  was  incorporated,  with  a  capital  of  $1,500,000,  to  con- 
struct  a  road  through  Long  Island  to  Greenport,  with  permission 
to  unite  with  the  Brooklyn  and  Jamaica  Company.  The  dengn 
of  this  road  originally  was  to  open  a  speedy  communication  be- 
tween  New  York  and  Boston,  which,  by  a  ferry  crossing  the 
Sound,  was  to  connect  with  either  of  the  great  routes  that  ter- 
minate in  the  latter  dty.  A  steamer  now  runs  between  Oreen- 
port  and  New  London,  Ct.  Passengers  by  this  line  will  arrive  at 
New  London  in  time  to  take  the  cars  for  Hartford,  and  also,  those 
from  Norwich,  Worcester,  Ac  Passengers  from  New  York  will 
reach  New  London  in  about  6^  hours,  and  can  return  the  same 
afternoon,  in  the  Norwich  boat,  or  the  next  morning,  by  the  L.  L 
route,  the  steamer  running  so  as  to  connect  with  it  Fare  from 
New  York  to  New  London,  |2,00.  The  distance  between  New 
York  and  Boston,  by  this  route,  connecting  with  the  Norwich 
and  Worcester  Railroad,  is  286  miles. 

From  Brooklyn  to  Bedford^  3jf  miles.  Fare  6  cents ;  Eaat 
New  York,  5^,  13  cents ;  Union  Race  Couree,  8,  30  cents ;  Ja- 
maica,  13,  35  cents;  BruehvUU,  15,  31  cents;  Hempetead 
Branch,  19,  37  cents ;  HiekniUe,  37,  50  cents ;  Farmingdale, 
33,  63  cents ;  Deer  Park,  38,  75  cents ;  Thompeon,  41,  $1.00 ; 
Suffolk  Station,45,  $1.00 ;  Medford  Station,  56,  $1.13;  Yap- 
hank,  60,  $li25  ;  St.  Oeorge*8  Manor,  68,  $1.50 ;  Riverhead, 
75,  $1.63 ;  Jame»port,eO,  $1.63 ;  Mattetuck^85,  $1.75;  South- 
old,  93,  $1.87  ;  Oreenport,  96,  $3.00.  On  arrival  of  the  cars 
at  the  latter  place,  a  steamboat  leaves  for  Sag  Harbor. 

Stage"  leave  Jamaica  daily  for  Roekaway,  on  arrival  of  the 
cars.  Fare  50  cents.  From  Hicksville  to  Cold  Spring,  Hunt- 
ington,  and  Oyeter  Bay ;  from  Deer  Park  to  Babylon;  from 
Thompson  to  lolip  and  Meehanieeville  ;  from  Suffolk  Station  to 
Patehoguei   from  Yaphank  to  Millville ;   from  St  George's 


SSiSK 


■HMkMMMMi*^ 


142 


BAILROAD  AMD  STCANBOAT  COItPAirKHr. 


Manor  to  Mortchea;  and  from  Riveifaead  to  Quogue  and  S.  and 
B.  Hampton. 

Jamaica,  situated  on  the  railroad,  and  on  the  tnmpike-xoad 
leading  from  Brooklyn  to  Hempstead,  Is  a  neat  and  pleasant  vil- 
la^re,  approached  by  roads  running  through  a  district  highly  cul- 
tivated, and  richly  adorned  with  productive  farms  uxd  sjdendid 
country 'Seats.  This  village  is  a  groat  resort  for  persons  from  the 
neighboring  cities,  the  railroad  rendering  the  communication  eaiy 
and  convenient  Many  persons  doing  business  in  New  York  have 
permanent  residences  here. 

A  branch  road,  two  and  a  half  miles,  extends  to  Hempgtead, 
centrally  situated  upon  the  south  side  of  "  Hempstead  Plains," 
>^nd,  by  a  turnpike-road,  about  21  miles  from  Brooklyn.  The  soil, 
which  is  sandy  loam,  is  rendered  highly  productive  by  judicious 
cultivation.    Fare  from  Brooklyn  37^  cents. 

North  Hempgtead,  31  miles  from  Brooklyn,  is  situated  a  short 
distance  north  of  the  railroad,  and  on  the  turnpike-road  which 
runs  throughout  the  island.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  county,  and 
contains  the  courthouse,  &c.  In  this  town  is  **  Harbor  Hill," 
which  rises  to  the  height  of  321  feet  above  the  ocean,  and  is  said 
to  be  the  most  elevated  land  on  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Mon- 
tauk  Point  to  Florida.  It  is  about  12  miles  from  the  Atlantic, 
and  is  visible  some  distance  at  sea.  Success  Pond,  situated  on  a 
high  ^ill,  in  the  west  part  of  the  town,  is  a  mile  in  circumfer- 
ence :  it  abou;ids  with  yellow  perch,  and  is  a  favorite  resort  for 
the  angler.  ^ 

Riverhead  is  situated  on  the  Peconic  river,  75  miles  from 
Brooklyn,  and  is  the  capital  of  Sufiblk  county.  Vessels  of  70 
tons  burden  come  within  two  and  a  half  miles  of  the  village. 
Large  quantities  of  wood  are  sent  from  this  place  to  New  York. 

Oreenport  is  the  eastern  termination  of  the  Long  Island  Rail- 
road, 96  miles  from  Brooklyn.  Before  the  construction  of  the 
railroad,  it  consisted  of  a  few  straggling  houses  only,  but  is  now 
quite  a  large  and  prosperous  village. 

Oardiner*8  Island,  situated  across  the  mouth  of  Gardiner's 
Bay,  about  10  miles  from  Greenport,  was  settled  as  eariy  as  1638, 
by  a  Scotchman  who  had  snrved  in  the  English  army.  This,  it 
is  said,  was  the  first  British  settlement  in  the  state  of  New  York. 


and 


HEW  YORK  AND  HEW  HAVEH   RAILROAD. 


148 


The  island  is  remarkable  foi  its  fine  cultivation,  its  eictensiye 
dairy,  numeroi^  herds,  and  great  product  of  wool.  "  The  cele- 
Inuted  Captain  Kidd  called  at  this  island  on  his  way  to  Bosttxi, 
when  he  returned  from  his  cruise  in  1699,  and  deposited  here  a 
box  of  gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones,  intrusting  the  then  owner 
of  the  island  with  the  secret,  and  holding  his  life  in  pledge  for 
bis  fidelity.  An  account  of  this  deposite  was  found  among  the 
pirate's  papers  upon  his  arrest ;  and  the  box  was  disinterred,  and 
delivered  to  the  commissioners  appointed  to  receive  it  It  con- 
tained 7881  oz.  of  gold,  84*7^  oz.  of  silver,  and  1*71  of  jewels." 


THB  ITBW  TOBK  AND  NBW  ttA'^N  RAILROAD. 
(See  Mxp  No.  15.) 

This  road  extends  firom  the  Harlem  Railroad,,  at  a .  point 

near  <*  Williams^  Bridge,"  18^  miles  firom  the  Ci'j  Hall,  New 

Ycurk.    It  is  76  miles  in  length,  and  cost  about  |2,600,000. 

This  road  opens  the  communication  with  Boston  and  all  the 

•rincipal  cities  and  towns  in  New  England. 

RoDTB  nioM  New  Tork  to  New  Haven. — ^To  New  JRocJulle^ 
20  miles,  86  cents ;  Mamaroneck^  28,  40  eta ;  i2y«,  2*7,  46  cts. ; 
Port  GhHter^  28^,  60  cts.;  Greenwich,  81,  66  ct&;  Stamford, 
86,  66  cts. ;  Darien,  41, 70  cts. ;  Norwalx,  44, 76  cts. ;  Wettport, 
47,  86  cts.;  Swtthport,  62,  96  cts.;  Fairfield,  64,  96  cts.; 
Bbidoefost,  68},  |1,00 ;  Stratford,  62,  |1,16 ;  Milford,  66,  |1,80 ; 
New  Haven,  76,  $1,60. 

Norvoalk,  Conn.,  <m  the  route  of  the  New  York  and  New  Ha- 
ven Railroad,  is  a  very  pleasant  town,  situated  on  "Long  Island 
Sound,  46  miles  v.  b.  from  New  York,  and  86  w.  s.  w.  firom  New 
Havea  The  village  is  built  on  both  sides  of  Norwalk  river,  over 
which  is  a  bridge,  to  whidb  vessels  come  that  draw  only  six 
feet  of  water.  One  and  a  half  miles  s.  of  the  borough  is  South 
Norwalk,  where  the  steamboats  land  which  ply  between  New 
York  and  Norwalk.  Pop.  in  1848  about  4,000.  (For  descrip- 
tion of  New  Haven  and  Bridgepwt,  see  index.) 


144 


RAILROAD  AND   STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


The  Naugatuck  Railkoao  extends  from  its  junction  with  tin 
New  York  and  New  Haven  road  at  Milford,  to  the  yiUage  of 
Winsted,  a  distance  of  6*7  milea  It  was  opened  for  trayel  in 
Sept,  1849,  and  cost,  equipments  included,  $1,800,000. 

Fbox  Bbidokfort  to  Winsted. — To  Junction,  6  miles ;  Der- 
by,  14,  40  eta ;  Awonin,  16,  46  cts. ;  Humphreywille,  20,  60 
cts. ;  Naugaiwk,  2?,  66  cts. ;  WiUerburyt  82,  76  cts. ;  WaMt 
ville,  86,  86  ct&;  Plymouih,42,  $1,06  ;  IAtehJieldSta^i9,  $1,80 
WoleoUviUe,  62,  $1,30 ;  Bwrrville,  67,  |1,40 ;  Wintted,  62,  $1,60 


^  BABLBM  BAILROAD,       , 

(See  Maps  Nos.  15  and  1&)  > 

This  road  extends  from  the  City  Hall,  a,t  the  junction  of  Oexi  • 
tre  and  Chatham  sts.,  through  Centre,  Broome,  and  the  Bowery,,, 
to  the  Fourth  avenue ;  at  82d-st.  it  enters  the  first  deep  cutting 
into  the  solid  rock,  at  Murray's  Hill,  and  then  proceeds  towaros 
the  tunnel  under  Prospect  Hill,  at  Torkville,  which  is  696  feet 
long,  24  wide,  and  21  high  to  the  top  of  the  arch,  cut  through 
solid  rock,  and  which  cost  $90,000 ;  from  thence  it  proceeds  to 
Harlem,  crossing  the  river  over  a  substantial  bridge  into  the 
county  of  ^Westchester. 

This  road  is  intended  to  unite  with  the  Albany  and  West 
Stockbridge  Railroad,  at  Chatham  Four  Comers,  and  in  ccmneo- 
ti<xi  with  which  it  will  open  a  cpmmiuiication  between  the  cities  et 
New  York  and  Albany.  Its  completion  will  open  a  new  trade 
ynik  the  rich  and  flourishing  counties  through  winch  it  is  to  pass, 
that  will  give  a,  new  impetus  to  its  business  prospects. 

The  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad  unites  with  the 
Harlem  at  a  point  near  Williams'  Bridge.  Froin  New  York 
to  Yorkville,  6  miles,  .Far«  12j^  cents;  Harlem,  8,  12^  cents; 
Morrmana,  8^,20  cents;  Fordham,  IS,  20  cents;  WUltanuf 
Bridge,\4t^,  26  cents;  Tuekahoe  Station,  20,  87  cents;  J9aff« 
Comer,  24,  60  cents;  White  Plains,  27,  60  cents;  PhMant^ 


BUDSOM  RIVSR  RAILSOAO. 


14ft 


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miafMf 

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vUU,  31, 63  cento ;  New  Cattle  Comertt  41 ,  75  cento ;  Bedford, 
44,  87  cento ;  Whitloekville,  48,  90  cento  ;  and  to  Croton  FaU§ 
and  Sotnertt  $1.00. 

<9ta^««  run  daily,  connecting  with  the  can,  between  Harlem 
and  the  HighBridge ;  from  Harlem  to  Maeomh'e  Dttm  and  Kingt" 
bridge ;  from  Williams'  Bridge  to  E.  Cheeter,  W.  Farme,  W 
Cheeteft  New  Roehellet  and  Mamaroneeki  fare  35  cents.  From 
Fordham  to  Yonker»t  25  cento ;  and  frdm  Williams'  Bridge  to 
Yonkere,  18}  cento ;  from  Croton  Falls  to  Lake  Mahopae,  35 
cento ;  from  White  Plains  to  Port  Cheeter  and  Rye,  35  cents. 

Yorkville  is  five  miles  n.  of  the  City  Hall :  the  can  pass  through 
it  many  times  daily.  In  this  vicinity  is  the  Receiving  Reservoii 
of  the  Croton  water-works,  containing  35  acres,  enclosed  by  a 
high,  substantial  wall. 

Harlem,  eight  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  is  a  suburb  of  New 
York,  and  is  quite  a  manufacturing  place.  It  can  be  reachedl 
from  the  city  by  the  cars,  many  times  daily.  Hailem  wa» 
founded  by  the  Dutch,  in  1658,  with  a  view  to  the  amusement 
and  recreation  of  the  citizens.  The  following  is  from  an  ancient 
Dutch  record.  **  The  Governor  and  Council,  desirous  to  form  a 
new  village  at  the  end  of  Manhattan  Island,  proposed  to-  settlers 
granto  of  land  of  45  acres  each,  at  13  shillings  the  acre,  free  from 
tithes,  for  10  years,  and  to  assign  15  soldiers  for  their  defence  ;. 
to  erect  a  sub-court  of  justice  when  there  should  be  35  families' 
established ;  to  provide  a  clergyman,  half  of  whose  salary  should 
be  paid  by  the  government ;  and  to  mi^e  a  road  to  the  city  by 
the  company's  negroes." 

White  Plairu  and  Bedford  are  each  semi-capitals  of  West- 
Chester  county :  the  latter  is  situated  upon  a  highly  fertile  plain, 
encompassed  by  hills.  Whitloekeville,  at  the  j^notioa  of  CroM 
and  Croton  rivers,  has  some  manu&atunng^ 


HUDSON  RITBB  HAILBOAD) 

(See  Map  No.  1&) 

The  Hudson  Rivbb  Railroad*  will  extend  firom  the  city  off 
New  YorV:  to  Albany,  (144  miles.);  and  will  pass  throng  all  thft 

10 


146 


RAILROAD  AMD  STEAMBOAT  COMPANIOR. 


populous  and  thrifty'  towns  and  villages  on  the  banks  of  the 
noble  Hudson.  Its  probable  cost,  including  eyery  thing,  will  be 
about  17,000,000.  This  road,  in  regard  to  construction,  will 
have  no  superior  in  the  counUy.  It  is  estimated  that /our  hourt 
•and  a  A«/f  will  be  all  the  time  required  for  running  the  distance 
between  the  two  cities,  and  uniform  at  all  seasons  of  the  year. 

In  the'donstruction  of  the  road  between  New  York  and  Pough* 
keepsie,  many  formidable  obstructions  have  been  overcome. 
The  rook  excavation  at  Fort  Washington  Point,  about  8  mfles 
from  the  city,  is  over  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  leng^;  and  at  the 
highest  point,  the  cutting  is  60  feet  deep.  64,000  cubic  yards  of 
rock  have  been  taken  from  it  This  has  been  used  in  construct* 
ing  a  road  bed  and  protection  wall  of  more  than  2,000  feet  in 
length,  across  the  bay  below  the  Point,  over  which  the  road  is 
carried. 

Route  from  New  Y«ek  to  Podghkeepsib. — To  Manhaitanr 
ville,  8  mile8,/ar«  12^  cts..;  Ycnkern,  17, 86  cts. ;  Hoiting*,  21, 46 
cts. ;  Dobb8*  Ferry,  22,  46  cts. ;  8ir^  Sing,  88, 66  cts. ;  Croton, 
86,  76  cts. ;  Feekakill,  48,  86  cts. ;  Garrison's,  61,  (1,00 ;  Cold 
Spring,  64,  $1,10;  Fishkill,  60,|1,20;  Low  Point,  64,  |1,80; 
JTmo  Hamburg,  66,  |1,86 ;  Bamegat,  69,  |1,40 ;  Poughksefsi^ 
76,  $(1„60. 

For  description  of  places  on  the  Hudson  River,  see  "  Passage 
up  the  Hudson,"  at  page  162. 


mAMSIUPO  AND  PATERBON  RAILROAD. 

iHiis  line,  16  miles  in  length,  unites  the  PaiienKm  railroad 
with  the  New  York  and  Erie,  at  Suflfem's.  It  opens  to  the 
jpaeeenger  travel  of  the  latter  road  a  more  direct,  expeditious, 
iftnd  convenient  route  to  New  York,  than  by  the  way  <^  Pier- 
onont  and  the  Hudson  river.    It  is  about  10  miles  nearer. 

Route  from  New  York  to  Suffebn's,  via  Patebson. — ^To 
Jersey  City,  1  mile :  Bergen  Junction,  2^:  ^ea«auc««,  6 ;  jBo»<- 
ing  Spring,  9  ;  Passaic  Bridge,  11 ;  Aquackanionk,  12 ;  Acker- 
SMMk*,  18 ;  Paterson,  11,  fare  60  cents;  Biver  Road,  18^;  Rock 
Road,  20;  Oodwinville,  21^;  Hohokus,  28;  Allendale,  26) 
Ramse^tf  27 ;  Wantnaker's,  30 ;  Suffern's,  82,/are  82  cts.  = 


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mw  rORK  Alio  ERll   RAILROAD. 


147 


NIW  TOSS  AMD  BBXB  RAILROAD, 
<8m  Map*  Not.  17  umI  1&) 

This  important  railroad  commencet  at  Piennont,  on  the 
Hudson  river,  24  mile*  above  New  York,  and  extends  to  Dan* 
kirk,  on  Lake  F4rie,  a  distance  of  460  miles,  and  from  New  York 
474  miles.  lU  entire  cost  will  be  about  20,600,000  dollars. 
Tlie  route  traversed  by  this  road  is  through  one  of  the  finest 
agricultural  districts  in  the  country.  At  Dunkirk,  its  terminuip 
the  lake  navigation  usually  opens  from  four  to  six  weeks  ear- 
lier, and  remains  open  for  the  same  period  later  than  at  BulEfda 

At  Owego,  246  miles  from  New  York,  the  Cayuga  and  Sus- 
quehanna Railroad  is  intersected.  It  extends  to  Ithaca,  (29 
miles,)  at  which  place  it  connects,  by  a  line  of  steamboats,  with 
Oayuga  Bridge,  where  it  unites  with  the  Albany  and  BuifiJo 
Railroad ;  thus  opening  to  this  section  of  country  a  speedy  com- 
munication with  the  city  of  New  York. 

At  Elmira,  88  miles  beyond  Owego,  the  Erie  road  intersects 
with  the  Chemung  Railroad,  running  to  the  head  of  Seneca  Lake, 
a  distance  of  18  miles.  By  this  road,  and  the  steamboats  run- 
ning on  the  lake,  a  direct  communication  is  opened  with  Geneva 
and  other  important  cities  and  towns  in  Western  New  York. 

At  Coming,  18  miles  beyond  Elmira,  a  uni<m  is  formed  with 
the  Coming  ancl  Blossburg  Railroad,  extending  40  miles  to  the 
bituminous  coal  and  iron  fields  of  Pennsylvania. 

From  Hornellsville,  about  40  miles  from  Coming,  a  branch 
road  will  extent!  to  the  Albany  and  Buffalo  road  at  Attica, 
thereby  still  farther  reducing  the  distance  between  New  York 
and  Buffiilo.  In  a  few  years  other  important  branches  wiU 
extend  from  it,  all  of  which  will  contribute  to  the  wealth  and 
importance  of  the  Erie  Railroad. 

Route  fkom  N.  Yoax  to  Dunkirk. — ^To  Piermont,  (by  steam- 
boat,) 24  miles, /ar0  26  cts. ;  BlauvdtvUle,  29,  80  ct8.j  Clark%- 
tomiy  88, 34  cts. ;  Spring  Valley^  86,  40  cts ;  Montey^ 
iStt/tfrtM,  42,  60  cts.;  Ramapo^  44,  66  cts.;  Sloat^mrg,  46, 10 
cts. ;  Monroe  TTorAr*,  62,  86  cts. ;  Wilkes,  54,  90  cts. ;  Tumere, 
67,95  cts.;  Monroe,  69,  $1.00;  Oxford,  62,  $1.00;  Cheettr,  66, 
11.00 ;  Ooehen,  70,  f  1.16 ;  New  Hampton,  74,  $1.20 ;  Middletown, 


148 


BAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  C0MPA9I0N. 


n     I' 


77,  %1.26 'fSbioellSf  81,  $1.40;  Otisville,  86,  $1.60;  Delaware, 
98,  11.75:  Laekawaxeriy  121,  $2.25;  Narrow8burg,lZ2,t2A0\ 
Cocliecton,  141,  $2.60;  Callicoon,  146,  $2.70 ;  Fremont,  153,  $2.86 ; 
Equinunk,  163,  $3.05;  Stockport,  169,  $3.15;  Hancock,  174, 
$3.25;  Deposit,  187,  $3.60;  Summit,  194,  $8.65  ;  Stiaquehanrut, 
202,  $3.85;  Great  Bend,  210,  $4.00;  Kirkwood,  216,  $4.10;^ 
Binghamton,  225,  $4.25 ;  Union,  233,  $4.45 ;  Campville,  240, 
$4.60 ;  OiiN^<70,  247,  $4.75 ;  TVo^a,  252,  $4.85  ;  Smithhoro,  266, 
$4.95;  Barton,  259,  $5.00;  Waverley,  266,  $5.15;  Chemung, 
270,  $5.25 ;  Tr«//«6ur^,  276,  $5.35  ;  Elmira,  283,  $5.50  ;  <7t<ne- 
^io9t,  287,  $5.60;  Big  Flats,  293,  $5.65;  Corning,  801,  $5.80; 
Painted  Post,  802,  $5.85;  Addison,  312,  $6.00;  Rathhoneville, 
817,  $6.10 ;  Cameron,  324,  $6.25 ;  Canisteo,  337,  $6.50 ;  ffomella- 
ville,  342,  $6.60 ;  Almond,  346,  $6.70 ;  Baker's  Bridge,  850, 
$6.80 ;  Andover,  358,  $6.95 ;  Genesee,  367,  $7.15 ;  /Scio,  871, 
$7.20;  Phillipsnille,  375,  $7.30;  Belvidere,  379,  $7.40;  CmJo, 
890, $7.70;  ^marfa/e,  397,  $7.80 ;  0/ean, 404,  $7.95 ;  Alleghany,. 
408,  $8.00 ;  Dunkirk,  469,  $8.00. 

Through  tickets  are  sold  from  N,  York  to  Geneva,  844  milefl» 
for  $6.50;  to  Rochester  395,  for  $8.15;  to  Buffalo  469,  for  $10.86. 

Passengers  for  Ithaca  and  Cay^iga  Lake  take  the  cars  at 
Owego ;  aod  those  for  Tioga  and  Lycoming  Co.,  Fa.,  at  Com*, 
ing.    The  Newlmrg  Branch  diverges  from  the  Erie  at  Chester. 

Ramapov&  situated  two  and  a  half  miles  above' the  New  Jer- 
sey line,  and  lies  in  the  deep  valley  of  Ramapo  river,  on  the  old 
stage-road  from  New  York  to  Albany.  It  is  two  and  a  half- 
miles  above  the  Jersey  boundary  line,  and  in  the  Pass,  which 
was  fortified  during  the  revolutionary  war.  It  contains  some 
manufactories,  and  a  population  of  about  2,000. 

Chester  lies  on  the  stage-road  from  Goshen  to  New  York,  aboqt 
18  miles  s.  w.  from  Newburg,  in  a  rich  and  picturesque  country. 

Goshen,  the  shire  town  of  Orange  county,  lies  in  a  beautiful 
valley,  46  miles  from  Piermont,  70  from  New  York,  and  20  from 
the  Hudson  at  West  Point.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  large  quan- 
tities of  batter  with  which  it  furnishes  the  New  York  and  other 
markets.  The  Newburg  Branch  Railroad  connects  with  the 
Erie  at  Chester.  From  Goshen  and  Chester  conveyances  can 
always  be  obtained  to  Qreenwood  Lake,  one  of  the  pleasantest 


/ 


HEW  TOBK  AND  ERIE  RAILROAD. 


149 


«-, 


wntering-pIacM  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York.  The  country 
abounds  with  lakes  and  pondSf  containing  pickerel,  and  other 
fine  fish.  ' 

Middletowrii  a  large  and  handaomely-built  yillage,  contaimi 
five  churches,  an  academy,  &c.  It  has  increased  rapidly  •mc- 
the  construction  of  the  railroad. 

•^Otisville  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  situated  on  the  east' 
side  of  the  Shawaugunk  mountain,  a  few  rods  from  the  celebra  ^' 
ted  pass,  formerly  called  the  "  Deer-park  Gap,"  through  which 
an  opening  is  made  for  the  passage  of  the  railroad,  cu^.  in  the 
solid  rock,  extending  for  half  a  mile,  and  which  in  some  places  is 
50  feet  deep.    After  passing  this  place  the  railroad  turns  slightly r^^ 
to  the  s.,  keeping  the  western  side  of  the  Shawaugunk,  and  grad«vf? 
ually  declining  by  a  gentle  slope  through  the  beautiful  valley  of; 
the  Neversink,  reaches  the  Delaware  at  the  village  of  Port  Jer*# 
vis,  near  which  it  crosses  the  river  and  the  Delaware  and  Hud*.^ 
son  Canal. 

Port  JertiSj  or  Carpenter's  Point,  is  a  large  and  rapidly  grow^k 
ing  village,  situated  on  the  Delaware  river,  near  its  junction  with;-^ 
the  Neversink,  which  is  here  about  80  feet  wide.     By  the  Deia-% 
ware,  it  carries  on  an  extensive  trade  in  lumber  and  general 
produce  with  the  towns  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  and^. 
by  the  Delaware  and  Hudsou  Canal,  with  the  towns  on  the  North 
River.    The  completion  of  the  Erie  Railroad  to  this  place  will 
prove  of  immense  benefit,  as  it  brings  it  in  immediate  connection 
with  New  York.  i'ifi-^^ 

Binghamton  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Chenango  and 
Susquehanna  rivers.  It  is  on  the  line  of  the  Erie  Railroad.  Thov, 
Chenango  Canal  connects  it  with  the  Erie  Canal  at  Utica.  It 
has  an  extensive  trade,  particularly  in  lumber,  and  exports  much 
to  the  towns  on  the  Hudson,  and  also  to  Baltimore  and  PhiladeU>; 
phia  by  the  Susquehanna  river.  Its  population  amounts  to 
about  4,000.  '!-::ir»*^fc»-  ^MMm'  ■     • 

t^Milfordt  on  the  Delaware  river,  is  six  miles  below  Port  Jervis,, 
aiud  the  intersection  of  the  Erie  Railroad  with  the  Delaware  and 
Hndseo  Canal.    The  inhabitants  are  much  engaged  in  the  lum- 
ber trade.    The  Sawkill,  which  dashes  down  the  ravine,  near  thtf^ 
southern  border  of  the  town,  in  its  course  turns  several  mills.      ■;; 


i60 


>!■; 


RAILROAD  AND  STE  iMBOAT  C(Mf PANION. 


T.  About  a  mile  and  a  quarter  s.  w.  from  Milford,  in  a  very  aeola- 
ded  spot,  may  be  seen  the  magnificent  "  Falls  of  the  Sawkill." 
This  stream,  after  flowing  sluggishly  for  some  miles  through  level 
table>land,  is  here  precipitated  over  two  perpendicular  ledges  of 
slate-rock — ^the  first  of  about  20  feet,  and  the  second  about  60 
feet — into  a  wild,  rocky  gorge.  The  stream  still  continues,  dash- 
ing and  foaming  on  for  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  over  smaller  preci- 
pices, and  through  chasms  scarcely  wide  enough  for  an  individual 
to  pass.  The  beetling  cliflT:}  that  form  the  sides  of  the  gorge  are 
surmounted  and  shaded  by  cedars  and  hemlocks,  that  impart  a 
peculiarly  sombre  and  terrific  air  to  the  scenery.  The  surface  of 
the  hill  by  which  they  are  approached,  is  on  a  level  with  the  top 
of  the  second  fall ;  and  the  spectator,  on  account  of  the  bushes 
and  trees,  may  reach  the  very  verge  of  the  precipice,  and  within 
almost  leaping  distance  of  the  falls,  before  he  perceives  them ; 
and  if  he  should  happen  for  the  first  time  to  have  trodden  that 
lonely  path  without  a  companion,  after  the  shades  of  twilight  had 
thrown  a  deeper  gloom  around  the  glen,  he  will  not  soon  forget 
the  awful  sublimity  of  the  scene.  t««.^ti-  ?' «0  > 

'  Honeadalet  Penn.,  the  shire  town  of  Wayne  county,  is  a  thri- 
ving place,  and  contained,  in  Jan.  1848,  5,000  inhabitants.  There 
are  here  six  churches  of  diflferent  denominations,  various  manu- 
factories, the  mechanical  establishments  usually  found  in  places 
of  this  description,  and  at  least  25  large  and  well-conducted 
stores,  besides  numerous  smaller  ones.  This  place  owes  its  origin 
and  progress  to  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal,  at  the  termi- 
nation and  junction  of  which  with  the  Lackawana  Railroad,  it 
is  situated. 

Carbondale,  Penn.,  at  the  west  end  of  the  Lackawana  Rail- 
road, 15  miles  from  Honesdale,  is  now,  though  it  has  sprung  into 
«xistence  entirely  within  a  few  years,  a  populous  place,  owing  to 
its  situation  in  the  great  anthracite  coal  region.  Its  products  are 
transported  by  inclined  planes  and  railroad  over  the  Moosic  Moun- 
tain to  Honesdale,  and  ihence  by  canal  to  New  York.  Stages 
leave  Carbondale  for  Wilkesbarre,  and  other  places  in  its  vicinity. 
Otoego,  N.  Y.,  is  advantageously  situated  for  trade,  on  the 
Susquehanna  river.  It  is  a  beautiful  place,  and  is  fast  growing 
In  importance.    A  railroad,  29  miles  in  length,  extends  to  Ithaou; 


NEW  TORE  AXD  ERIE  RAILROAD. 


151 


by  which,  and  the  Cayqga  Lake  and  Canal,  communication  if 
had  with  the  Erie  Canal :  it  is  also  on  the  line  of  the  New  York 
and  Erie  Railroad. 

Ithaca  is  beautifully  situated  a  mile  and  a  half  above  the  head 
of  Cayuga  Lake,  being  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  hills,  which 
rise  by  a  gentle  ascent,  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  to  the 
height  of  500  feet.  A  portion  of  the  village  is  built  on  the  hills, 
from  which  commanding  situation  a  splendid  view  of  the  lake 
and  the  adjacent  country  is  obtained.  The  population  is  about 
6,000.  Its  location  for  trade  has  been  very  fortunate.  By  the 
Ithaca  and  Ovoego  Railroadf  29  miles  in  length,  it  communicates 
with  Owego  on  the  Susquehanna  river,  and  by  the  lake  and  the 
Seneca  and  Erie  canals  with  New  York  and  Buffalo ;  and  in 
1849,  it  connected  with  the  Erie  Railroad,  forming  the  most 
direct  route  between  Ithaca  and  New  York  city.  Its  trade  with 
Pennsylvania  is  considerable,  receiving  iron  and  coal  in  exchange 
for  plaster,  salt,  lime,  flour,  &c. 

Elmira  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  Newton  creek  with  the 
Chemung  river,  having  a  very  favorable  position  for  trade.  By 
the  Chemung  and  Susquehanna  rivers,  it  communicates  with  the 
interior  of  Pennsylvania,  and  by  the  Chemung  Canal  and  the 
Seneca  Lake  and  Canal,  it  has  access  to  the  Erie  Canal.  By  the 
.  Williamsport  and  Elmira  Railroad,  it  will  receive  from  Pennsylva- 
nia bituminous  coal  and  iron,  for  which  important  articles  it  must 
become  the  great  depot ;  and  by  the  completion  of  the  New 
York  and  Erie  Railroad,  it  will  obtain  a  ready  communication 
with  the  Hudson  river  and  Lake  Erie. 

Corning  is  a  pleasant  and  enterprising  village  of  about  3,000 
inhabitants,  and  being  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Chemung 
river,  it  must  become  a  place  of  some  importance.  In  addition 
to  the  coal  business,  carried  over  the  Blossburg  and  Coming  Rail- 
road, from  the  mines  in  Pennsylvania,  it  is  the  depot  for  vast 
quantities  of  lumber,  brought  there  from  the  country  above  for 
sale  and  shipment.  The  great  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad 
will  pass  through  this  place  on  its  route  to  the  lake. 
9m  Blosaburgt  Penn.,  is  situated  on  the  Tioga  river,  at  the  head 
6f  the  Blossburg  and  Coming  Railroad,  connecting  the  bitumin- 
ous coal  and  iron  mines  of  Tioga  county  with  the  Chemung  river 


153 


RAILROAD  AND  ST^AUBOAT  COMPANION. 


and  canal  of  New  York.  This  wUU  no  doubt,  become  a  point  d 
some  importance,  when  all  the  natural  reiourcee  in  ita  vicinity 
■hall  be  properly  developed. 


PASSAOE  X7P  THE  HUDSON. 

(See  Map  No.  18.) 

On  leaving  the  city  of  New  York,  in  any  one  of  the  man> 
steamboats  that  ply  upon  the  waters  of  the  Hudson, — not  inaptly 
termed  "  floating  palaces,"  from  the  expensiveuess  and  splendor 
of  their  construction,  the  gorgeousness  and  profusion  of  their  dec* 
orations,  and  the  many  appliances  with  which  they  are  provided 
to  charp  the  senses  and  dissipate  the  ennui  of  travel,T-the  trav* 
eller  is  at  once  introduced  to  a  scene  of  great  beauty,  and  which 
forms  a  fitting  prelude  to  the  enchanting  views  that  await  his 
progress  up  the  river.  Behind  him,  a  short  distance,  lies  the 
Battery,  the  ornament  of  New  York,  and  the  pride  of  its  citi- 
zens ;  and  a  little  farther  on,  his  attention  is  arrested  by  Govern- 
or's Island  and  its  fortifications.  Casting  his  view  down  the  Bay, 
he  has  a  glimpse  of  the  "  Narrows,"  and  of  the  shores  of  Long 
and  Staten  islands ;  which,  in  the  distance,  seem  almost  to  meet 
—apparently  separated  by  only  a  thread  of  water ;  while  on  the 
west  side  of  the  bay  hb  eye  is  attracted  by  Bedlow's  and  Ellis's 
islands,  whose  batteries  can  hardly  be  said  to  frown,  amid  the  wa- 
ters and  the  verdure  that  flash  and  smile  around  them.  ThesOi 
with  many  other  but  lesser  objects  that  enhance  the  beauty  and 
Interest  of  the  view,  place  ibis  scene  among  such  as  are,  "  like 
angel  visits,  few  and  far  between." 

Opposite  New  York  iaJeney  Cityt  where  commence  the  Phil- 
adelphia and  the  Paterson  railroads.  This  is  also  the  starting- 
point  of  the  Morris  Canal,  which  unites  the  Hudson  with  the 
Delaware  river.  One  mile  n.  is  Hohokent  a  popular  place  of  re- 
sort for  the  citizens  of  New  York.  The  walks,  which  are  shaded 
by  trees,  extend  for  about  two  miles  along  the  bank  of  the  river, 
terminating  with  the  Elysian  Fields.  Four  miles  above  the  city, 
on  this  side  of  the  river,  is  Weehavoken.  Under  a  ledge  of  rockft 
faoiqg  the  river,  is  the  q>ot  where  Alexander  Hamilton  fell  in  • 


k  point  of 
I  vioinity 


he  man> 
ot  inaptly 
1  splendor 
their  dec- 
9  provided 
-the  trav* 
md  which 
await  his 
),  lies  the 
of  its  citi- 
^  Govern- 
the  Bay, 
8  of  Long 
8t  to  meet 
lile  on  the 
tnd  Ellis's 
id  the  wa- 
These, 
eauty  and 
are,  "  like 

the  PhU- 
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I  with  the' 
ace  of  re- 
ure  shaded 
the  river, 
I  the  city, 
;e  of  rock» 
feUia% 


..miiiitSflti'-  ■ 


-,.-CT.srli|r;yS»>>«jrtT>rK*»«"»«'~-  -"^  - 


£VTaeri82.<uci;rdDi^tcUlc(o^(S)n^r«a4,mduj'e<trJ4^,^1KMZ2ta7Ttc.  in'Ou  Clerk's  Office,  ofAelHatrietCtncrt.  ofW^o 


: .  „  v::.^.u..„  ..w&*J;;ii«ATi«iSv^';%TsA.^vvj:?^  ,,. 


'.  ros 


4 


•■93 


FA88A0B  TJF  THB  HUDSOH. 


14» 


duel  with  Aaron  Burr»  July  11, 1804.  Formerly  there  wm  here 
a  marble  monument  erected  to  hie  memory,  but  it  ia  now  re- 
moved. 

The  Palitadet  are  a  remarkaUe  range  of  precipicea  of  trap- 
rock,  extending  up  the  riyer  on  the  weat  aide  20  milea  to  Tappan, 
and  forming  a  singular  and  in  many  plaoea  an  impassable  boun- 
dary.   They  rise  to  the  height  of  500  feet 

BitU*»  Ferry t  six  miles  from  New  York,  is  a  jdace  of  consider- 
able resort  during  the  summer  season.  It  is  connected  with  New 
York  by  a  ierry.    Fare  12^  cents. 

On  the  opposite  shore,  five  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  is  Bloom' 
ingdale,  a  suburb  of  New  York.  From  the  river  is  seen  the 
Orphan  Asylum,  with  its  green  lawn  extending  to  the  water's 
edge. 

Fort  Lee,  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  10  miles  above  the  city, 
is  situated  on  the  brow  of  the  Palisades.  The  fort — the  site  of 
which  is  about  300  feet  above  the  water — was  the  scene  of  im- 
portant military  operations  during  the  Revolutionary  war.  A 
large  body  of  American  militia  stationed  here,  in  attempting  to 
«etreat,  were  overpowered  by  a  vastly  superior  force,  consisting 
chiefly  of  Hessians,  when  they  were  either  slain  or  consigned  to 
the  prison-ship — a  fate  more  terrific  than  death  itsel£  A  ferry 
connects  it  with  New  York.    Fare  12^  cents. 

Fort  Washington  is  nearly  opposite.  Here,  during  the  Revo- 
lution, the  American  arms  sustained  a  defeat,  and  2,600  men 
surrendered  themselves  prisoners  of  war. 

Spuyten  Duyvel  Creek,  13  miles  above  New  York,  flows  into 
the  Hudson :  this  creek,  with  the  Harlem  river,  of  which  it  is  a 
part,  forms  Manhattan  Island,  on  which  the  city  is  built. 

Phillipaburg,  or  Yonkere,  17  miles  above  New  York,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  small  creek  called  the  Saw-Mill  Creek,  is  a  thriving 
village,  much  resorted  to  in  warm  weather.  Fare  by  eteamboat 
from  New  York,  25  cents. 

Haetinga,  three  miles  n.  of  Yonkers,  is  a  neat  little  village 
containing  some  fine  country-seats. 

Dobbt?  Ferry,  32  miles  n.  of  the  city,  was  a  noted  place  du- 
ring the  Revolutionary  war. 

Piermont,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  is  the  starting- 


164 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


polttt  of  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad.  A  pier  extendi  from 
the  shore  a  mile  in  length.  A  iteamboat  pliea  daily  between  tbit 
place  and  New  York,  and  connects  with  the  railroad.  Three 
and  a  half  milei  w.,  lies  the  village  of  Tappan,  celebrated  aa 
having  been  the  head-quarters  of  Washington  daring  the  Revola* 
tiou,  and  the  place  where  Major  Andre  was  executed,  in  Octo* 
her,  1780.  Here  commences  the  expansion  of  the  river  known 
as  Tappan  Bay,  extending  a  distance  of  10  miles,  with  an  aver- 
age breadth  of  two  and  a  half  miles. 

Four  miles  n.  of  Dobbs*  Ferry  is  the  beautiful  residence  of 
Washington  Irving.  This  villa  is  built  on  the  margin  of  the  rivert 
with  a  neat  lawn  and  embellished  grounds  surrounding  it  It  ia 
built  in  the  old  Dutch  style,  and  may  be  distinctly  seen  from  the 
steamboat,  in  going  up  or  down  the  river. 

Tarrytouki,  27  miles  above  New  York,  is  beautifully  situated 
on  Tappan  Bay.  Here  Major  Andre  was  stopped,  (on  his 
way  to  the  Briti^  lines,)  returning  from  hit  visit  to  General 
Arnold.  «^ 

Nyaekf  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  38  miles  above  New  York» 
was  formerly  important  for  its  quarries  of  red  sandstone ;  but  the 
Quincy  aud  other  granites  have  supplanted  it  itf  public  favor.  A 
steamboat  plies  daily  between  this  place  and  New  York. 

Sing  Sing  is  on  the  x.  shore  of  the  Hudson,  33  miles  above 
New  York.  It  is  situated  partly  on  elevated  ground,  and  com- 
mands a  fine  view  of  the  river  and  the  surrounding  country. 
This  place  contains  the  State  Prison,  occupying  130  acres  of 
ground,  which  can  be  distinctly  traced  from  the  boat,  as  it  pro- 
ceeds up  or  down  the  river.  It  is  noted  for  its  marble  qnarrieek 
which  are  extensively  Worked  by  the  state  convicts,  who  have 
erected  two  large  prisons,  workshops,  &c.,  from  the  stone  quaN 
ried  here.  The  Croton  river,  after  running  s.  w.  for  about  40 
miles,  enters  the  Hudson  two  miles  above  Sing  Sing,  and  during 
the  spring  of  the  year  pours  a  considerable  volume  of  water  intd 
that  river.  Its  source  is  derived  from  ponds  of  pure  water  in  a 
granite  region  of  country.  '  A  portion  of  this  river  is  diverted  from 
its  course  to  su|^ly  the  citizens  of  the  metropolis  with  pure  wa- 
ter. The  rapid  freshets  of  the  Croton  have  brought  down  such 
an  amount  of  earth  and  stones  as  to  form  Telleis  or  Crotcu  Pointi 


PAMiGB  UP  THE  HUDSON. 


166 


A 


40 


a  a 


an  ifthmnt  that  extendi  about  a  mile  from  the  oattern  ihore,  lep- 
arating  the  Tappan  from  Haventraw  Bay. 

On  the  opposite  nde  of  the  river  ia  Verdritege*»  Hook,  a  bold 
headland  rkiing  majestically  from  the  water ;  above  which  the 
rirer  again  expands  to  the^  average  width  of  two  miles,  extending 
six,  and  is  known  as  the  Haverstraw  Bay.  On  the  Verdritege 
mountain  there  is  a  crystal  lake,  about  four  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, which  forms  the  source  of  the  Hackensaok  river,  and 
which,  although  not  more  than  a  mile  from  the  Hudson,  is  ele- 
vated 350  feet  above  it  This  is  the  Rockland  Lake,  from  which 
New  Yoric  is  supplied  with  ice  of  the  purest  quality.  The  ice, 
out  into  large  square  blocks,  is  slid  down  to  the  level  of  the  river, 
and,  when  the  river  breaks  up,  is  transported  to  the  city. 

Haverotraw,  or  Warren,  is  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  36  miles 
from  the  city,  with  which  there  is  daily  communication  by  steam- 
boat VerplaHek*»  Point,  on  the  a.  side  of  the  river,  and  Stony 
Point  on  the  opposite  side,  are  memorable  from  their  connection 
with  events  of  the  Revolutionary  war. 

CaldwelV*  Landing,  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  44  miles 
from  New  York,  is  at  the  base  of  the  Dunderburg  or  Thundtr 
mountain.  From  this  elevated  position,  which  is  300  feet  above 
the  river,  the  visiter  has  a  view  that  extends  over  Westchester 
county  to  Long  Island  Sound,  down  the  river  and  bays  to  the 
vicinity  of  the  city,  and  across  the  river  to  Peekskill  and  the 
mountain  summits  around  West  Point  Caldwell  is  usually  a 
place  of  landing  for  the  Albany  boats  on  their  way  up  the  river. 
Just  before  reaching  this  place,  the  traveller  who  has  never  be- 
fore ascended  the  river,  is  scarcely  able  to  conjecture,  as  he  looks 
around,  and  sees  all  further  ingress  apparently  cut  off,  which 
course  the  boat  will  pursue,— whether  through  the  deep  opening 
to  the  ri|^t,  or  the  one  in  front,  leading  through  the  mountains. 
During  this  brief  suspense,  and  while  contemfdlathig  the  stupen- 
dous elevation  close  at  hand,  which  the  steamer  almost  grazes  in 
Its  rapid  course,  the  boat  is  suddenly  directed  to  the  left,  around 
the  acute  angle  that  opens  into  the  Horse  jRaee,  a  short  reach  of 
the  river  between  the  mountains  on  the  s.,  and  St.  Anthony's 
Point  on  the  n. 
^it-PeekikUl,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  rivets  is  a  village<ef  some 


156 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPAlflOIT. 


I 


importance.    A  railroad  haa  been  propoaed  to  connect  thia  place 
with  New  Haven,  Conn.  •«•»«  • 

Th«  /ft^Aiand*.— Theae  may  be  conaidered  the  moat  remarka- 
ble feature  in  the  Hudaon  river  acenery.  They  are  16  milea  in 
width,  and  extend  in  a  n.  b.  and  a.  w.  direction,  about  35  milea. 
The  higheat  elevation  ia  1,680  feet  The  oourae  of  the  boat  now 
ia  through  the  "  Horae  Race,"  a  term  derived  from  the  rapidity 
of  the  current,  cauaed  by  an  abrupt  angle  in  the  bed  of  the  river, 
which  ia  contracted  to  a  narrow  apace  by  ita  paaiage  through  the 
mountain-paaa. 

Anthony*»  Note  on  the  right  or  eaat  diore,  ia  a  maaa  of  rocka 
riaiug  1,128  feet  above  the  level  of  the  river,  which  runa  deeply  at 
ita  base.  Two  milea  above  the  laat-named  place,  ia  the  Sugar- 
Loaf  Mountain,  which  reara  its  aummit  to  the  height  of  860  feet 
•'^  Thto  Buttermilk  FalU,  49  milea  above  the  city,  nearly  oppo- 
aite  the  Sugar- Loaf  Mountain,  preaent  a  fine  appearance,  eape- 
cially  when  the  stream  is  swollen  by  heavy  raina.  They  deacend 
^or  more  than  100  feet  in  two  succesaive  cascades,  spreading  out 
in  sheets  of  milk-white  foam  ;  a  fine  view  of  therm  la  obtained 
from  the  boat  whilst  passing. 

West  Point.— -The  traveller  has  now  arrived  at  thia  romantic 
Knd  interesting  spot,  53  miles  above  New  York,  and  93  milea 
from  x^  Ibany.  It  was  one  of  the  most  important  fortresses  during 
the  Revolutionary  war;  and  is  now  the  seat  of  the  national 
Military  School,  organized  in  1802,  under  the  direction  of  Gen. 
Williams.  The  cliff  selected  for  the  site  of  the  fortress  rests 
against  a  lofty  ridge  broken  into  small  eminences  thai  form  a 
species  of  amphitheatre,  washed  below  by  the  river.  It  rises  in 
terraces,  the  first  of  which  is  very  narrow  and  nearly  level  with 
the  river ;  the  second  is  approachable  by  a  steep  ascent  of.  80  or 
90  feet,  and  the  third,  rising  188  feet  above  the  level  of  the  wa- 
ter, spreads  into  a  plain  of  more  than  a  mile  in  circumference,  on 
which  the  principal  works  <«re  constructed,  the  chief  <^  which 
was  Fort  Clinton.  Upon  tht  n>:inei)c«8  were  several  redoubts 
which  commanded  Fort  C^ii^t  .ju,  of  Trhich  Fort  Putnam  was  the 
most  important  This  fort  is  elevat«*d  598  feet  uliove  the  nver. 
As  the  boat  proceeds  on  her  course  the  outworks  and  buildings 
attached  to  the  Military  School  are  plainly  discernible.    During 


PA8SA0S  UP  THE  HUDSON. 


IM 


Um  K^  .'olutionary  war  thii  post  was  emphatically  the  key  of  the 
country,  an  it  commanded  the  river,  which  admitted  vesaelii  of 
heavy  burden  aa  f ar  as  Hudaon,  aud  prevented  the  British  from 
holding  communication  with  Canada.  For  thin  reaaon  the  Brit« 
iali  commanders  were  very  si  xious  to  obtain  it,  and  its  surrender 
was  to  have  been  th''  ^^  t )' -u*  of  Arnold's  treason  ;  but  in  this  he 
was  disappointed  '> ,  Lt*^  at.  i  ■  of  Maj.  Andre. — llie  boat  stops  at 
the  landing  at  We  <  Pri>)t  to  discharge  and  receive  passengers, 
ttUowinp  the  '■r<<<reller  bb  ely  time  enough  to  catch  a  glimpue  of  the 
beauties  of  >>  locality.  There  is  a  hotel  at  the  brow  of  the  hill 
which  is  approachad  h;  u  good  carriage-road  from  the  steamboat 
landing :  the  pedestrian  may  mount  by  another  path,  though  not 
without  soma  difficulty.  Tha  view  from  the  obaervatory  at  the 
top  of  the  hotel  if  .peoHliarly  fine  in  all  ita  parts,  but  especially  on 
the  north, — loolunf  4own  upon  the  Hudson  and  toward*  New- 
buig,  and  the,  aewote  chain  of  the  Shawangunk  Mountains,  seen 
in  the  dimdiatanee  towards  the  northwest.,  Tlta>feotel  it  built  of 
jtonor  and^rtwiriennded  hy  saitouatVt  pewma  t»  fgorowMMle,  com- 
manding ittoAei^  <li)ltiUlf<iR^W!<of>(lh0ir|iUin -aiMl  buildings,  and 
in  the  reari  a  delightftd  proapect  of  the  river  and  Highlands.  Du- 
ring the  months  of  July  and  August,  the  oadeta  are  encamped  on 
the  plain,  when  it  is  highly  interesting  to  witness  the  drills  and 
parades  of  these  embryo  chieftains.  Near  the  n.  e.  extremity  of 
the  grounds,  at  the  projecting  point  forming  the  abrupt  bend  of 
the  river,  is  a  monument  of  white  marble,  consisting  of  a  base 
and  a  short  column,  on  the  former  of  which  is  the  simple  inscrip«« ' 
tion,  "  Kosciusko.^ — Erected  by  the  corps  of  Cadets,  1828."  It 
i^oA  $5,000.  Auothe*  monument  on  a  hillock  at  the  n.  w.  comer 
lO  plaiu>  id  an  obelisk,  20  feet  high,  erected  by  Major-general 
Brown  to  Colonel  E.  D.  Wood,  a  pupil  of  the  institution,  who  fell 
leading  a  charge  at  the  sortie  from  Fort  Erie,  on  the  17th  of 
Sept  1814.  On  the  river  bank  at  the  s.  k.  extremity  of  the 
parade-ground,  upon  a  lower  level,  is  KoscUisko's  garden,  whither 
the  Polish  chieftain  waa  accustomed  U.<  retire  for  study  or  reflec* 
tion.  Near  this  garden  is  a  clear  boiling  spring,  enclosed  in  a 
marble  reservoir,  with  durable  and  ornamental  steps  leading  down 
from  the  plain  above,  .with  an  axrangement  of  beochea  <mi  a  pro- 
jection of  the  fpek  for  Tisiteni.    .        ' 


T.:.;45r?v- 


'^:- 


W 


B 


^1- 


169 


KAILRQAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


There  i8  shown  at  West  Point  part  of  the  very  chain  used  to 
obstruct  the  passage  of  the  river  by  the  American  troops  in  tht 
Revolution  During  the  summer  evenings  frequent  cotillion  pai^ 
ties  are  giveui  to  which  visiters  are  always  invited  „r;»^^T  ^.  ^^^4 


As  the  boat  takes  a  sharp  turn  around  the  low,  rocky  proje4>« 
tion  of  the  river,  it  unfolds  to  the  eye  one  of.  the  loveliest  views 
in  the  world :— the  lake-like  expansion  of  the  river,  with  the 
steep  front  of  the  loily  mountain  that  here  faces  it,  called  the 
Crowds  Neat,  rising  to  the  height  of  1,428  feet,  with  a  depression 
on  the  top  tor  the  nest,  giving  a  fancied  resemblance  to  the  Ui»me 
it  bean.       ■■ '  ■  ■'■■■''   -"'•-'-  •''-■'  ■'■^'--^ 

[The  engraving  represents  a  view  of  the  "  Crow's  Nest,"  look- 
ing down  the  river,  with  West  Point  and  Fort  Putnam  in  the 
distance.]  The  general  view  of  the  mountains,  and  entire  pane- 
rama  of  the  feteer  hills  and  rocky  eminences  or  projections,  com- 
plete the  framing  of  this  magnificent  picture.  A  mile  above  West 
Pcnnt,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  is  the  West  Point  Iron 
Foundry,  the  largest  establishment  of  its  kind  in  the  country :  it 
is  situated  on  a  stream  that  flows  down  from  the  hills  in  the  vi- 
cinity, and  which  affi)rd8  considerable  water-power. 


I  ^fff-iffy^ 


ft*..  id-.l"--A-^St-Vi...  -f 


.-.■iti.uAAitaM'ij.iii  ,-.iiP--'.iiiiS.";  .».ij4^Ji 


■r'  "f  f 


PASSAO^  UP  THE  HXmsON. 


16& 


^*  Cold  Spring,  a  little  higher  up  on  the  same  riiore,  is  handsome* 
ly  situated  in  a  cove  between  Conttitution  Island  and  Bull  Hill, 
with  a  good  landing-place,  and  contains  1,200  inhabitants.  Bull 
Hill,  1,586  feet,  Breakntek  Hill,  1,187,  and  Beacon  Hill,  1,685 
feet  high,  are  situated  immediately  above  Cold  Spring.  Butter 
Hill  is  the  last  of  the  Highland  range  on  the  w.  shore,  and  is 
1,529  feet  high.  This  forms  a  more  impressive  sight  to  the  trav- 
eller than  the  others,  from  its  immense  toppling  masses  of  craggy 
rocks  and  sweep  of  precipice,  especially  towards  the  south.  In 
getting  clear  of  the  Highlands  we  pass  PolopeV*  Island,  a  mass 
of  rock  E.  of  the  channel,  having  the  appearance  of  the  top  of  a 
sunken  mountain. — Cornwall,  near  the  northern  base  of  Butter 
Hill,  two  miles  south  of  Newburg,  is  the  commencement  of  the 
expansion  of  the  Hudson  called  Newburg  Bay,  one  mile  wide 
and  five  long. — New  Windsor,  on  the  w.  bank,  59  miles  above 
New  York,  is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Do  Witt  Clinton. 

We  DOW  approach  Newburg  on  the  left,  which,  iu  1860,  had 
7,628  inhabitants,  and  which,  from  its  elevated  situation  on  a 
steep  acclivity,  is  presented  full  to  the  view  of  the  passing  trav-^ 
eller.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  landing-places,  and  is  connected 
with  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  at  Fiskkill  (a  thriving  place 
of  some  1,000  inhabitants)  by  a  ferry.  A  railroad  is  now  con- 
structed from  Newburg  to  Chester,  to  connect  at  that  point  with 
the  Erie  Railroad. 

Low  Point,  three  miles  above  Fishkill  Landing,  is  a  small  set- 
tlement on  the  river.  .  -'    .    i     ..^     ,.:,.  A:^^^.:- .>.,..; 

New  Hamburg,  the  next  place  above,  (near  Wappiuger's 
Creek,  an  important  mill-stream,)  is  another  bteamboat  landing 
— Hampton,  nearly  opposite,  is  connected  with  Newburg  by  a 
ferry.     A  little  n.  is  the  village  of  Marlboro*.  "^ 

Barnegat,  two  miles  above  New  Hamburg,  is  remarkable  foi 
its  many  lime-kilns. 

77  PouoHKEBPSiB,  ouc  of  the  handsomest  places  in  the  state,  was 
founded  by  the  Dutch  in  1735.  It  is  74  miles  from  the  city  of 
New  York,  71  from  Albany,  14  from  Newburg,  18  from  Kings- 
ton, and  42  from  Hudson.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade, 
oeing  surrounded  by  one  of  the  richest  agricultural  districts  in  the 
country.  Steamboats  and  sailing  vessels  are  owned  here.    Pough- 


160 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBCAT  COMfAHION. 


keepsie  oontaina  seyeral  well-kept  hotels.  The  Collegiate  School 
is  situated  on  C!ollege  Hill,  about  half  a  mile  n.  s.  of  the  yillagei 
Its  location  is  one  of  unrivalled  beauty,  oommandiug  an  exten- 
sive prospect  of  the  river  and  surrounding  country. — New  Paltg 
Landing  is  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  the  village  lying  a 
^ort  distance  back. — Hyde  Park,  80  miles  from  New  York,  and 
65  from  Albany,  is.  situatod  on  the  b.  bank  of  the  river.  The 
country-seats  here  are  very  beautiful.    Pop.  in  1850,  11,080^ 

Rondout,  at  the  moutli  of  the  Wallkill  river,  is  a  place  of  con^ 
siderable  trade,  it  beiny  within  two  miles  of  Eddyville,  the  teN 
mination  of  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal.  Lackawana  coal 
is  brought  from  the  mines  in  Pennsylvania  to  Rondout,  where  a 
number  of  vessels  are  employed  in  conveying  it  to  other  parts.-— 
One  mile  further  north  is  Kingtton  Landing,  where  stages  are 
always  ready  to  convey  passengers  to  Kingeton,  three  miles  in- 
land.— On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  is  Rhincheek  Landing, 
originally  settled  by  the  Dutch,  the  descendants  of  whom  still 
retain  the  habits,  language,  and  frugality  of  their  forefatheiB.-^ 
Lower  Red  Hook  is  seven  miles  north  ;  and  three  miles  still  fiv«^ 
ther  up  is  Upper  Red  Hook  Landing.  This  place  is  connected 
by  a  steam-ferry  with  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  at  Saugtr- 
ties,  an  important  manufacturing  village,  with  a  never-failing 
water-power,  derived  from  the  southern  slope  of  the  lofty  Cats- 
kill.- — Bristol  is  two  miles  above  Saugerties. 

The  village  of  Catskill,  111  miles  from  New  York,  and  34 
from  Albany,  is  seated  on  both  sides  of  Catakill  Creek,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Hudson^  Ctfaches,  so  arranged  as  to  be  at  the' 
steamboat  lauding  on  the  arrival  and  departure  of  the  boats,  run 
regularly  to  and  from  the  mountain  for  the  conveyance  of  pas- 
sengers, and  also  to  enable  those  who  are  so  inclined  to  visit  th6 
different  falls  in  the  vicinity.  The  time  required  for  ascending 
to  the  Mountain  House,  a  distance  of  12  miles,  is  usually  four 
hours,  and  thieH>prioe  $1,35  —half  the  time  being  sufficient  to 
return.  The  journey  up  the  mountain,  though  a  safe  one,  is 
rather  trying  toumid  persons ;  the  road  for  two-thirds  of  the  dis- 
tance from  the  landing  being  very  nneven,  and  the  remaining 
distance  a  steep  ascent,  in  a  zigzag  direction  to  the  top.  The 
CaUtkUl  Mountain  House  is  12  miles  from  Catskill  landing,  upon 


PASSAGE  UP  THE  HUDSON. 


Kit 


the  ■ummit  of  one  of  the  principal  mountains,  known  aa  "  Table 
Rock,"  ut  an  elevation  of  2,500  feet  above  the  Hudaon.  Thia 
hotel,  erected  by  the  citizens  of  Catskill  at  a  coat  of  |^,000,  is 
140  feet  long,  and  four  atoriea  high,  with  a  piazza  extending 
aurosB  the  front,  supported  by  a  colonnade.  It  is  planed  at  a 
convenient  distance  back  from  the  verge  of  the  pTecl|Mce,  in  order 
to  allow  carriages  to  drive  up  in  front  to  set  down  and  receive 
passengers.  A  few  feet  from  the  building  the  rock  terminates  in 
a  fearful  precipice,  from  the  brow  of  which  the  inexperienced  be- 
holder starts  back  in  uncontrollable  alarm.  "  In  the  rear,  peaka 
upon  peaks  rise  in  every  direction,  and  far  away  ia  the  distance, 
all  covered  with  luxuriant  foliage.  No  description  can  do  justice 
to  the  almost  illimitable  prospect  in  front  Standing  upon  the 
piazza  or  the  rock,  you  seem  to  have  left  the  earth  and  to  be  ga- 
zing from  some  ethereal  height  down  upon  the  world  and  its  con- 
cerns. You  see  nothing  above  or  around  you— all  is  below; 
even  the  clouds  wheel  and  roll  in  fleecy  grandeur  at  your  feet 
Forests,  meadows,  harvest-fields,  plains,  mountains,  riven,  lakecs 
cottages,  villages,  and  cities,  are  in  every  direction.  A  deep  re- 
pose seems  to  have  settled  upon 
the  world  No  sound  reaches 
you,  except,  perhaps,  the  rattle 
of  the  thunder  from  some  distant 
hill,  or  the  sweet  song  of  the 
mountain  bird  upon  the  tree  be- 
neath you." 

.The  Catskill  Fallt,  of  which 
the  engraving  is  a  representa- 
tion, are  formed  by  two  lakes, 
one  mile  in  length  and  2,000 
feet  above  the  Hudson. 

The  water  over  the  first  pre- 
cipice falls  a  distance  of  175 
feet,  and  within  a  short  distance 
takes  another  plunge  of  about 
75  feet,  and  then  follows  the  dark  windings  of  the  ravine  to 
tlM  vuliey  of  the  CatskiQ.  Following  the  circuitous  path  that 
leads  down  a  distance  of  90  feet,  and  then  passing  under  the 

U 


162 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  UOMPANION. 


lock  behind  the  waterfall,  the  visiter  will  enjoy  many  fine  scenet.* 
The  pure  air  inhaled  at  the  Mountain  House  is  very  invigorating, 
and  its  exhilarating  qualities  have  restored  to  health  persons  who 
had  in  vain  tried  almost  every  other  means.  Stage*  leave  CaUh 
kill  daily  for    Owego,  Ithaeat  and  other  places. 

On  piassing  Catskill  the  boat  shapes  its  course  towards  the  city 
of  HcneoN,  which  is  116  miles  above  New  York,  and  29  from 
Albany.  The  city  is  built  principally  on  the  summit  of  a  hill,  60 
feet  above  the  river,  commanding  a  fine  prospect  At  the  land- 
ing are  several  warehouses,  which,  with  steamboats  and  sailing 
vessels,  are  evidence  of  the  capital  and  enterprise  existing  here 
Population  10,000.  Here  diverges  the  Hudson  and  Beriuhire 
Railroad,  connecting  with  the  Housatouic  at  the  Massachusetts 
state  lin^,  and  terminating  at  Bridgeport,  on  Long  Island  Sound. 
Travellers  intending  to  visit  the  Shaker  Village  at  New  Leha^ 
Ron,  about  36  miles  distant,  will  land  at  Hudson,  and  take  the 
railroad  cars  to  within  seven  miles  of  the  Springs,  which  are  much 
resorted  to  in  warm  weather.  (See  routes  to  Lebanon  Springs.) 
The  New  York  and  Albany  boats  land  and  receive  passengen 
several  times  daily.  Four  Mile  Point,  on  which  is  a  lighthouse, 
is  120  miles  above  New  York.  Here  is  the  head  of  ship  naviga- 
tion on  this  river. 

Coxaackie  Landing,  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  has  about 
1,500  inhalMtauts ;  the  village  is  one  mile  w.  of  the  landing. 
Nutter  Hook,  direoUy  opposite,  is  a  bustling  little  place,  with 
some  shipping.  / 


*  The  engraving,  it  will  be  observed,  exhibits  three  fHlls,  which  is 
ever  the  case  in  the  sununer  months,  when  the  supply  of  water  is  small. 
Occasionally,  however,  but  two  are  tO  be  seen.  This  occurs  only  in  the 
fall  or  early  spring,  in  which,  from  excessive  rains  or  from  freshetsj  the 
volume  of  the  lakes  is  greatly  increased,  when  the  accumulated  wateia 
rush  with  such  impetuosity,  that  instead  of  plunging  at  the  first  fall,  as 
represented  in  the  engraving,  they  are  carried  beyond  it,  to  the  second- 
thus  making  two  fiUls.  Visiters  seldom  see  the  falls  in  this  state,  since, 
as  a  matter  of  course,  they  seek  suoh  haunts  in  the  summer  months, 
when  there  is  a  diminished  supply  of  water.  At  such  times  the  water 
Is  preserved  with  great  care,  in  order  to  increase  the  body  of  the  fall  (m 
the  arrival  of  strangers ;  and  a  small  fee  is  demande<!hM  a  compensation 
for  the  labor  thus  expended  for  their  gratification. 


ALBAlfT 


169 


Stuyvetant,  a  little  farther  op  is  a  flourishing  place  that  senda 
large  quantities  of  produce  to  tht  New  York  market 

Kinderhook  Landing  w  127  miles  above  New  York.  Tlie 
village  of  Kinderiiooki  situated  about  five  miles  e.  of  the  ^ver,  is 
the  birthplace  of  Martin  Van  Bureu,  Ex-President  of  the  United 
States.    His  present  residence  is  two  miles  s.  of  the  village. 

New  Baltimore,  130  tniles  above  New  York,  is  a  village  of 
about  500  inhatMtants;  Coeymane,  on  the  w.  side  oi  the  river,  is 
three  mil^  big^«r  iqi>.  .  Sekodae  Landing  is  directly  opposite. 
Caetleton  m  three  miles  above  the  latter  place.  Here  a  bar 
injuriooa  ta  iiav^(atio&>  is  forming  in  the  channel  The  Over' 
eUntgh,  within  three  miles  of  the  city  of  Albany,  has  heretofore 
formed  tiie  principal  obstruction  to  the  free  navigation  oi  tlie 
river.  The  general  government  has  spent  considerable  sums  of 
money  in  deepening  the  channel ;  still,  the  evil  has  not  been  en- 
tirely overcome,  Uie  place  filling  up  again  as  (rften  as  cleaned 
out 

Greenbueh,  nearly  opposite  Albany^  is  the  terminus  of  the  Bos- 
ton and  Albany  Railroad,  and  also  of  the  raihoad  from  Troy.  It 
is  connected  with  Albany  by  a  ferry. 


ALBANY. 

The  capital  of  the  state  is  situated  on  the  w.  bank  of  Hudson 
river,  146  miles  above  the  city  of  New  York,  826  by  railroad 
from  Buffido,  200  from  Boston,  880  from  Washington,  and  260 
from  Montreal,  Canada.  Pop.  in  1860,  66,026.  This  dty  was 
founded  in  1613,  by  people  from  Holland,  and,  next  to  James- 
town in  Virginia,  was  the  earliest  European  settlement  within 
the  thirteen  original  states.  On  the  capture  of  New  York  by  the 
English  in  1664,  this  place  received  its  present  name,  in  honor  of 
James,  Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  afterwards  James  the  Second. 
The  city  has  a  commanding  situation,  aud  when  viewed  from 
the  water  appears  to  great  advantage. 

The  position  of  Albany,  near  the  head  of  tide  nsA  igation,  on- 
the  direct  Ime  of  communication  from  the  e.  and  the  s.  with  the 
St  Lawrence  river,  with  Saratoga  Springs,  and  with  the  lake 


164 


RAILROAD  AND  StEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


▼Inr  e(  AttHmy 

country,  oeceBsarily  makes  it  a  great  thoroughfare, 
pletion  of  the  Erie  aud  Champlain  canals  gave  this  city  great 
commercial  importance,  making  it  the  entrepot  for  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  products  of  the  state  destined  to  the  New  York 
markets.  To  accommodate  this  trade,  a  noble  basin  is  con- 
structed, upon  the  river,  in  which  all  the  boats  of  the  northern  and 
western  canals  are  received.  It  consists  of  part  of  the  river  in- 
cluded between  the  shore  and  a  pier  80  feet  wide  and  4,300  feet 
long.  The  pier  is  a  stupendous  work,  containing  several  acres, 
on  which  spacious  stores  have  been  erected,  where  immense 
quantities  of  lumber  and  other  articles  of  trade  are  deposited.  It 
is  connected  with  the  city  by  drawbridge& 

Of  the  public  buildings  in  Albany,  the  Capitol  ranks  among 
the  first  Within  it  are  the  legislative  halls,  the  rooms  of  the  su- 
preme and  chancery  courts,  the  state  library,  &c.  It  stands  at 
the  head  of  State-st.,  130  feet  above  the  river,  and  is  115  feet 
long,  96  broad,  and  50  high,  of  two  stories,  upon  a  basement  of 
10  feet  elevation.  On  the  k.  side  is  a  portico  of  the  louic  ordari 
with  columns  three  feet  eig^t  inches  in  diamete*  and  33  fati 


^;- 


ALBANT. 


»«» 


high.  It  is  built  of  Nyack  freestone,  and  cost  about  $125,000. 
The  legislative  halls  and  court-rooins  contain  portraits  of  emi- 
ment  men.  The  building  is  surrounded  by  a  puUio  square  en- 
closed with  an  iron  railing.  From  the  observatory  at  the  top, 
which  is  ucceAlble  to  visiters,  a  fine  view  of  the  surrounding  country 
is  obtained.-^The  Albany  Academy,  a  part  of  which  is  occiipied 
by  the  Albany  Lyceum,  is  built  of  the  same  stone  as  the  state* 
house,  and  fronts  on  the  square  n.  of  the  capitol.  It  cost  $100,000. 
—Thip  City  Hall,  fronting  the  capitol  square,  at  the  foot  of 
Wadiington>st,  is  constructed  of  white  marble  hewn,  out  by  the 
convicts  at  Sing  Sing,  and  appropriated  to  the  city  authoritiec 
Its  gplded  dome  is  very  conspicuous,  especially  when  viewed  from 
a  distance. — ^The  Exchange,  at  the  foot  of  State-st,  is  a  commo- 
dious building  of  granite,  constructed  a  few  years  since.  The 
Po»t-Office  is  in  this  building.  It  has  also  an  extensive  readuig;- 
room,  supplied  with  papers  and  periodicals,  both  American  and 
foreign ;  strangers  are  admitted  gratis. — The  old  statehouse  is 
now  converted  into  a  Museum,  for  the  reception  of  the  geological 
cabinet  formed  under  the  direction  of  the  state  geological  sur- 
veyors.— The  Albany  Female  Academy,  a  fine  building  in  North 
Pearl-st  This  school  enjoys  a  high  reputation. — Sianvoix  Hall, 
built  of  Quincy  granite,  is  surmounted  by  a  lai^e  dome. — ^The  re- 
ligious institutions  of  Albany  are  numerous.  The  principal  hotels 
are  the  American,  City,  Clinton,  Columbian,  Congress  Hall, 
Delavan  House,  (Temperance,)  Eastern  R.  R.  Hotel,  Franklin 
House,  Mansion  House,  Stamoix  Hall,  United  States  Hotel, 
and  Washington  Hall. 

Routes  from  Albany. — Daring  the  season  of  navigation,  nu- 
merous steamboats  ply  on  the  Hudson  between  Albany  and  New 
York,  and  also  the  principal  places  on  the  river.  There  are  both 
morning  and  evening  boats.  The  winter  route  from  Albany  to 
New  York  is  over  the  Albany  and  West  Stockbridge  and  Hon- 
satonic  railroads  to  Bridgeport ;  thence  by  steamer  to  New  York 
^^  From  Albany  to  Boston.— -Cross  the  ferry  to  Greenbush ;  there 
take  the  cars  for  Boston  via  Springfield  and  Worcester.  (See 
route  from  Boston  to  Albany.) 

From  Albany  to  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls,  and  from  AU 
i^ny  to  Montreal  and  Quebec,  Saratoga  Springe,  Ho.,  (see  In 


166 


BAILROAD  ARD  flTBAHBOAT  COMPARIOR. 


d<MC.)    Stage§  ran  to  all  the  principal  jdarM  in  tho  vicinity  of 
Albany. 

Ronrn  noM  Albant  and  Tbot  to  Baxjaton  Spa  and  Saka- 
TOOA  Spkincw,  (we  Map'  Na  19.) — ^Theae  fai^ionable  reaorta  are 
eaaily  reached  by  the  can  both  from  Albany  and  Troy.  From 
Albany,  by  the  Albany  and  Seheneetady  Railroad,  16  milea ;, 
thence  by  the  Saratoga  and  Schenectady  Railroad  to  Ballston 
Spa,  14  milea ;  thence  to  Saratoga  Springs,  7  miles :  total  37 
miles.  Fare  $1.63.  From  Troy,  the  traveller  has  his  choice  of 
two  routes,— either  by  way  of  the  Troy  and  Schenectady  RaU* 
road,  20  miles,  and  thence  as  by  the  former  roate :  total  41  milea  *^ 
Fare  $1.62 ;— or,  by  the  Renteelaer  and  Saratoga  Railroad, 
via  Mechanicsville,  terminating  at  Ballston  Spa,  24  miles,  there 
connecting  with  the  railroad  to  Saratoga  Springs :  total  32  miles. 
Fare  $1^50.    (See  Index  for  these  routes  respectively.) 


TROT  AND  aBBBNBUSH  RAILBOAD.  ^ 

(See  Map  No.  10.) 

This  road  is  six  miles  in  length,  and  was  opened  for  public  '■ 
travel  in  1845.  The  cost  of  construction  up  to  Jan.  1, 1848,  was 
$276,276,  and  the  total  income  during  the  year  was  $63,828. 
llie  travel  over  this  road  is  constantly  increasing,  and  its  stock 
is  among  the  best  in  the  country.  It  is  united  at  Greenbush  with 
the  Western  Railroad  to  Boston,  and  also  with  the  Housatonic 
at  the  state  line,  terminating  on  Long  Island  Sound.  At  Troy 
it  is  connected  with  the  Troy  and  Schenectady,  and  the  Rens- 
selaer and  Saratoga  railroads ;  the  former  uniting  with  the  chain 
of  railroads  to  Buffiilo,  and  the  latter  with  routes  to  Lake  Cham* 
idain.  f..  "■'■" 

This  road,  and  the  Schenectady  and  Troy,  and  the  Reus* 
aelaer  and  Saratoga  roads,  all  pass  through  the  main  street  of 
Troy,  and  take  up  passengers  at  the  door  of  each  of  the  principal 
hotels,  the  Mansion  House,  Troy  House,  &c. 

Trot  is  situated  at  the  head  of  tidewater  on  the  Hudson,  on 
the  B.  bank  of  the  river,  six  miles  above  Albany.  It  is  a  port  of 
entry,  and  the  seat  of  justice  of  Rensselaer  county     It  receivod 


EBRS8SLAER  AHD  SARATOGA  RAILROAD. 


167 


Hi  oity  bharter  in  1816.  Troy  m  celebrated  for  its  beauty  and 
healthineM ;  most  of  ita  atreeta  are  wide,  laid  out  at  right  anglee « 
and  planted  with  trees.  Mount  Ida»  directly  in  the  rear  of  the 
■.  part  of  the  city»  and  Mount  Olynipat  in  the  n.,  are  dbtin- 
gaished  eminencee,  afibrding  fine  Tiewt  of  the  country.  The 
city  ia  abundantly  supplied  with  water,  by  subterranean  pipes  of 
iroUrArom  a  basin  in  the  neighboring  town  of  Lanaingburg,  79 
feet  above  the  plain  of  the  city.  It  has  numerous  hotels,  several 
of  which  are  well  k^ ;  the  (Hrincipal  are,  the  American  Hotel, 
Maneion  Houee,  Troy  Hotue,  National  Temperance  Houte, 
Northern  Hotel,  Waehington  Hall,  and  ihe  York  Hotel  The 
can  leave  Troy  and  Greenbuah  every  hour  during  the  day  and 
evening.  Fare  12^  c  Boats  and  stages  also  run  between  Albany 
and  Troy.  Fare  12^— by  stage  25  c    Pop.  in  1860,  22,000. 

Weet  TVoy,  a  auburbof  Troy,  on  the  oppoaiteaide  of  the  riverf 
ia  a  rapidly  growing  place.  The  inhabitants  are  employed  prin- 
cipally in  mauufactnrea.  A  fine  macadamized  road  leada  from 
Weat  Troy  to  Albany,  a  distance  of  six  miles. 

At  Oibbonetille  is  a  United  Statee  Arsenal,  where  is  kept  a 
large  and  constant  supply  of  small-arms,  and  the  various  muni- 
tions of  war.  This  is  one  of  the  most  important  of  the  national 
depots,  and  is  worthy  the  attention  of  the  traveller. 


-ifei^c-sV-Jii 


TBB  BEMB8BLAEH  AND  BARATOaA  RAILBOAD: 
(See  Map  No.  10.) 

This  road  extends :  from  Troy  to  Saratoga  Springs,  32  miles. 
It  was  opened  in  ISSSt  and  the  cost  of  construction  to  Jan.  1, 
1848,  was  [|475301.  It  leaves  Troy  for  Mechanicsville  and 
the  Springs,  from  the  vicinity  of  some  of  the  principal  hotels, 
and  crosses  Hodsm  river  to  Green  Idaad  by  a  bridge  about 
1,600  feet  long  and  35  wide,  resting  on  piers  <rf  siriid  stone  ;  Mid 
•  thence  taking  a  direction  north  to  Waterf<Md,five  miles,  it  crosses 
several  branches  of  the  Mohawk  on  substairtild  Ividgea  resting  <m 
stone  abutments. 

Waterford,  157  miles  from  New  York,  and  19  above  Albany^ 
M  situated  at  the  junetion  of  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  riven,  on 


168 


HAJLKOAO  AlID  8TSAMB0AT  COMPANION. 


the  Cbainplain  C«n«U  and  on  the  railroad  above  deecribed.  Thia 
ii  the  extreme  head  of  eloop  navigation.  Waterford  is  conneoted 
with  i«nainghnrg,  on  the  a.  eide  of  the  river,  by  a  bridge. 

Coho€a  Pallt,  on  the  Mohawk  river,  about  3^  milee  w.  of  Wa- 
terford, near  the  yillage  of  Cohoee,  and  in  view  of  the  Erie  Canal, 
ia  much  resorted  to  by  visiters  from  all  parts.  The  falls  have  a 
perpendicular  descent  of  75  feet  The  banks  of  the  river  vary  in 
height  from  50  to  150  feet,  and  present  grand  and  romantic 
scenery.  A  short  distance  below  the  (alls  the  river  is  crossed  by 
a  bridge  about  800  feet  in  length. 

From  Waterford,  the  railroad  passes  for  eight  miles  along  the 
W*  eide  pf  the  Hudson  river  to  MeehanienilUt  a  small  but  thri- 
ving village :  it  then  crosses  the  canal,  and  in  about  ionr  miles 
passes  Ro^n4  Lafu,  on  its.  way  to  Ballston  Spa.  Here  it  con- 
^necta  w|th  the  routes  from  Schenectady,  and  the  oars,  after  a 
short  detention  to  land  and  receive  passengersi  pass  on  to  fiava- 
|9ga.  Springs. 

i,  .-     .  ..VI  Wk)^ 


THB  SABATOOA  AND  80HERE0TAD7  BAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  19.) 

This  road,  constructed  in  1833,  at  a  cost  of  $300,000,  com- 
mences at  Schenectady,  near  the  Erie  Canal,  where  it  connects 
with  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  Railroad  from  Albany,  the  Troy 
and  Schenectady  Railroad  from  Troy,  and  the  railroad  to  Utica 
and  the  West  It  crosses  the  city  to  the  bridge,  which  it  traverses 
without  interruption  to  the  ordinary  travel ;  thence  runs  across 
the  Mohawk  Flats,  for  about  three->fourths  of  a  mile ;  then  takes 
a  northeasterly  course,  in  full  view  ef  the.  river,  for  about  four 
miles;  then  a  northerly  course,  along  the  banks  of  Ballston 
Lake,  and  enters,  thcii  village;  of  Ballston  Spa.<  Leaiving  Ballstmi, 
it  crosses  a  6reekr  by  a  substantial. bridge,  and  is  thence  tontino 
ued  to  Saratoga*  The  scenery  along  the  whole  line  i&  beautifm 
and  the  country  remftrkaUy  level ;  the  greatest  inolmation  ou  the 
line  of  the  road  being  16  feet  to  the  mile. 

Bau^tqm  Spa,  sitjiatod  on  Kayaderosseros  creek*  a  small 
ftre^m  which  flows  throu^^  th^  viUage,  85  miles  from.Txoy^  and 


SABATOOl  AHD  SOmRlCTADT  RAILROAO. 


m 


89  from  Albany.  Ite  mineral  waten,  which  were  dieoovered  in 
1769f  an  celebrated  for  their  medicinal  qnalitiei,.  although  not 
w  popular  aa  formerly,  thoae  of  Baratoga  being  generally  prefer* 
red.  The  Satu  Souei  HoUlt  a  handaome  building  aituated  near 
the  centre  of  the 'village,  b  160  feet  long,  with  winga  extending 
.back  163  feet,  and  is  lurrounded  by  bdautiful  pleaaure-grounda. 
It  ia  a  welUkept  houae,  capable  of  accommodating  150  Tiaiten, 
and  IB  a  place  .of  faihionable  -reoort  Long  Lakit  five  miM 
aoHtb  of  the  Springe,  aflbrds  fine  eport  for  the  angler. 

Saratoqa  Speinos,  184  milea  n.  of  New  York,  39  from  Alba- 
ny, und  33  firom  Troy,  ia  the  most  popular  watering-place  in  the 
Uttifed  States,  and  one  of  the  most  celebrated  in  the  world.  It 
18  k  great  resort  for  people  from  all  parts  of  the  Union,  and  also 
from  Eun^.  During  the  summer  months,  particularly  July  and 
August,  the  hotels  and  other  places  of  accommodation  aro  much 
thronged,  the.  number  of  visiteni  being  very  great,  3,000  having 
arrived  hero  in  a  week.  The- waters  aro  useful  in  many  diseases, 
and  have  an  almost  magic  efiect  upon  the  system  relaxed  or  ex- 
hausted by  disease  or  sedentary  habita.  After  drinking  the  waters 
for  a  short  time,  which  is  usually  done  before  broakfast,  the  ap- 
petite improyea,  and  the  entiro  system  feels  their  invigorating 
efiects. 

.-aHcto  aro  a  number  of  qilendid  hotels  and  boarding-houses, 
some  of  which  an  on  a  scale  of  groat  mi^ficence.  The  United 
Stmtet  Hotel,  situated  m  the  vicinity  of  the  depot,  and  within  a 
short  distance  of  the  chief  mineral  springs,  is  built  of  brick,  is  four 
stories  high,  with  n.  and  a.  winga,  and  can  accommodate  between 
300  and  400  persons.  Congress  lfd22,  near  the  Congress  Spring, 
is  a  popular  establishment  It  has  a  spacioua  piazza  in  front,  en- 
twined with  evergreens,  and  in  the  rear  a  beautiful  grove  and  a 
garden.  :  Union  Hali,  near  Congress  Hall,  the  American,  and 
several  other.houses,  furnish  excellent  accommodations. 
,  Congreeo  fiprtng',  the  most  celebrated,  was  discovered  in  1793» 
by  a  member  of  Congvesa  named  Oilman,  issuing  from  an  aper- 
tnro  in  the:  aide  of  the  rock  that  formed  the  border  of  a  little  iMrook, 
which  risas  from  the  earth  50  rods  to  the  West  For  several  yeart 
U  could  he  collected  only  in  limitisd.quantities,  as  it  dame  m  a  small 
•treaiiL  iirom  the  rook.    The  supply  mot  being  sufficient  to  satisfy 


170 


RAILROAD  AMD  STEAMBOAT  COMPARHIR. 


""*  • 


the  want!  of  visiten,  attempts  were  made  to  lemove  the  obetmo^i' 
tione  which  prerented  a  larger  mipply.  In  excaTating  for  ill 
•ouroe  the  ipring  difappeared,  and  waa  suf^Kieed  to  be  forever 
loet ;  but  in  a  short  time  after  gas  was  observed  rising  through  the 
water  of  the  brook,  near  the  old  fountain,  whieh  inspired  the  hop«>t 
of  again  reooyering  it  by  turning  the  stream  from  its  course ;  and, 
by  digging  eight  feet  through  marl  and  gravel,  the  fountain  waa 
again  discovered,  over  which  was  placed  a  tube  of  plank  10 
inches  square,  rising  to  the  surface,  from  whence  flows  an  abun* 
dant  supply  of  the  finest  mineral  water.  In  the  spring  of  1849, 
this  fouutain,  alter  being  thoroughly  cleansed,  was  renovated  l^ 
putting  down  a  new  tube,  extending  to  the  rock  from  which  the 
water  issued,  which  restored  it  to  its  origiual  strength.  The  fol- 
lowing is  an  analysis  of  the  water  of  this  spring,  made  by  Dr. 
Chilton,  ,of  New  York,  May  1,  1643.  One  gallon,  of  231  cubic 
inches,  contained  chloride  of  sodium,  3G3.829  grains ;  carbonate 
of  soda,  7J200 ;  carbonate  of  lime,  86.143 ;  carbonate  of  magne- 
sia, 78.631 ;  carbonate  of  iron,  .841 ;  sulphate  of  soda,  .651 ; 
iodide  of  sodium  and  bromide  of  potassiuin,  5.930 ;  silica,  .473 ; 
alumina,  .331:  total,  543.998  grains.  Carbonic  acid,  384;65; 
atmospheric  air,  541 :  making  290.06  inches  of  gaseous  coa*  . 
tents. 

Within  the  last  year  or  two,  a  he#  spring  of  many  medicinal 
virtues  was  discovered,  and  has  been  named  the  "  Empire,"  in 
honor  of  the  state.  It  is  neariy  half  a  mile  distant  ftom  the  cela* 
brated  "  Congress"  Spring.  The  following  is  the  analysis,  pre- 
pared by  Dr.  Emmons,  one  of  the  state  geologists.  Chloride  ol 
sodium,  269.696 ;  bicarbonate  of  soda,  30.848 ;  bicarbonate  of 
lime,  141.824;  bicarbonate  of  miagnesia,  41.984;  hydriodate  of 
ioda,  12.000.  rr 

The  other  springs  are  numerous,  many  of  which  have  the 
same  properties.  Columbian  Spring  is  a  short  distance  a.  "w. 
flrom  the  Congress ;  WasAtn^lon,  50  rods  from  the  Columbian  ; 
Hamilton^  the  second  .discovered,  lies  directly  in  the- rear  of  Cop- 
gross  Hall ;  Flat  Roek  Spring  \\w  100  rods  n.  b.  from  the  Ham* - 
ilton,  and  High  Rock,  100  rods  further  n.  '■■■?  V 

Persons  visiting  the  Springs,  either  at  Saratoga  or  at  Ballslon 
Spa,   should  have  their  letters  directed  either  to   Sabatcoa 


■AHAtOOA  AHX)  WABHIHOTON  RAILKOjO). 


171 


SfmiHM  or  ^AUJTON  Sfa  ;  othMwitc  they  may  hare  dUBonlty 
in  obtaining  them. 

Saratoga  Lakt,  a  beantifnl  iheet  of  water,  lie*  aix  milea  a 
from  Saratoga»  and  the  same  diftanoe  ftom  Ballaton  Spa.  It  ii 
nine  miles  long  and  three  wide,  and  ie  mndi  reaorted  to  by  com- 
puny  at  the  watering-placet,  for  JUkingt  finolingt  an  J  boating. 
The  ehore  of  thie  lake  ia  acceaaible  in  a  few  placea  only,  on  ac- 
count of  the  mamhes  which  border  it  The  country  around  the 
lake  riaea  gradually  into  elevated  ridgea,  forming  a  vaat  amphi- 
theatre of  pictureaque  landacape  erobelliahed  by  enltiyation.  On 
the  eaatem  riiore,  three  milea  fhun  the  n.  end.  Snake  Hill  pro- 
jecta  into  the  baain,  and  riaea  SO  feet  above  ita  aurface. 

Long  Lake,  five  milea  a.  firom  Ballaton  Spa,  another  beautiful 
she^t  of  water,  aituate  in  the  micbt  of  very  agreeable  acenery,  ia 
five  milea  long  by  one  wide,  and  teema  with  fiah.  The  aunound* 
ing  country  abounda  in  game. 

8ABAT00A  AND  WASHINOTON  RAILROAD.  (See  Map.  Na 
19.) — Extends  firom  Saratoga  to  Whitehall,  and  runs  thence  to 
Castleton,  V t.,  where  it  joins  with  the  Rutland  and  Washington 
R.  R.  This  latter  road  unites  with  the  Rutland  at  Rutland,  V t, 
from  which  place  passengers  may  proceed  to  Brattleboro',  Boa- 
ton,  Springfield,  Hartford,  New  Haven,  and  New  York.  Also 
to  placea  in  New  Hampshire  and  Massachusetts. 

From  Rutland  they  may  proceed  North  to  Burlington,  and 
thence  to  places  on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad ;  or  may  take 
the  Vermont  and  Canada  Railroad  route  to  Rouse's  Point ;  fir<nn 
thence  they  may  proceed  by  steamboat  to  Montreal,  or  by  the 
railroad  to  Ogdensburg,  and  thence  to  the  West. 

From  Saratoga  passengers  may  proceed  by  railroad  to  Troy 
and  Albany,  thence  to  New  York,  Boston,  Ac,  Those  for  West- 
ern New  York,  Niagara  Falls,  Ac,  take  the  railroad  from  Sara- 
toga to  Schenectady,  and  thence  by  railroad  or  conaL 

ROUTES  FROM  BAR  ATOOA  TO  MONTREAL  AND  QXJEBSO. 
— By  railroad  from  Saratoga  Springs  to  Oansevoort^t,  11  miles; 
Moreau  Station,  16;  Fort  Edtoard,  17;  Dunham' $  Baain,  20; 
Smith's  Bonn,  26 ;  Fort  Ann,  28 ;  CwrmtocVs,  32 ;  Whitehall, 
40 ;  tteamboat  on  Lake  Champlain,  to  Benton,  58 ;  Orwell,  60 ; 


nn 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


TieoruUnroga  Landing^  64 ;  Sfwfeham,  66 ;  Onvm  ^Point,  69 ; 
Bridport,  75;  Chimney  Point,  81;  Port  Henry,  83;  We8tp«rt, 
94;  Basin  Harbor,  98;  Msex,  106;  Burlington,  Vt.,  118; 
tP&rt  Kent,  128;  Port  Jackson,  1S6  ]  Plattsbwg,  14B;  Isle  La 
Mott,  168;  Chazi/,  IQ2;  Champlain,  170;  Rouse's  Pt,  172; 
la  Calle,  C.  E.,  177 ;  Isle  aux  Noix,  183 ;  St.  John's,  196;  rail- 
road to  La  Prairie,  211 ;  steamboat  to  Montreal,  220  miles. 
Here  passengers  for  Quebec  take  the  steamer  on  the  St.  Lawrence 
to  William  Henry,  46  miles;  Lake  8t.  Peter,  58 ;  2%rce  Rivers, 
90;  /S<.  ^nn«,  158;  Ca;)«  ^ottjjr*,  176;  thence  to  Qwbee,  180 
miles  from  Montreal,  and  400  miles  from  Saratoga.  m^hm, 

The  following  railroad  route  through  Vermont  may  be  taken 
by  passengers  from  Whitehall : — ^to  Castleton,  11 ;  Rutland,  M ; 
Pittsford,  Z^',  Brandon,  Al;  Salisbury,  53;  Middlebury,  59; 
Ifew  Hkven,  66 ;  Vergennes,  71 ;  Ferrisburg,  77 ;  Charlotte,  81 , 
8helbume,B6;  Burlington, 92]  Fssex Depot, 99',  Colchester,  104; 
Milton  Palls,  110;  Georgia,  114;  St.  Alban's,  123;  Swanton, 
129 ;   Tr<?s<  Alburgh,  141 ;  i2oM««'«  Poiw^,  146.  "-*  sif 

*  Travellers  going  north  from  Saratoga  should  go  by  way  of 
Lake  George ;  this  will  occupy  a  little  more  time,  but  We  feel 
assured  it  will  not  be  regretted ;  the  lovely  scenery  on  the  route, 
the  charming  lake,  and  the  historical  reminiscences  which  here 
abound,  will  amply  repay  one  for  a  day's  sojourn  at  Caldwell. 

Passengers  by  this  route  leave  the  Railroad  at  Moreau  Sta- 
tion, 16  miles  from  Saratoga,  thence  over  a  plank  road,  to  Cald- 
2  well,  14  miles.    The  driver  (if  requested)  will  stop  at  Olen's 
{Falls,  (5  miles  from  Moreau,)  to  give  persons  an  opportunity 
of  viewing  the  wild  and  exciting  scene  from  the  bridge. 

Seven  miles  distant  from  Glen's  Falls,  and  two  from  Catd- 
well,  may  be  seen  Bloody  Pond;  it  is  on  the  right  hand  side  of 
the  road  going  towards  Caldwell.  Unless  it  is  pointed  out  by 
the  driver,  it  may  be  passed  unnoticed,  as  it  lies  in  a  slight 
hollow  surrounded  by  foliage.     ''''"" 


h'  VM'*-  ^ 


'  ■■■■^,  '     ■'^■'.^  *^'i?-:'V'^'|X«. - 


4; 


■'T 


EXCURSION  ON  LAKE  GEORGE. 


173 


'three  days,  duiing  the  oppressive  heat  of  summer,  can  be  spent 
tliore  agreeably  than  on  the  margin  of  this  beautiful  lake.  The 
mountains  which  border  it  causing  the  prevailing  winds  to  take 
the  direction  of  the  basin,  there  is  a  constant  refreshing  breeze 
from  the  n.  or  s.,  which  pleasantly  tempers  the  atmosphere  The 
village  of  Caldwell  is  bordered  by  a  range  of  hills  upon  the  w., 
the  highest  df  which,  Prospect  or  Rattlesnake  Hill,  attains  an 

:  elevation  of  near  1,500  feet.    There  is  a  path  of  difficult  ascent 

.  to  its  summit,  yet  when  this  is  once  attained,  the  extensive  and 

(diversified  view  it  affords  fully  compensates  for  the  trouble.  "  Be- 
neath is  the  village,  and  its  neighboring  farms :  in  the  deep  val« 

>  ley  on  the  n.  the  lake  stretches  away,  decked  with  its  hundreds 
of  fairy  islets  visible  for  17  miles;  its  shores  right  and  left  sur- 

^  mounted  by  craggy  ridges,  rising  gently  from  the  water  for  a  few 
rods,  then  by  a  bolder  acclivity  to  the  height  of  600,  800,  and  in 
some  places,  1,200  feet,  tufted  with  dwarf  evergreens."    The 

^  visiter  here  may  derive  enjoyment  from  numerous  sources, — sail- 
ing ou  the  clear  waters  of  the  lake,  riding,  fishing  for  salmon 

*^  trout,  perch,  and  bass,  fowling,  or  in  exploring  the  beauties  of  this 
locality,  which  abounds  in  the  most  diversified  and  picturesque 
scenery.  The  Lake  George  Houses  at  Caldwell,  a  spacious  ho- 
tel, capable  of  receiving  upwards  of  100  persons,  affords  superior 
accommodations.  A  steamboat  plies  daily  down  the  lake,  to  meet 
the  boat  running  on  Lake  Champlain.  Two  miles  from  the  hotel 
is  a  sheet  of  water,  known  since  the  French  war  by  the  name  of 
"  Bloody  Pond,"  from  the  fact  that  after  a  battle  fought  near  it, 
1,000  French,  English,  and  American  dead  were  thrown  into  it. 
A  mile  distant  is  to  bo  seen  the  rock  on  which  Major  Williams 
was  slain  by  the  Indians  about  the  same  time.  At  the  south  end 
of  Lake  George  are  the  ruins  of  forts  George  and  William  Henry 


'  r.-:4 


.'-i-r.l>»'fir>- 


SXOURSION  ON  LAKE   OEORaE.  „ ,..    . 

(See  Maps  Nos.  9  and  10.) 

Lake  George,  or  Horicon,  a  pure  mountain  lake  230  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  Hudson,  is  36  miles  in  length,  and  varies 
from  three-fourths  of  a  mile  to  font  miles  in  breadth.    In  some 


mm 


RAILBOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


parts  it  has  a  depth  of  400  feet,  and  its  waters  are  so  clear  that 
fish  may  bs  seen  swimming  at  a  depth  of  30  feet  below  the  sur- 
face. It  is  said  to  contain  365  islands ;  many  of  them,  however, 
are  very  small,  mere  rocks,  with  scarce  soil  sufiicieut  to  produce 
the  meanest  vegetation.  The  passage  of  the  lake  has  much  in- 
terest from  the  beauty  of  its  waters,  the  wild  and  varied  scenery 
of  its  shores,  and  from  its  deeply  interesting  historical  reminis- 
cences. On  leaving  Caldwell  in  the  steamboat,  we  pass  a  num- 
ber of  islands.  Sea,  Diamond^  Long,  &c.,  when  the  lake  becomes 
wider,  and  its  course  less  interrupted.  Occasionally  the  angles 
of  the  mountains,  which  are  covered  with  foliage,  protrude  far 
into  the  lake.  After  continuing  our  course  for  twelve  miles,  we 
reach  Twelve-Mile  Island^  situated  in  the  middle  of  the  lake^ 
containing  20  acres,  and  elevated  30  or  40  feet  above  its  surface 
A  mile  farther,  on  the  n.  w.  side  of  the  lake,  is  Tongue  Moun- 
tain ;  and  on  its  w.  side  is  Northwest  Bay,  which  extends  in  a 
northerly  direction  six  miles.  Here  the  Narrows  commence,  and 
'continue  for  about  seven  miles,  the  lake  being  only  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  wide,  and  very  deep.  Black  Rock,  or  Mountain,  18 
iiiiles  from  the  head  of  the  lake,  and  situated  on  the  east  side, 
raises  its  cloud-capped  summit  2,300  feet  above  its  surface,  and 
is  on  all  sides  surrounded  by  rolling  hills,  and  covered  with  ver- 
dure. Half -Way  island  is  directly  opposite ;  and  a  short  distance 
beyond,  the  traveller  will  behold  the  choicest  mountain  scenery 
on  the  lake.  Twenty-four  miles  from  the  head  of  the  lake  is 
Sabbath-day  Point ^  a  projection  on  the  w.  shore,  noted  as  the 
place  where,  on  the  Sabbath,  a  sanguinary  conflict  occurred  da- 
ring the  French  war,  between  a  party  of  English  and  the  Indians. 
The  small  island  called  the  Scotch  Bonn^t^  is  three  miles  beyond, 
and  three  miles  further  on  is  the  village  of  Hague.  Here  the 
lake  attains  its  greatest  width,  being  four  miles  across.  Another 
stretch  of  three  miles  brings  us  to  Rogers'  Slide,  a  rock  200  feet 
high,  standing  at  an  angle  of  25  degrees  with  the  lake.  Here 
during  the  French  war  the  intrepid  Major  Rogers,  a  partisan 
officer,  made  his  escape  from  the  Indians,  by  whom  he  was  pur- 
sued. It  was  winter,  and  his  feet  were  shod  with  snow-shoes. 
When  on  the  verge  of  this  precipice,  and  nearly  in  their  graspi 
hA  slid  down  the  declivity,  and  landed  safely  on  the  ice,  leaving  the 


ROUTES  TO  MONTREAL  AND  QUEBEC. 


175 


Indians  standing  aghast  and  shrinking  with  amazement  from  the 
daring  feat  which  they  had  just  witnessed. — Anthony's  Noae,  one 
of  tiiose  peculiar  prominences,  similar  in  shape  to  a  projecting 
rock  of  the  same  name  in  the  "  Highlands"  of  the  Hudson  rivert 
is  nearly  opposite  to  Rogers'  Slide.  It  rises  from  50  to  100  feet 
above  the  lake.  The  shores  here  are  bold,  and  contracted  amid 
huge  masses  of  rocks.  Two  miles  beyond  is  Priaoner'ft  lalandt 
where,  during  the  French  war,  those  taken  captive  by  the  Eng- 
lish were  confined ;  and  directly  w.  is  Lord  Howe's  PoiiJ,  where 
the  English  army  under  Lord  Howe,  consisting  of  16,000  men, 
landed  previous  to  the  attack  on  Ticonderoga.  We  now  ap* 
proach  the  termination  of  our  excursion  on  this  beautiful  lake» 
and  in  a  mile  reach  the  steamboat  landing  near  the  village  of 
Ticonderoga^  whence  stages  run  a  distance  of  three  miles  over 
a  rough  and  romantic  road  to  Fort  Ticonderoga,  the  steamboat 
landing  on  Lake  Champlain.  Here  passengers  can  take  the 
steamboat  for  places  either  down  or  up  the  lake. 


ROUTES  FROM  ALBANY  AND  TROY  TO  MONTREAL  AND 
QI7EBB0. — Passengers  at  either  of  these  places  will  take  the 
cars  for  Saratoga  Springs,  (from  Albany  they  may  go  either 
via  Troy  or  Schenectady ;)  and  from  thence,  by  the  Saraioga 
and  Washington  Railroad^  to  Whitehall 

Route.— From  Albany  to  7Voy,  7  miles;  Mechaniesville,  19; 
BalUton  Spa,  32;  Saratoga  Springs,  89;  Moreau  Station, 
(passengers  for  Lake  George  stop  here,)  65  ;  Fort  Edfoard,  56 ; 
Dunham's  Basin,  59 ;  Smith's  Basin,  64 ;  Fort  Ann,  67 ;  Coni' 
stock's,n\;   Whitehall,  n'i. 

Passengers  for  Canada  may  take  the  steamboat  down  Lake 
Champlain,  or  they  may  go  by  railroad,  through  Vermont  to 
Rouse's  Point,  thence  by  steamboat  to  St.  John's,  and  thence 
by  railroad  and  steamboat  to  Montreal 

Route  from  Whitehall  to  Montreal  via  Lake  Champlain. 
— By  steamboat  to  Ticonderoga  Landing,  24  miles;  Croion 
Point,  29;  Westport,  54;  Essex,  66;  Burlington,  Vt.,  78; 
Plattsbufg,  103;  Rouse's  Point,  132;  St.  John's,  156;  railroad 
to  La  Prairie,  171 ;  steamboat  to  Montreal,  180. 

Route  by  Railroad  via  Vermont, — From  Whitehall  to  Cas- 
tleton,  11  miles;   Rutland,  25;  Brandon,  42;   Vergennes,1l; 


176 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Charlotte,  81 ;  Shelburne,  86 ;  Burlington,  Vt.,  92 ;  Essex  Do- 
pot,  99;  Colchester,  104;  Milton  Falls,  110,  8t.  Albans,  123; 
Rouse's  Point,  146;  steamboat  ir>  St.  John's,  170;  railroad  to 
Xa  Prairie,  185 ;  steamboat  to  Montreal,  194. 

i^or^  Edward  is  an  interesting  place  in  an  historical  point  of 
view ;  it  was  here  the  young  and  beautiful  Miss  McCrea 
met  her  sad  and  tragical  end.  It  is  situated  both  upon  the 
Saratoga  and  Washington  Railroad  and  the  Cliamplain  CanaL 

Olen*8  Falls,  three  miles  w.  of  Sandy  Hill,  lies  part'y  on  the 
N.  and  partly  on  the  s.  bank  of  the  Hudson.  The  falls  in  the  rivery 
which  have  given  name  to  the  village,  have  a  descent  of  70  feet 
The  waters  flow  in  one  sheet  over  the  brink  of  a  precipice,  900 
feet  long,  and,  in  floods,  rush  in  one  muss  down  the  cataract ; 
but  in  ordinary  seasons  they  are  immediately  divided  by  rocks 
into  threb  channels,  with  an  angular  descent  of  several  hundred 
feet. 

Fort  Ann,  on  the  Champlain  Canal,  is  61  miles  above  Albany 
From  this  place  the  canal  has  a  descent  of  54  feet  to  the  lake, 
and  30  only  to  the  Hudson.  y 

Whitehall  is  73  miles  n.  from  Albany,  23  from  Sandy  Hill,  40 
from  Saratoga  Springs,  218  from  New  York,  and  180  a.  of  Mon- 
treal. It  derives  its  importance  from  its  favoraUe  situation  for 
trade— on  the  canal  and  Lake  Champlaiu — by  which  it  com- 
mands the  business  of  a  very  extensive  country.  Its  situation  is 
low  and  unpleasant,  the  village  being  built  on  almost  naked  rock. 
The  population  is  about  4,000.  This  place  is  now  the  termina- 
tion of  the  Saratoga  and  Washington  Railroad.  Steamboats 
leave  daily  during  the  season,  for  places  on  L.  Champlain.  Cars 
run  to  Rutland,  Vt.,  and  also  to  Saratoga,  Troy,  Albany,  <fcc. 

At  Whitehall  passengers  take  the  steamboat  down  the  lake 
and  the  Sorel  river  to  St.  Johns,  156  miles  ;  there  take  the  cars 
to  La  Prairie,  15  miles  ;  thence  pass  by  steamboat  down  the  St 
Lawrence  to  Montreal,  9  miles  farther ;  from  which  place  they  are 
taken  by  steamboat  down  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Quebec,  180  miles, 
making  the  entire  distance  from  Albany  to  Quebec  360  miles. 


LAKE  CHAMPLAIN,  (see  Map  No.  10,)  lying  between  the  slates 
of  New  York  and  Vermont,  is  132  miles  long.     In  its  s.  purl  it  in 


ROUTES  TO  MONTREAL  AND  QUEBEC. 


177 


generally  narrow.  Fiora  Whitehall  to  the  a.  part  of  Orwell,  Vt.» 
about  30  miles,  it  has  an  average  breadth  of  half  a  mile,  though 
in  one  place  it  is  contracted  to  80,  and  in  another  te  40  rods.  To 
the  N.  of  this  it  gradually  expands.  The  widest  part  unobstructed 
by  islands  is  opposite  Burlington,  Vt.,  where  it  is  9|  miles  wide, 
and  has  a  depth  varying  from  54  to  282  feet  Still  farther  n.  it 
embodies  several  large  islands,  and  has  a  width  of  about  14  miles 
(ts  outlet  is  through  the  Sorel  river,  which  enters  the  St.  LaW' 
rence  45  miles  below  Montreal.  Below  St  Johns  the  navigation 
is  intennpted  by  the  Chambly  rapida  The  principal  islande  in 
the  lake  are  South  Hero,  13  by  4  miles.  North  Hero,  11  by  2 
miles,  separated  by  a  narrow  strait,  and  La  Motte,  6  by  2  miles. 
Several  important  rivers  flow  into  this  lake,  both  on  the  Vermont 
and  New  York  sides.  The  lake  abounds  with  fish  of  various 
kinds.  It  is  generally  entirely  frozen  over  in  winter,  and  passed 
on  the  ice.  The  wide  part  of  the  lake  usually  closes  about  the 
6rBt  of  February,  and  opens  about  the  last  of  March  ;  those  parts 
that  are  narrow,  remain  frozen  some  time  longer.  Several  fine 
steamboats  ply  between  Whitehall  and  St  Johns,  stopping  at  in- 
termediate places.  The  excellent  accommodations  of  these  boats, 
the  picturesque  scenery  on  the  shores  of  the  lake,  crowned  by 
lofty  mountains,  and  the  interesting  localities,  celebrated  in  former 
and  the  late  wars,  render  this  excursion  delightful. 

Fort  Ticonderoga^  24  miles  from  Whitehall,  of  which  the 
ruius  only  are  visible,  was  erected  by  the  French  in  1756,  and 
called  by  them  "  Carrillon."  It  was  originally  a  place  of  much 
strength ;  its  natural  advantages  were  very  great,  being  surround- 
ed on  three  sides  by  water,  and  having  half  its  fourth  covered 
by  a  swamp,  and  the  only  point  by  which  it  could  be  approached, 
by  a  breastwork.  It  was  afterwards,  however,  easily  reduced  by 
an  expedient  adopted  by  Gen.  Burgoyue, — that  of  placing  a  piece 
of  artillery  on  the  pinnacle  of  Mount  Defiance^  on  the  s.  side  of 
Lake  George  outlet,  and  750  feet  above  the  lake,  and  entirely 
commanding  the  fort,  from  which  shot  was  thrown  into  the  midst 
of  the  enemy's  works.  Fort  Ticonderoga  was  one  of  the  first 
strongholds  taken  from  the  English  in  1775,  at  the  commence- 
inent  of  the  Revolutionary  war.  Col.  Ethan  Allen,  of  Vermont, 
at  the  head  of  83  Green  Mountain  Boys,  surprised  the  unsus- 

12     ■. 


* 


)  t 


178  RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANlblT. 

pecting  garriBon>  penetrated  to  the  very  bedside  of  the  eommand* 
ant,  and  waking  him,  demanded  the  surrender  of  the  fort  "  In 
whose  name,  and  to  whom  ?"  exclaimed  the  surprised  officer. — 
"  In  the  name  of  the  great  Jehovah  and  the  Continental  Con- 
gress !"  thundered  the  intrepid  Allen,  and  the  fort  was  imme- 
diately surrendered.  '; 

Mount  Independence  lies  in  Vermont,  opposite  TiconciBrogii 
about  a  mile  distant.  The  remains  of  military  works  are  8*ill 
visible  here. — Mount  Hope,  an  elevation  about  a  mile  n.  from 
Ticonderoga,  was  occupied  by  Gen.  Burgoyne,  previous  to  the 
recapture  of  Ticonderoga,  which  took  place  in  1 777,  nearly  two 
years  after  its  surrender  to  the  gallant  Allen.  St  Clair,  the 
American  commander,  being  forced  to  evacuate,  it  again  fell  into 
the  poBsession  of  the  British,  and  was  held  during  the  war.  The 
picturesque  scenery  and  historical  interest  of  this  neighborhood 
recommend  it  to  the  tourist. — Five-Mile  Point,  so  called  from 
its  distance  from  Ticonderoga,  extends  some  way  out  from  the 
B.  or  Vermont  side,  in  the  town  of  Shoreham  ;  and  in  nine  miles 
the  boat  reaches  Crown  Point,  and  also  the  landing  at  Chimney 
Point,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  lake,  half  a  mile  distant. — 
Crown  Point,  the  name  of  the  ancient  fort,  is  situated  on  the 
N.  E.  extremity  of  a  point  of  laud,  formed  on  one  side  by  a  deep 
bay,  and  on  the  other  by  the  body  of  the  lake.  The  French 
built  a  fort  here  in  1731,  but  it  was  afterwards  destroyed,  and  its 
site  is  now  marked  by  a  heap  of  ruins  which  may  be  seen  from 
the  boat  when  opposite  Chimney  Point  A  new  fortress  was  af- 
terwards constructed  here  by  Lord  Amherst,  of  wood  and  earth, 
16  feet  high,  22  feet  thick,  enclosing  an  area  of  1,500  square 
yards,  surrounded  by  a  deep  and  broud  ditch  cut  in  the  solid 
granite,  with  immense  labor.  There  were  here  a  double  row  of 
strong  stone  barracks  to  contain  2,000  troops,  with  a  gate  on  the 
N.,  a  drawbridge,  and  a  covered  way  to  the  lake.  Thcso  works, 
which  are  said  to  have  cost  the  British  government  two  millions 
sterling,  are  now  a  heap  of  ruins.  Near  Crown  Point,  on  the 
13th  Oct  1776,  terminated  the  expedition  against  Canada,  by  the 
destruction  of  the  American  fleet  under  Arnold. 

Port  Henry  is  a  small  village  and  place  of  landing,  44  miles 
from  Whitehall— •Weatportf  at  the  head  of  Northwest  Bay,  11 


ROUTES  TO  MONTREAL  AND  QUEBEC. 


179 


milM  from  Port  Henry »  ha  thriving  village,  surrounded  by  a 
well-cultivated  country. — Estex,  a  village,  and  landing-place  on 
the  w.  side  of  Lake  Champlain,  is  68  miles  n.  from  Whitehall. 
The  town  contains  iron  ore  of  good  quality. — Split  Rock  is  a  post- 
office  in  Essex  township,  near  which  is  the  Split  Rock,  a  part  of 
a  rocky  promontory,  projecting  into  the  lake  about  150  feet,  and 
elevated  40  feet  above  the  water.  The  part  broken  off,  contain- 
ing half  an  acre,  covered  with  trees,  is  separated  >;om  thw  main 
rock  about  20  feet ;  the  opposite  sides,  if  brought  together,  would 
fit  closely,  as  the  prominences  of  the  one  correspond  with  the 
cavities  of  the  other.  Through  the  intervening  space  a  line  hat 
been  dropped  to  the  depth  of  500  ft.,  without  finding  bottom.        « 

Burlington,  Vt.,  is  83  miles  n.  from  Whitehall,  and  74  miles 
s.  {torn  St  Johns,  Canada.  It  is  built  on  a  bay  on  the  b.  side  of 
the  lake.  The  shore  in  the  a.  part  of  the  village  is  low,  but  to- 
wards the  N.  rising  to  an  elevation  of  about  300  feet,  the  town 
appears  to  good  advantage  when  approached  by  the  lake.  The 
streets  are  regularly  laid  out,  intersecting  each  other  at  right  an- 
gles. Near  the  centre  is  a  public  square,  on  which  the  Court- 
House  is  built,  surrounded  by  fine  brick  stores,  and  the  principal 
hotels.  The  University  of  Vermont,  which  occupies  a  fine  ele- 
vated situation  on  the  e.  of  the  village,  was  founded  in  1791.  It 
has  a  president  and  five  professors,  and  a  library  of  about  10,000 
vols.  This  town  is  of  greater  commercial  importance  than  any 
other  in  the  state  w.  of  the  Green  Mountains,  and  owns  more 
vessels  navigating  the  lake  than  any  other  place  on  its  liorders. 
Its  trade  will  be  much  increased  by  the  completion  of  the  Ver- 
mont Central  and  the  Rutland  railroads,  whose  termini  will  be 
here.  (See  Index  for  these  routes'^  Steamboats  slop  daily  at 
Burlington,  on  their  way  from  Whitehall  to  St.  Johns,  and  a  steam- 
ferry  connects  this  place  with  Fort  Kent  and  with  Plattsburg, 
on  the  w.  side  of  the  lake,  the  former  being  10  miles,  and  the 
latter  34  miles  distant.  The  travelling  from  the  e.  through  Bur- 
lington to .  Canada  is  very  great,  and  will,  of  course,  be  much 
increased  by  the  opening  of  the  above  railroads. 

Fort  Kent  is  finely  situated  on  the  w.  side  of  the  lake.  The 
bnrad  view  here  of  tlio  water,  islands,  headlands,  and  places  on 
Jie  o|q;Kwite  shorei  is  moat  beautiful. — Keesevflle,  a  few  milira  to 


;>■ 


180  RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


the  w  of  Port  Kent,  is  a  village  of  about  i2,000  inhabitants,  litu^ 
ated  on  a  river  which  here  afTordii  great  water-power. — Birming- 
ham, at  Adgate's  Falls,  two  and  a  half  miles  below  Keeseville, 
and  three  w.  of  Port  Kent,  is  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Au 
Sable  river.  Its  channel,  which  here  resembles  a  canal  cut  m 
the  solid  rock,  with  many  falls  or  locks,  retroatmg  as  we  advance, 
is  an  object  of  much  curiosity  to  visiters ;  the  whole  forming 
scenery  of  the  most  picturesque  character.  The  water  falls  over 
a  precipice  80  feet  high  into  a  narrow  channel,  whose  walls  of 
rock  rise  perpendicularly  from  60  to  100  feet,  with  a  breadth  of 
70  feet  Half  a  mile  below,  the  falls  are  contracted  to  a  width 
of  27  feet.  Here  the  water  again  falls  over  a  high  precipice,  and 
enters  a  deep  ravine  of  much  romantic  beauty. 
«^  Pjmlttsburo,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Clinton  county,  is  situated 
at  the  inouth  of  the  Sarauac  river,  at  the  head  of  Cumberland 
Bay,  lOd  miles  from  Whitehall.  It  is  prettily  laid  out,  and  con- 
taiuh  the  county  buildings,  a  lyceum,  several  churches,  and  a 
population  of  about  6,500.  This  place  is  famous  as  the  scene  of 
the  victory  of  McDonough  and  Macomb  over  the  British  naval 
and  land  forces  under  Commodore  Downie  and  Sir  George  Pro- 
vost Here  the  American  commodore  awaited  at  anchor  the  ar- 
rival of  the  British  fleet,  which  passed  Cumberland  Head  about 
8  in  the  morning  of  the  11th  Sept.  1814.  The  first  gun  from  the 
fleet  was  the  signal  for  commencing  the  attack  on  land.  Sir 
George  Provost,  with  about  14,000  men,  furiously  assaulted  the 
defences  of  the  town,  whilst  the  battle  raged  between  the  fleets, 
in  full  view  of  the  armies.  Gen.  Macomb,  with  about  3,000 
men,  mostly  undisciplined,  foiled  the  repeated  assaults  of  the  en- 
emy ;  until  the  capture  of  the  British  fleet,  after  an  action  of 
two  hours,  obliged  him  to  retire,  with  the  loss  of  2,500  men  and 
a  large  portion  of  his  baggage  and  ammunition.  The  American 
force,  on  the  lake,  of  86  guns  and  820  men,  was  opposed  to  one 
of  95  guns  and  1,050  men.  The  British  commodore,  a  iNrave 
and  skilful  officer,  was  killed  by  the  concussion  of  air  caused  by 
the  passage  of  a  cannon  ball. 

Route**  Pointt  132  miles  n.  from  Whitehall,  and  24  miles  a. 
firom  St  Johns,  is  situated  on  the  w.  side  of  the  lake,  and  is  the 
aal  landing-place  before  we  enter  Canada.    The  stone  tostt  oom- 


'} 


MONrREAL. 


181 


tnto,  Miu" 
Birming- 
[eeseville, 
)f  the  Au 
ml  cut  in 

advance, 
9  forming 

falls  over 
)  walla  of 
ireadth  of 
to  a  width 
;ipice»  and 

is  situated 
umberland 
I,  and  con- 
hes,  and  a 
lie  scone  of 
ritish  naval 
reorge  Pro- 
shor  the  ar- 
[ead  about 
in  from  the 
land.    Sir 
laulted  the 
the  fleets, 
lut  3,000 
of  the  en- 
action of 
|0  men  and 
American 
to  one 
a  lirave 
caused  by 

miles  8. 
md  is  the 
fMrt«  com- 


menced here  by  the  U.  States  government  in  1815,  was  discov* 
ered,  after  a  large  amount  of  money  had  been  expended  upon  it, 
to  be  on  British  territory,  and  was  in  consequence  abandoned. 
After  a  lapse  of  27  years,  however,  the  territory  wai  ceded  to  the 
United  States  by  virtue  of  the  treaty  concluded  al  Washington 
by  Lord  Ashburton  and  the  Ilou.  Daniel  Webster,  in  1642.   .    ^ 

We  now  enter  the  Canadian  waters,  and  in  our  passage  down 
the  Sorel,  (Richelieu  or  St.  Johns  river,)  which  is  the  out- 
let of  Lake  Champlain,  we  glide  past  an  uninteresting  portion 
of  country,  the  shores  on  both  sides  of  the  stream  for  some  miles 
being  low  and  damp,  and  almost  even  with  the  i^ater's  edge. 
«•  Jtle  aux  Noix  and  Fort,  11  miles  from  Rousa's  Point,  is  the 
*  place  at  which  we  receive  on  board  a  custom-house  officer,  and 
passengers'  baggage  is  duly  submittied  to  inspection  beUxe  being 
removed  on  shore  at  St  Johns,  to  which  we  are  fast  approaching. 
We  must  now  priepare  te  resign. the  steamboat  for  the  railroad 
cant  which  will  convey  us  hence  to  La  Prairie,  15  miles. 

St.  Johns  is  situated  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the 
Sorel  river,  and  is  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Champlain  and  St 
Lawrence  Railroad,  over  which  we  pass  in  about  an  hour,  the 
country  being  generally  very  level.     Usual  fare  $1.00. 

La  Prairie,  the  termination  of  the  railroad  on  the  St  Law- 
rence river,  is  a  town  of  good  size,  with  narrow  streets,  and  con- 
taming  a  nunnery.  There  is  nothing  here  worthy  the  attention 
of  a  stranger.  From  this  place  we  proceed  down  the  St  Law- 
rence, and  iu  9  miles  reach  Montreal. 


"l.'.'  /v^ 


tijK<^\i-. ■>*.' ' ^ ->*><f»\'iiK; 


i^* 


:fiiV 


MONTBEAL. 


n 


This  city  stands  on  the  s.  e.  side  of  the  island  of  the  same  name 
in  the  river  St  Lawrence,  180  miles  by  the  course  of  the  river 
from  Quebec,  in  N.  Lat  45<>  30',  and  in  W.  Long.  73°  25'.  Its 
papulation,  including  the  suburbs,  is  about  60,000.  Though 
Quebec  has  the  advantage  in  position,  it  is  in  other  respects  snr- 
pasBdd  by  Montreal.  The  latter  city  is  less  crowded  than  the 
former ;  and  even  of  its  older  streets,  some  have  a  convenient 
breadth.    Unlike  Quebec,  it  is  distinguished  for  its  deanlinesa 


l^ 


183 


BAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFANION. 


Vl«w  of  MontTMa  from  th«  Menntalo. 


The  house*  in  the  suburbs  are  handsomely  built  in  the  mod* 
em  style,  and  mostly  inhabited  by  the  principal  merchanta 
Including  its  suburbs,  of  which  it  has  several,  the  city 
stretches  along  the  river  for  two  miles  from  &  w.  to  n.  e., 
and,  for  some  distance,  extends  between  one  and  two  roilos 
inland.  It  was  formerly  surrounded  by  a  battlemented  wall; 
but  this  having  fallen  into  decay,  it  is  now  entirely  open.  Paul- 
St,  the  chief  commercial  thoroughfare,  extends  along  the  river 
the  whole  length  of  the  city.  Notre-Danie-st.  is  the  fashionable 
promenade.  ;?!fr) 

Of  the  public  buildings,  the  most  remarkable  is  thp  Roman 
Catholic  Cathedral,  in  Notre- Danie-Kt.,  constructed  in  the  Gothi* 
style,  wHh  a  length  of  355^  feet,  and  a  breadth  of  134 i-  It  has 
fix  towers,  of  which  three  belonging  to  the  main  front  are  220  ft 
high.  The  view  from  these  towers — embracing  the  city  and  its 
•uburbs,  the  river,  and  the  surrounding  country — is  exceedingly 
beautiful.  The  principal  window  of  the  Cathedral  is  G4  feet 
high  and  32  broad.  Of  the  vastness  of  the  interior  of  this  edifice 
an  idea  may  be  formed  from  the  fact  that  it  is  capable  of  acconi' 


.v>■f:«if.*^^^ 


MONTREAL. 


it;  A 


183 


modating  from  10,000  to  12,000  penona.  Thii  immense  asiem- 
Uy  may,  by  uumeroiu  outlets,  disperae  in  five  or  aix  minutee." 
'.rhe  Seminary  of  St.  Sulpicet  adjoining  the  Cathedral,  is  133 
feet  long  and  29  deep,  and  is  surrounded  by  spacious  gardens.-— 
The  principal  edifice  of  the  Church  of  England  is  handsomely 
built  in  the  Grecian  style,  and  surmounted  by  a  beantiful  spire. 
There  are  alao  a  Scotch  kirk,  an  American  Protestant  church* 
and  chapels  belonging  to  the  Methodists  and  the  Scotch  dissent- 
ers. The  Hotel'Dieu  is  a  large  conventual  structure,  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  the  sick  and  indigent — The  extensive  convent 
of  the  ScBura  Noirea  is  devoted  to  the  education  of  young  girls.— 
The  General  Hoepital  has  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  best 
regulated  institutions  of  the  kind  in  America. — ^The  other  princi- 
pal buildings  are  the  government-house,  bank,  barracks,  and 
ordnance-ofiice. 

Montreal  also  possesses  a  college,  erected  in  1819,  which  is  at*' 
tended  by  several  hundred  students ;  an  English  university,  charter- 
ed in  1821 ;  and  many  other  institutions  for  the  promotion  of  learn- 
ing,— French  and  English  seminaries,  a  royal  grammar-school, 
with  parochial,  union,  national,  Sunday,  and  other  public  schools. 
It  has  numerous  societies  for  the  advancement  of  religion,  sci- 
ence, and  industry  ;  several  public  libraries,  an  excellent  news- 
room, &c. 

''■'■■  The  harbor  of  Montreal,  though  not  large,  is  secure,  and  ves- 
sels drawing  15  feet  may  lie  close  toUhe  shore.  The  quay  here, 
about  a  mile  in  length,  is  said  to  rival  in  beauty  and  strength  of 
masonry  most  of  the  celebrated  works  of  the  same  kind  in  Eng- 
land. No  feature  of  Montreal  will  so  charm  the  visiter  as  a 
promenade  along  the  edge  of  the  quay. 

f  c  From  its  position  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation  on  tho  St 
Lawrence,  and  near  the  junction  of  that  river  with  the  Ottawa, 
as  well  as  its  situation  with  respect  to  the  United  States,  Montreal 
has  trading  facilities  of  a  high  order.  Hence  it  has  become  the 
chief  seat  of  the  comniierce  of  Lower  Canada.  The  citizens  are 
enterprising,  and  great  activity  prevails  among  all  persons  con- 
nected with  trade.  During  the  summer,  a  regular  steamboat 
ennmunication  is  kept  up  with  Quebec  ;  and  at  this  season,  come 
down  vast  rafts  of  timber,  sweeping  by  Quebec ;  while  scows. 


184 


■% 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


batteaux,  and  Durham  bo«iUi  pour  into  the  lap  of  Montroal  tha 
produce  of  Upper  Canada.  Montreal  ia  the  centre  of  the  com- 
merce between  Canada  and  the  United  Statea,  carried  on  by 
Lake  Champlain  and  the  Hudson  ;  and  not  only  is  it  the  depot 
of  all  the  adjacent  country,  but  moit  of  the  buaineM  done  in  Que- 
bec is  carried  on  by  branches  from  the  Montreal  houses.  '^ 

The  hotel*  in  Montreal  are  generally  very  good,  and  accoiD> 
modations  equal,  perhaps,  to  the  best  in  the  United  States.  The 
following  are  some  of  them :  Donegana'a  Hotel,  Montreal  Houae, 
Orant'a  Hotel,  Ottawa  Houte,  Exchange  Hotel,  Sworde*  Ho- 
tel,  &c.  &;.c. 

From  Montreal,  the  "  St.  Lawrence  and  Atlantic  Railroad"  is 
constructing  to  the  boundary  line  of  the  province,  at  which  place 
it  will  fneet  the  "  Atlantic  and  St  Lawrence  Railroad"  from 
Portland,  thereby  opening  a  communication  with  the  Atlantic. 
The  entire  distance  is  280  miles,  of  which  130  are  in  Canada 
and  150  in  the  United  States.  The  cost  of  construction  of  the 
joint  line  is  estimated  at  j61, 750,000,  and  that  of  the  Canada 
section  at  i;825,000.  ;t 

There  are  also  several  lines  pervading  the  states  of  New  Hamp- 
shire and  Vermont,  some  of  which  are  in  a  forward  state,  and  ap- 
proaching completion,  that  will  make  Montreal  their  termini.  (For 
these  routes,  more  particularly,  the  reader  in  referred  to  the  In- 
dex.) From  Montreal,  a  railroad  has  been  recently  completed  to 
La  Chine. 

An  excursion  through  the  Island  of  Montreal  is  recommended 
to  tourists.  From  the  summit  of  Montreal  Mountain,  which  is 
two  miles  back  of  the  city,  the  view  is  very  extensive.  From 
this  elevation  is  seen  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  all  its  grandeur ;  while 
the  city,  and  the  Island  of  St  Helens,  are  immediately  beneath 
the  eye.    This  view  is  represented  in  our  engraving. 

La  Chine  is  nine  miles  from  Montreal,  and  on  the  island  of  the 
same  name.  A  railroad  now  connects  the  two  places.  The  canal 
was  made  in  order  to  pass  boats  round  the  rapids.  St.  Anne  is 
at  the  southwest  extremity  of  the  island,  20  miles  above  La 
Chine.  Varennee,  15  miles  below  Montreal,  is  a  handsome  vil- 
lage, and  is  much  visited<  It  can  be  reached  either  by  steam* 
boat  or  by  stage,  over  r.  road  lai  th»  h»uk  of  the  river. 


ROUTE  PROM  MOlfTRBAL  TO  QUEBEC. 


181 


' '  The  Caledonia  Spring§  are  eituated  about  75  mile*  from  Mon- 
treal, in  the  vicinity  of  Grand  river,  in  the  Ottawa  diitrict 
They  are  much  vlnted,  and  :orm  a  pleasant  excuraioa  during 
the  hot  weather^ 

RouTB  FEOM  MoNTRBAL  TO  QuBBBO. — NumerouB  largfe  and 
elegant  steamen  navigate  the  St  Lawrence  between  the  above 
important  places.  The  distunce  is  180  miles,  and  the  time  usual- 
'y  occupied  in  making  the  excursion  is  about  12  hours. 

On  leaving  Montreal  for  our  passage  down  the  St.  Lawrence 
we  pass  Longueil,  a  village,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river, 
which  is  connected  with  Montreal  by  a  steam-ferry.  Gliding 
past  the  lovely  laland  of  St.  Helena^  and  its  fortifications,  we 
enter  the  Rapids  of  St.  Mary,  where  the  current  runs  with  such 
velocity,  that  steamers  frequently  have  much  difficulty  in  passing 
over  on  their  way  up  the  river.  Point  aux  Tremble*  on  our 
left,  and  Bouchcrville  on  our  right,  are  soon  passed.  The  mouth 
of  the  Ottawa  is  seen  on  leaving  the  island  upon  which  Montreal 
is  built.  The  attractive  village  of  Varennet,  with  its  neat  build< 
ings,  is  seen  on  our  right,  when  15  miles  on  our  journey.  This 
place  was  formerly  celebrated  on  account  of  the  iiuer«l  springs 
in  its  neighborhood. 

r}^  William  Henry,  or  Sorel,  45  miles,  is  on  th«  s.  side  of  tho  St. 
Lawrence,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sorel  river.  It  is  an  old  town, 
built  on  the  site  of  a  fort  erected  as  eariy  as  1665,  by  one  Sorel, 
an  engineer.  In  the  next  few  miles  we  pass  a  number  of  islands, 
and  find  ourselves  gradually  entering  Lake  St.  Peter,  50  mileo 
from  Montreal :  it  is  about  25  miles  long,  with  an  average  breadth 
of  nine  miles,  and  is  generally  smooth,  the  water  here  having 
little  apparent  motion. 

Three  Rivera,  called  by  the  Frouch  Troia  Rivieres,  is  a  land- 
injBT.place  on  the  left  bank  of  the  St  Lawrence,  about  half-way 
between  Montreal  and  Quebec.  The  town  is  regularly  built, 
with  generally  straight  but  narrow  streets,  and  the  houses  seldom 
over  two  stories  high.  In  23  miles  farther  we  reach  St.  ilnne'«, 
a  place  situated  on  our  left,  and  at  the  mouth  of  St  Anne's  river. 

The  Richelieu  Rapida  extend  about  nine  miles.  This  is  con- 
iddered  the  most  dangerous  part  of  the  navigation,  although 
•aamhoata  pass  it  in  safety.    The  channel  is  here  scMnewhal 


186 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAM IIOAT  COMPANION. 


cimtracted  from  former  proportion*,  and  the  current  rushes  through 
with  great  impetuosity  amongst  reefs  of  rock,  some  sunken,  and 
others  projecting  above  the  water.  It  is  not  unfrequently  the 
case  that  steamboats,  at  Quebec,  destined  up  the  river,  vary  the 
time  of  departure,  on  account  of  the  current  prevailing  here  at 
ebb-tide,  so  as  to  have  the  flood-tide  through  the  rapids.  « >j 

.  Cape  Rouge,  so  termed  from  its  color,  is  within  eight  miles  of 
Quebec  ;  and  as  we  approach  that  city  the  scene  increases  in  in- 
terest In  two  miles  we  reach  the  mouth  of  the  Chaudiere  river, 
on  which,  a  short  distance  from  the  St.  Lawrence,  are  to  be  seen 
its  beautiful  falls.  It  is  also  a  great  lumber  depot ;  and  here  shipp 
take  in  their  cargoes  of  lumber,  bound  for  English  ports.  ^i 

(  Sillery  Cote.  Near  this  place  was  fought,  in  1759,  the  final 
battle  between  the  French  and  English,  which  completely  anni- 
hilated the  power  of  the  former  in  North  America.  Wolfe*9 
Cove  is  the  place  where  Gen.  Wolfe  landed,  in  the  night,  previous 
to  the  battle  of  the  Plains  of  Abraham. 

As  we  approach  the  city,  the  first  view  is  striking  in  the  ex* 
treme:: — the  long  line  of  shipping,  extending  a  distance  of  twe 
miles  or  more,  with  its  forest  of  masts — the  powerful  batteries, 
upon  which  the  greatest  ingenuity  and  military  skill  have  been  ex- 
pended, to  render  them  impregnable, — the  houses  of  the  city, 
with  their  glittering  tin  roofs  reflecting  the  brightness  of  the  sun, 
and  a  variety  of  minor  objects,  all  combine  to  render  the  scenf^ 
ene  of  pleasing  inte*es|*  y?' 


#lli:»  Ui:i 


'^  t^"'^ *.^A;''-"':i **■'  •^^y^"*  '^  **"*>''*■  -■'-■*■  ^  1  ***-*l ' 


'■•"?».l 


.  '4ir§ip 


&|i*»^fe'5H»Sj:  *•;„;;  f^  ■ 


W'^'*r.^m-^us(i 


QUEBEO. 


This  city  occupies  the  extremity  of  a  iridge  terminating  in  the 
angle  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  rivers  St  Lawrence  and  St 
Charles,  340  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  former,  in  N.  Lat  46^^ 
48'  49",  and  in  W.  Lon.  71°  10'  45".  Pop.  about  40,000.  The 
promontory,  heie  called  Gape  Diamond,  is  surmounted  by  the 
Citadel,  a  fortress  occupying  the  most  elevated  point  of  the  ridge, 
from  which  the  town  extends  down  to  the  water's  edge.  From 
the  difference  of  elevation,  the  city  is  divided  into  the  Upper  and 
IJllA  |4»fref  Town.  I  thefonpermcluding  all  that  is  below  Uie  pn|« 


QUEBEC. 


187 


piito  or  fortified  lines — ^the  latter  embracing  all  that  is  above 
and  within  that  barrier.  The  streets  of  the  Old  Town- are  nar- 
rowv  irregular,  and  dirty ;  but  those  of  the  Lower  Town  are  gen- 
erally clean,  and  tolerably  well  paved  or  macadamized. 

**  On  landing  at  Quebec,  the  traveller  has  to  wind  his  way  up 
through  steep,  narrow,  and  tortuous  streets,  with  still  narrower 
alleys  on  his  right  and  left,  till  he  reaches  the  fortified  line  or 
barrier.  Here  he  enters  by  Prescott  Gate,  on  the  right  of  which* 
after  passing  through  it,  he  sees  the  imposing  structure  of  the 
New  Parliament  House,  with  its  lofty  cupola  and  fine  front,  and 
on  the  left  a  douUe  flight  of  mean  and  straggling  wooden  steps, 
leading  to  one  of  the  oldest  streets,  as  an  avenue  to  the  Placo 
d'Armea  Going  across  the  last,  he  passes  the  English  and 
French  Cathedrals,  the  Grovemment  Offices,  and  Palace  of  Jus- 
tice, on  the  right ;  and  has  the  site  of  the  old  castle  of  St.  Louis* 
and  the  platform  cverlooking  the  harbor,  on  his  left  Passing  by 
these,  and  continuing  for  about  half  a  mile  beyond,  he  reaches 
the  ramparts  and  gates  on  the  upper  side  of  the  city ;  and  going 
through  these,  he  comes  to  the  open  lawn  in  front  of  the  glacis, 
beyond  which  is  the  suburb  of  St.  Roch,  on  the  level  ground 
along  the  southern  bank  of  the  St  Charles  river." 

This  city,  celebrated  alike  for  its  formidaUe  defences  and  the 
deeply  interesting  military  events  of  which  it  has  been  the  the- 
atre, has  a  commanding  position,  and,  together  with  its  vast  and 
beautiful  harbor,  presents,  from  whatever  quarter  it  is  approached, 
a  magnificent  view.  It  has  been  called,  from  its  natural  and 
artificial  strength,  the  Gibraltar  of  America.  The  Citadel,  a 
work  of  stupendous  m&gnitude,  frowning  in  impregnable  strength 
from  a  height  of  350  feet  above  the  river,  will  firat  attract  th^ 
attention  of  the  tourist  This  work  include*  an  area  of  about  40 
acres,  and  is  constructed  on  the  most  approved  principles.  The 
line  of  fortification  has  an  inner  circuit  of  3^  miles,  and  is  inter- 
sected by  five  gates.  Besides  its  accommodations  for  the  garrison, 
it  contains  depots  for  stores,  an  ample  parade-ground,  &c.  Tick- 
ets of  admission  can  be  obtained  at  the  office  of  the  adjutants 
general,  in  St  Louis,  near  Ursuhi'flt      t  «flii£tv^$«t  !^ilt»^ 

The  public  buildings  of  Quebec  are  substantial  rather  than  el«' 
gant    The  Parliatiunt  Houais,  the  most  perfect  of  its  edificei^ 


188 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFANION. 


is  rappoted  to  stand  upon  the  first  spot  of  ground  cleared  by 
Champlain  for  his  fort,  on  founding  the  city  in  1608. — The  So* 
man  Catholic  Cathedral  of  Notre  Dame,  a  massive  stone  struc< 
ture,  with  a  lofty  tower,  fronts  the  e.  side  of  Market  Square,  hi 
the  centre  of  the  town.  The  Catholics  have  four  other  churches. 
— ^The  Church  of  England  has  a  cathedral  and  four  chapela 
There  are  two  churches  belonging  to  the  Scotch  dissenters ;  and 
the  Wesleyau  Methodists  have  two  chapels. — The  Hotel  Dieu 
is  both  a  nunnery  and  an  hospital. — ^The  Urauline  Nunnery,  for 
the  education  of  young  females,  is  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Catholic 
Cathedral  and  the  Place  d'Armes.  The  body  of  Montcalm  was 
deposited  within  the  walls  of  this  convent. 

The  principal  establishment  for  educational  purposes,  is  the 
French  college.  There  are  also  a  royal  grammar-school,  a  class- 
ical acidemy,  and  a  national  school ;  a  Royal  Institution  for  the 
promotion  of  learning  in  the  province  ;  a  Literary  and  Historical 
Society;  and  a  Mechanics'  Institute.  The  Public  Library  con- 
tains  upwards  of  6,000  volumes  of  valuable  and  standard  works. 
There  is  also  a  good  library  attached  to  the  garrison. — ^The  city 
has  three  banks,  a  savings-bank,  and  numerous  benevolent  insti- 
tutions. ..... .i$-^m  'Tis^' 

Though  on  the  whole  good  and  healthy,  the  climate  here  is  in 
extremes.  The  heat  of  summer  resembles  that  of  Naples,  while 
the  cold  of  winter  is  not  inferior  to  that  of  Moscow.  Travelling  in 
winter  is  effected,  as  in  Russia,  by  means  of  sledges  and  carricoles. 

The  majority  of  the  population  being  of  French  descent,  the 
French  language  predominates,  and  is  spoken  in  some  of  the  best 
circles  with  great  propriety.  Society  here  has  much  refinement. 
Great  attention  is  paid  to  etiquette.  From  the  seductive  exam- 
ple of  the  mimic  court  established  among  them,  all  classes  are 
much  given  to  show,  and  living  is  consequently  expensive.  The 
citizens  of  Quebec  are  less  enterprising  than  those  of  Montreal, 
and  there  is  a  greater  spirit  of  improvement  in  the  latter  city 
than  in  the  former.  The  trade  of  Quebec,  however,  is  extensive ; 
«nd  vesMls  from  all  parts  of  the  world  may  be  seen  riding  at 
anchor  in  its  capacious  harbor,  which  has  in  general  a  depth  of 
S8  fathoms,  the  water  rising  from  16  to  18  feet  at  neapi  and  fiun 
S6  to  30  at  spring  tidflik 


QUEBEC. 


188 


If  4?  '^r^'M-its-ii  • 


<■'  Qaebee  was  taken  torn  th»  French  in  1759.  Its  daptoieWM 
tiie  result  of  the  victory  gained  Iqr  the' Engluih»  on  the  jPJatM  9/ 
Abraham.  The  «Britidi,  vndee  Gen.  Wolfe,  haying^. efflbotedr A 
landing  near  the  city,  attacked  and  <defeated:t)ie'  French  nndw 
Montcalm.'  W^iife  fell  in  the  moment  <tf  victory;  and  Moot- 
calm,  who  was  wounded  in  the  battle^  wcpixed  soon  after.  Pamo- 
•truck  by  the  death  of  their  commander,  the  French  surrendered 
the  city,  before  a  single  battery  had  been  opened  against  it 

An  attack  made  on  this  city  during  the  American  Revolution, 
by  an  army  under  Montgomeiy  and  Arnold,  was  attended  with 
results  widely  difiereut  from  those  that  crowned  the  effi>rts  of  the 
British  in  their  contest  with  the  French.  The  attack  was  «tnuU 
taneously  made  by  Montgomery  on  the  southern,  and  by  Arnold 
on  the  northern  side  of  the  .. ./.  town.  B<Ah  attacks  failed, 
though  made  with  great  cour  <'t  ^^d  impetuosity.  Gen.  Mont» 
gomery  and  nearly  all  his  stali  were  killed,  while  Gen.  Arnold 
and  most  of  his  men  were  made  prisoners.     <Hii;«»:^$nfi(  -h 

There  are  three  great  lines  of  railway  proposed,  and  in  couist 
of  construction,  ndiating  from  Quebec,  viz  :— 

1st.  The  linillWxtendiug  from  Quebec  to  Toronto,  and  from 
that  city  to  Hamilton ;  there  uniting  with  the  Great  Western 
Railway,  that  will  terminate  opposite  Detroit,  Michigan. 

2d.  A  railroad  leaving  Quebec,  in  as.  w.  direction,  to  unite 
with  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  already  in  prog- 
ress,'which  is  to  connect  Montreal  and  Portland. 

3d.  The  railway  connecting  the  cities  of  Halifax  and  Quebec, 
and  passing  through  the  provinces  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Brunswick. 

There  are  other  important  lines  of  railway  proposed,  all  of 
great  utility  to  their  respective  localities,  but  their  routes  are  not 
yet  determined  on. .  , 

There  are  many  places  of  resort  worthy  the  attention  of  tour- 
ists, in  the  vicinity  of  Quebec.  The  FalU  of  Montnwrenei  are 
nme  miles  distant,  and  should  be  vinted  by  all  who  delight  in 
looking  on  such  wonders.  The  Chaudifre  FalU  are  on  the  op- 
posite side  of  the  St  Lawrence,  10  miles  distant  from  Quebec 
Tlie  watem  of  the  Chaudiere  river,  which  is  here  about  400  feet 
wide,  fall  a  depth  of  125  feet  down  a  wild  chasm,  which  is  fear* 


190 


BAILBOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


ftilly  grand.  A  visit  to  the  Saguenay  River  is  a  very  pleasai:' 
steamboat  excunion  firom  Quebun.  The  banks  of  this  river  vary 
in  height  from  500  to  1,000  feo'  uid  are  very  rocky.  Its  foii- 
•ral  breadth  is  from  two  to  throe  miles,  but  is  contracted  at  its 
mouth  to  rather  lees  than  one  mile.  Its  dopth  is  also  very  great ; 
attempts  have  been  made  to  fathoni  it,  near  its  mouth,  with  a  500 
fathom  ]ine  without  reaching  bottom.  In  some  places,  the  stream 
falls  over  intervening  precipices  from  40  to  60  feet  in  die^. 


QRAND  ROUTES  TO  THE  WEST  FROM  ALBANY  AND  TROT 
TO  BUFFALO  AND  NIAQARA  FALLS. 

The  traveller  to  the  West,  via  Buffalo  and  intermediate  places, 
has  thetchoice  of  two  routes.  The  first  is  by  a  continuous  line  of 
railroads  to  Buffalo,  325  miles,  which  has  been  chartered  under 
different  names,  and  under  the  control  of  separate  companies,  viz : 
the  Mohawk  and  Hudton  Railroad f  16  miles  in  length ;  the  17<t- 
ca  and  Schenectady  Railroad,  77 ;  the  Syrt^ee  and  Utica, 
54 ;  the  Auburn  and  Syracuse  26  ;  the  Au'  urmand  Rochester , 
77 ;  the  Tonawanda  Railroad,  which  extends  from  Rochester 
to  Attica,  42,  and  the  Attica  and  Buffalo  Railroad  to  Bufialo, 
33  miles.  The  other  route  is  by  the  Erie  Canal,  which  extends 
to  Buffalo,  a  distance  of  364  miles.  The  former  route  is  the 
more  expeditious  and  agreeable,  but  those  travelling  at  leisure  will 
find  the  latter  a  very  delightful  one ;  the  canal,  passing  through 
a  highly  fertile  and  interesting  part  of  the  state,  aifiirdiug  the 
traveller  a  succession  df  varied  and  beautiful  scenerv. 

The  rates  and  the  time  between  the  principal  places  are  as 
follows: — By  railroad  (com  Albany  to  Schenectady,  50  cents — 
time  one  hour;  (lom  Schenectady  to  Utica,  5^  hours,  $1.66; 
from  Utica  to  Syracuse,  3^  hours,  $100;  from  Syracuse  to 
Auburn,  2  hours,  65  cts  ;  from  Auburn  to  Rochester,  6  hours, 
$2.60 ;  from  Rochester  to  Buffalo,  5  hours,  $1.60 :  time  be- 
tween  Albany  and  Buffalo,  23  luturs.  Fare  $6.60.  The  cars 
leave  Albany  aud  each  of  the  principal  places  on  the  route  three 
times  daily — morning,  afternoon,  and  evening ;  except  during  the 
winter  months,  when  they  leave  twice  daily.    Returning  from 


rjdeaMtL' 
river  vary 

Its  fOil- 

;ted  at  its 
iry  great ; 
leithaSOO 
hoBtream 
B|ith. 


If  D  TROT 


ate  places, 
lous  line  of 
ered  under 
Minies,  viz : 
I }  the  Uti- 
md  Uti<;a, 
Rochester, 
Rochester 
to  Buf&lo, 
;h  extends 
)ute  is  the 
leisure  will 
g  through 
fordiug  tho 


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ces  are  as 
cents — 

3,  $1.66; 

fracuse  to 

r,  6  hours, 

I:  time  he- 

The  cars 

)ute  three 
I  during  the 
Irning  from 


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jfi** 


—  ^"'t«  rfi 


ALBAinr  A:tD  schenectaot  railroad. 


191 


Bnfialo,  the  regulation  is  the  same.    The  depot  in  Albany  ia  in 
Maiden  Lane,  corner  of  Deane'St 

Fermna  going  by  the  Erie  Canal  from  Alhiny  or  Troy,  take 
the  raihroad  cars  to  Schenectady ;  there  taking  either  the  packet 
hoatit  which  go  through  in  about  three  and  a  half  day»t  or  the 
/m«  hont8t  which  occupy  teven  daye.  By  the  former  the  charge 
is  97.50  with  board,  and  $5.50  w'^hout ;  and  by  the  latter,  one 
and  a  half  cents  per  mile  with  board,  and  one  cent  a  mile  with- 
out From  Schenectady  to  Utiea,  94  miles,  the  charge  by  the 
packets  is  $1.50  with  board — $1.00  without;  from  Utiea  to 
SyraeueCf  64  miles,  the  same  ;  from  Syracuse  to  Rochester ^  98 
miles,  02.50  with  board— 02.00  without;  from  Rochester  to 
Buffalo,  95  miles,  02.00  with  board— 01.50  without  (For  de- 
scriptions of  Albany  and  Troy,  the  reader  is  referred  to  pages 
163  and  166.) 


ALBANY  Ain)  80HBNE0TADT  RAILROAD,  (See  Map  No.  19.) 
— ^This  road,  formerly  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson,  extends  froip 
the  city  of  Albany  to  Schenectady,  16  miles,  and  is  4,837  feet 
long.  It  was  opened  for  travel  in  1831,  and  the  cost  of  construc- 
tion up  to  Jan.  1, 1848,  was  01,473,253.  During  the  year  229,401 
passengers  had  been  conveyed  over  it  This  road  forms  a  con- 
nection at  Schenectady  with  the  chain  of  railroads  to  Buflyo,  and 
also  with  the  routes  to  Lake  Champlain. 

Schenectady,  one  of  the  oldest  places  in  the  state,  and  the 
seat  of  Union  College,  is  16  miles  from  Albany,  and  18  frran 
Troy.  The  compact  portion  of  the  city  is  on  the  a.  k.  side  of  the 
Mohawk  river.  The  prosperity  of  this  place  has  received  a  new 
impulse  by  the  railroads  which  pass  through  it  from  Albany  and 
Troy,  to  Saratoga  Springs  and  to  Buffalo ;  and  also  from  the 
establishment  of  the  packet-boat  lines  on  the  Erie  Canal.  This 
is  the  point  of  embarkation  for  all  travollem  proceeding  west- 
wardly  by  the  canitl.  Owing  to  the  length  and  tediousness  of 
the  way,  by  the  canal  to  Albany,  the  passage-boats  leave  this 
city.  The  can,  on  leaving  Schenectady,  clross  the  Mohawk 
river  and  the  Erie  Canal  by  a  bridge  neaily  1,000  feet  long,  and 
an  embankment  of  considerable  length ;  when  the  roads  diverge, 
that  for  Utica  to  the  West,  the  other  In  a  northeast  direction  to 


'  •'1 


192 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  JOAlf  A>iOM 


the  Spring!.    Th«  oaual  it  continued  on  the  soutli  bank  of  thd 
Mohawk  to  Rome,  where  it  is  joined  by  the  Black  River  CanaL 


UTIOA  AWD  aOKENSOTADT  BAXLBOAD,  (See  Map*  No»  19 
and  29.}--'ThMi  road  ia  properly  an  extension  of  the  railroads  from 
Albany  and- Troy,  whioh  meet  at  Schenectady,  and  one  of  the 
important  links  in  the  chain  of  railroads  from  Albany  to  Buf&lo 
It  wtts  opened  for  travel  in  1836,  is  78  miles  long,  and  cost  ap  to 
Jan.  1,  1847,  $34265,114.80.  The  affairs  of  this  company  are 
in  a  prosperous  condition :  it  is  one  of  the  most  productive  rail- 
roads in  the  state,  and  equal  perhaps  to  any  in  the  country.  Ita 
dividends  have  averaged  about  10  per  cent  per  annum,  and  ita 
stock  at  the  present  time  ranges  from  15  to  20  percenL  above  par 

Amsterdam,  on  the  railroad,  17  miles  from  Schenectady,  is  a 
small  but  thriving  village.  The  Chuctawnunda  creek  passes 
througn  it,  with  falls  of  135  feet  near  its  mouth,  which  aflford 
considerable  water>power.  Stages  leave  this  plaoe  daily  for  Tiah 
House  village,  a  very  pleasant  place  on  the  Sacandaga  river. 
This  river  is  crossed  by  a  wooden  bridge  135  icet  long,  with  three 
arches,  and  with  walks  on  each  side. 

Fonda,  the  county-seat  of  Montgomery  county,  contains  a  fine 
courthouse,  and  other  county  buildings.—- JoAnstoton,  four  milea 
N.,  is  an  old  place,  having  been  laid  out  in  1784 ;  it  is  situated 
upon  a  fine  plain,  skirted  on  the  n.  and  w.  by  the  Gayadutta 
creek,  and  on  the  s.  by  a  hill  of  moderate  elevation,  and  contains 
the  courthouse,  prison,  and  county  offices. 

Palatine  Bridge,  on  the  railroad)  53  miles  from  Albany,  is 
connected  by  a  bridge  with  the  opposite  side  of  the  river. 

Carutfoharie  is  Mtuated  on  the  Erie  Ganal,  69  miles  from  Al- 
bany* Its  name  is  derived  from  an  Indian  word,  signifying  "  the 
pot  that  wadies  itself,"  allied  to  a  whirlpool  at  the  foot  of  ono 
of  the  falls  of  the-oreek.  This  village,  which  was  incorporated 
in  1839,  is  a  plaice  of  much  trade,  and  has  a  peculation  of  about 
2,000.  From  this  l^ce,  and  also  from  Palatine  Bridge,  stages 
9re  in  readiness  for  Cherry  Valley  smA&bakqs  Springs,  situated 
about  10  miles  in  a;&  w«  and  s.  direction  from  Palatine  Bridge, 
the  route  being  over  a  &ie  country.  The  Springs  are  eituated 
jum  the  village,  about  half  a  mile  n.  of  the  turnpike-road ;  they 


UTIOA  AND  lOIIEHECTADT  RAILROAD. 


1U8 


an  iiure  and  dear,  aud  notwithstanding  they  flow  for  one-foarth 
of  a  mile  from  their  lource  with  other  water,  preserve  their  dis- 
tinctive character.  The  water  falls,  with  suffirient  volume  to 
turn  a  mill,  over  a  ledge  of  rocks,  wl^ioh  has  a  perpendicular  de- 
scent of  about  65  feet.  There  are  two  springii,  called  the  sulphur 
and  magnesia  springs,  the  former  being  highly  impregnated  with 
sulphur,  and  somewhat  resembling  the  White  Sulphur  Springs  of 
Virginia.  These  waters  have  an  exhilarating  efiect  upon  the 
spirits,  invigorate  the  system,  purify  the  complexion,  aud  are  dffi- 
cacious  in  rheumatic  and  other  diseases. — ^The  Pavilion  Home 
is  large,  well-constructed,  and  admirably  arranged  to  accommo- 
date a  great  number  of  visiters.  It  is  erected  on  an  eminence, 
with  large  columns  in  front,  and  presentH  a  comfortable  and  invi- 
ting appearance.  The  prospect  from  the  piazza  towards  the  north 
is  unlimited,  and  few  views  surpass  it  in  grandeur.  The  air  here 
is  always  pure  and  bracing,  and  in  hot  weather  delightfully  cool 
and  refreshing. 

Cooperatown  lies  at  the  s.  end  of  Ottego  Laket  13  miles  s.  w. 
from  Cherry  Valley,  and  2§  miles  s.  w.  from  the  Erie  Canal  at 
Canajoharie.  From  the  village  there  is  a  fine  view  of  the  Otse- 
go Lake,  through  its  whole  extent,-— «  delightful  prospect,  the  lake 
being  nine  miles  long  from  n.  to  s.,  and  from  one  to  three  wide. 
The  hills  which  encompass  it  have  an  elevation  of  from  400  to 
500  feet  above  its  surface.  The  purity  of  its  water,  and  the 
rich  and  varied  scenery  around,  give  it  the  highest  claim  to  the 
attention  of  the  lovere  of  natural  beauty.  It  is  replenished  with 
several  small  streams  and  numerous  springs,  and  affi>rds  an 
abundant  supply  of  salmon-trout,  pike,  pickerel,  and  bass, — ^the 
last  of  which  have  a  remarkaUe  ddicacy  of  flavor,  and  are  said 
to  be  peculiar  to  this  lake. 

Palatine,  59  miles  ftora  Albany^  on  the  railroad  and  Mohawk 
river,  at  the  mouth  of  Garoga  Creek*  is  one  of  Uie  •topping' 
placet  on  tbis  route.  St.  Johnmille  is  a  small  settlement  three 
miles  distant  Ea«t  Canada  Creek  jmns  the  Mohawk  three 
imles  above  e  tiie  cars  cross  it  by  means  of  a  substantial  bridge. 
It  is  a  very  rapid  stream,  and  within  the-  last  two  miles  of  its 
cpurae  falls  200  ft  Its  descent  near  the  outlet  is  l^  rix  cataracts, 
w^ieh,  with  the  int«rmediate  rapids,  occupy  three-fimrtfas  of  amBok 

13 


194 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFAIIIOR. 


Rookton^  on  the  Mohawk  river,  73  mile*  from  Albany,  b  ■ 
place  of  considerable  trade,  and  owing  to  the  facilitiea  afforded  by 
the  railroad,  canal,  and  river,  is  constantly  increasing.  The  pop- 
ulation is  about  2,700.  Tlie  village  is  supplied  with  water  brought 
flpom  a  spring  in  the  granite  mountain,  the  elevation  of  the  spring 
being  306  feet  above  the  tops  of  the  houses.  It  is  remarkable 
for  the  passage  of  the  Mohawk  river  through  the  mountain  bar«i£ 
rier,  for  its  wild  and  picturesque  scenery,  and  for  the  difficulties 
which  have  been  overcome  in  constructing  the  Erie  Canal 
through  the  pass.  This  defile,  which  extends  for  two  miles,  is  a 
deep  cut  through  the  solid  rock,  and  presented  obstacles  inferior 
to  none,  save  the  deep  excavation  at  Lockport.  This  place  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Little  Falls  in  contradistinction  to  the  Great 
Falls  at  Cohoes.  The  falls  extend  upon  the  river  about  three- u' 
fourths  of  a  mile,  descending  in  that  distance  42  feet,  and  consist 
of  two  long  rapids,  separated  by  a  stretch  of  deep  water,  each 
occupying  about  the  fourth  of  a  mile.  The  upper  rapids  are  the 
most  considerable.  Above  them,  a  dam  across  the  stream  ren- 
ders it  placid,  over  which  the  waters,  separated  by  a;  small  island, 
form  beautiful  cascades  falling  into  a  deep  pool  beneath,  whence 
the  current  rushes,  murmuring  and  foaming,  over  ridges  and 
masses  of  rock, — flowing  with  comparative  gentleness  beneath 
the  overarching  bridge  and  aqueduct,  and  thence  hurrying,  with 
new  impetuosity,  over  the  stony  bed  below.  The  Erie  Canal 
descends  the  pass  by  five  locks,  40  feet  in  the  distance  of  one 
mile ;  and  the  time  occupied  in  passing  it  affi)rd8  travellers  in 
boats  ample  time  to  view  leisurely  the  natural  scenery  and  artifi- 
cial improvements.  Here  are  to  be  seen  vast  works  of  art,  as 
well  as  of  nature,  costly  viaducts,  aqueducts,  locks,  raceways, 
waterfalls,  mills,  machinery,  and  a  noble  stream  urging  its  rapid 
course  over  its  rocky  bed  in  the  very  midst,  and  giving  life  and 
animation  to  all  around.  Here  is  the  beautiful  aqueduct  that 
spans  the  entire  volume  of  the  Mohawk,  (that  is  at  this  place 
compressed  into  its  narrowest  limits,)  resting  on  three  arches,  two 
of  50  and  one  of  70  feet  span,  and  thus  forming  a  navigable 
feeder  for  the  canal,  170  feet  long.  If  the  traveller  has  time  to 
tarry  here,  if  only  to  wait  for  the  next  train,  he  will  be  highly 
gratified  by  descending  to  the  stone  bridge  and  viewing  the  oen- 


tmCA  AMD  SOmifECTADT  KAILBOAD. 


195 


iny,  to  ■ 
brdedby 
rhe  pop- 
rbroui^t 
le  ipring 
narkablfr 
itaiu  bar- 
lifficuUiM 
ie  Canal 
nilea,  to  a 
8  inferior 
place  re- 
the  Great 
Dut  three- 
iiid  consist 
ater,  each 
is  are  the 
tream  ren- 
nall  toland, 
h,  whence 
idges  and 
beneath 
ing,  with 
Irie  Canal 
ice  of  one 
ivellers  in 
and  artifi* 
of  art,  as 
raceways, 
ig  its  rapid 
ig  life  and 
[edttct  that 
thto  place 
ihes,  two 
navigable 
las  time  to 
be  highly 
Lg  the  cen- 


tral arch,  with  the  basin  beneath,  and  then  climbing  up  to  the 
top  of  the  mountain  to  catch  a  view  of  the  Mohawk  valley  for  an 
extent  of  30  or  30  miles. 

Herkinurt  seven  miles  w.  from  Little  Falls,  to  the  county  town 
of  Herkimer.  The  village,  which  to  mostly  built  on  two  parallel 
streets,  contains  the  courthouse,  jail,  and  other  public  buildings, 
and  a  population  of  about  900. 

Richfield  Springs  are  situated  in  Otsego  county,  on  the  n. 
side  of  Schuyler's  Lake,  one  mile  distant ;  they  are  reached  from 
the  north,  east,  and  west,  by  railroad  or  the  Erie  Canal  to  Her- 
kimer, where  post-coaches  and  other  conveyances  are  iu  constant 
readiness  to  convey  visiters  to  the  Springs,  12  miles  distant 
Their  location  is  in  the  vicinity  of  beautiful  lakes  that  aflbrd  the 
finest  variety  of  fish ;  while  their  shores  and  the  neighboring 
hills  and  woods  abound  in  game.  At  the  lake,  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Springs,  pleasure-boats  and  fishing  apparatus  are  always  kept 
in  readiness  for  visiters.  The  ride  to  Otsego  Lake,  six  miles 
distant,  is  over  a  fine  road.  Six  miles  farther  is  Cooperatown,  the 
residence  of  Mr.  Cooper,  the  novelist.  Cherry  Valley,  Spring- 
field,  and  other  pleasant  villages,  are  within  the  circuit  of  a  few 
miles.  The  accommodations  at  the  Springs  for  visiters,  whethei 
in  search  of  pleasure  or  health,  have  recently  been  greatly  im- 
proved  ;  and  the  hotels,  which  are  of  the  first  class,  furnish  every 
luxury  and  comfort  usually  found  at  those  resorts.  The  follow* 
ing  is  an  analysin  of  the  Sulphur  Springs,  made  by  Professoi 
Reed,  formerly  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  now  consult- 
ing chemist  in  the  city  of  New  York :  bicarbonate  of  magnesia, 
20  grains ;  bicarbonate  of  lime,  10  grains ;  chloride  of  sodium 
and  magnesia,  1.5 ;  sulphate  of  magnesia,  90 ;  hydro,  sulph.  ot 
magnesia  and  lime,  2  ;  sulphate  of  lime,  90  ;  solid  matter,  153.5 ; 
Bulphureted  hydrogen  gas,  20.8  inches  per  gallon. 

Utioa  is  situated  93  miles  from  Albany  by  railroad,  and  332 
from  Bufialo :  by  the  Erie  Canal  it  to  110  from  the  former  place, 
anj  254  from  the  latter.  The  city  is  beautifully  located  on  the 
8.  side  of  the  Mohawk  river,  on  an  inclined  plane  rising  from  the 
river,  so  as  to  command,  from  its  elevated  parts,  many  fine 
views.  The  streets  are  generally  laid  out  with  regularity,  are  of 
good  width,  and  well  paved.    The  buildings,  which  are  of  brick, 


196 


BAILROAD  ANB  STEAMBOAT  OQAfFANIOlf; 


ai«  in«i||tly  of  a  superior  kind.  Population  in  1800^  11,24X>.) 
1%  contaiiwa  courthoiue,  an4  pt^iMr  county  buildicgii  banks,  nu- 
merous churches,  and  has  several  charitable  and  other  institu- 
tions. The  State  Lunatje  Attylii^f  situat'^d  on  eleypted  ground, 
about  a  jaaile  west  of  the  centre  of  th9  city,  has  fine  buildings, 
with  a  liftrge  farm  attaiphed  to  it  This  institution^  which  is  an 
honor  to  the  state,  was  established  for  pemons  of  unsound  mind 
resident  rcithin  its  limits*  Friends  of  this  unfortun^ite  class  can 
always  obtain  admission  for  them  by  applying  to  the  proper  au- 
thorities^ . 

Utica  is  a  central  point  for  canals,  railroads,  and  tunipikee, 
which  radiate  from  it  in  all  directions.  The  railroads,  and  the 
£rie  Canal,  (which  is  here  70  feet  wide  and  seven  feet  deep,) 
pass  through  it,  on  the  east  to  Albany,  and  on  the  west  to  Buf- 
falo ;  and  the  Chenango  Canal,  which  is  here  joined  with  the 
Erie,  extends  s.  to  Binghamton,  in  Broome  county,  96  miles  dis- 
tant. The  country  around  is  fertile,  populous,  and  rich,  and  is 
the  centre  of  an  extensive  trade.  There  are  many  well-kept 
hotels  situated  on  Genesee -street,  the  principal  street  of  the  city. 
Stages  leave  Utica  for  all  the  chief  places  within  a  circuit  of 
many  miles;  and  for  Ithaca,  9^  miles  from  Utica,  three  times  a 
week. 

Trknton  Falls,  situated  on  West  Canada  Creek,  15  miles  ia 
a  N.  E.  direction  from  Utica,  are  yearly  growing  in  interest  with 
tourists.  They  can  be  reached  by  conv«)yance8  from  Little  Falls, 
Herkimer,  and  Utica :  they  are,  however,  nearer  to  the  latter 
place,  and  by  leaving  early  in  the  morning,  the  visiter,  if  he  in- 
tends devoting  but  one  day  to  them,  will  have  an  opportunity  of 
returning  in  the  evening.  These  falls,  which  are  six  in  number, 
commence  a  short  distance  above  the  High  Bridge,  on  the  Black 
River  road,  and  terminate  at  Conrad's  Mills ;  embracing  a  dis- 
tance of  two  miles,  with  an  aggregate  fall  of  313  ft.  The  ap- 
pearance of  the  falls  varies  greatly  with  the  state  of  the  water. 
The  scene,  which  at  all  times  possesses  great  interest,  is  in  sea- 
sons of  freshet  extremely  wild  and  exciting. 

There  is  a  well-kept  hotel  near  the  falls,  where  visiters  meet 
with  every  accommodation  ;  and  the  fine  trout  dinners  which  are 
umtally  served  up  here  are  in  high  repute.    From  this  house  you 


X7TICA  AHD  SCHENECTADT  RAILROAD. 


197 


■»«# 


7irar  of  Tranton  yalls. 


,;*'* 


'..;»jit» 


descend  a  pathway  leading  to  a  long  staircase  down  the  steep 
bank  of  the  West  Canada  Creek,  which  has  worn  a  frightful 
chaem  through  a  rocky  range,  in  some  places  150  ft  deep; 
thpnce  you  proceed  up  the  stream,  and  follow  the  winding  foot- 
path to  Sherman's  Full,  which  has  a  descent  of  35  ft.,  with  its 
greatest  fall  towards  the  west,  from  the  foot  of  which  the  stream 
pours  along,  with  less  rapidity  descending  to  Conrad's  Falls, 
which  have  a  pitch  of  about  20  ft.  The  High  FalU  have  a 
perpendicular  pitch  of  109  ft.,  and  are  divided  by  rifts  in  the  rock 
into  three  difTerent  and  splendid  cascades, — forming,  with  the 
chasm,  the  high  banks  covered  with  foliage,  and  the  rocky  cliflb, 
a  scene  of  the  wildest  grandeur.  The  Mill-Dum  Fall,  from  the 
regularity  and  smoothness  of  the  rock,  has  a  uniform  pitch  of 
about  16  ft,  with  a  width  of  175  ft.  The  waters  of  the  Upper 
Falls,  which  have  an  abrupt  descput  of  about  20  ft.,  are  received 
iiilu  a  capacious  basin,  that  passes  off  through  a  wild  ravine  along 
t>ie  rocky  bed  of  the  river,  for  about  a  mile,  towards  the  Cascades, 
which  have  a  fall  of  about  18  ft. 

A  few  years  ago,  two  young  ladies  lost  their  lives  here,  in  con- 
M>quence  of  the  unprotected  state  in  which  a  narrow  ledge  of 
rocks  was  left,  at  the  foot  of  a  high  precipice,  and  on  the  brink 
overlooking  the  rushing  waters,  from  whence  they  fell  into  the 
boiling  stiearo.    After  this  unfortunate  circumstance  it  was  made 


M8 


RAILnOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


tecnre,  by  guarding  it  with  a  chain,  supported  by  iron  stauddidsi 
made  fast  to  tlie  rock. 


A  STRAOnSE  AND  XTnOA  RAQf?EtOAD.-(See  Map  No.  20.)— 
This  road  is  properly  an  extension  of  the  Utica  and  Schenectady 
Railroad,  and  like  that  road,  is  one  in  the  chain  uniting  the  Hud- 
son  with  Lake  Erie.  It  is  54  miles  in  length,  anti  was  opened 
for  travel  in  1839,  and  cost,  up  to  Jan.  1,  1848,  $1,350,000. 

Whiteaboro'i  four  miles  w.  of  Utica»  is  a  pleasant  village,  sur 
rounded  by  rich  and  cultivated  land.    Pop.  about  2,000. — OriS' 
kany,  situated  on  a  creek  of  the  same  name,  near  its  junction 
with  the  Mohawk,  is  a  small  but  thriving  place  seven  miles  from 
Utica. 

Rome,  15  miles,  and  from  Albany  by  railroad  108,  and  by  the 
Erie  (tJanal  125  miles,  is  situated  between  the  Mohawk  river  and 
Wood  Creek,  and  is  handsomely  laid  out,  having  wide  street- 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  two  squares.  It  contains 
a  courthouse,  jail,  county-offices.  United  States  arsenal,  a  num- 
ber of  workshops,  and  about  2,500  inhabitants.  The  villiige, 
which  is  a  semi-capital  of  the  county,  is  built  on  the  site  of  Fort 
Stauwix,  erected  in  1758,  and  rebuilt  during  the  revolutionary 
war,  under  the  name  of  Fort  Schuyler,  on  the  summit-level  be- 
tween the  ocean  and  Lake  Ontario.  HatDley*»  Bann,  on  the 
canal,  four  miles  distant,  is  a  small  but  growing  place. 

Verona  Centre,  Oneida  Depot,  and  Wampaville,  are  small 
and  unimportant  places  on  the  route.  At  the  second  of  these, 
the  passenger  cars  usually  stop  a  few  minutes. 

Syracuse,  54  miles  from  Utica,  situated  on  both  railroad  and 
canal,  is  147  miles  from  Albany  and  178  from  Buffalo,  by  the 
railroad,  and  171  miles  from  Albany  and  193  from  Buf!alo,  by 
the  canal.  It  was  incorporated  in  1825,  and  now  contains  about 
8,000  inhabitants.  The  village  and  surrounding  country  are 
celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  salt,  made  from  brine  springs 
which  abound  here.  These  works  are  an  important  source  of 
revenue  to  the  siate,  which  receives  six  cents  per  bushel  on  all 
that  is  manufactured  here.  Fine  salt  is  made  by  evaporation  by 
heat,  and  coarse  salt  by  solar  evaporation.  The  Oswego  C^pM 
<k)nnects  Syracuse  and  the  Erie  Canal  with  Lake  Ontario    Th'-> 


OSWEGO  AND  SYRACUSE  RAILROAD. 


199 


Syracuse  Houses  an  excellent  hotel  near  the  i^ailroad  depot,  and 
the  Empire  Hotue,  which  has  recently  been  built  and  ele^rantly 
furnished,  are  the  principal  hotels.  Omnibugea  leave  Syracuse 
for  Salina  every  hour.  The  tsanal-boats  stop  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
a.  of  the  railroad  depot. 

At  Syracuse,  the  railroad  and  canal,  which  have  kept  in  close 
proximity  with  each  other  from  Schenectady,  take  a  separate 
course,  each  winding  and  twisting  about  until  they  again  meet  at 
Rochester,  the  railroad  crossing  the  canal  at  Pittsford ;  whence 
they  again  diverge,  the  Erie  Canal  taking  a  westerly  direction  to 
Lockport,  and  thence  a  southerly  one  to  Buffalo.  The  railroad 
takes  a  course  s.  w.  to  Batavia ;  thence  southerly  to  Attica ; 
thence  almost  due  west  to  Buffalo.  Those  iounieying  west,  can 
select  either  of  the  above  routes,  or  the  canal  route  from  Syra- 
cuse to  Oswego,  38  miles, — the  usual  time  being  seven  hours,  and 
the  faro  $1.50, — and  there  take  the  steamboat  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Genesee  river.  (See  the  following  route.)  Travellers  can  also 
go  from  Oswego  to  Niagara  Falls.  Fare,  including  meals,  $4.00 
to  $5.00.     (For  continuation  of  the  western  route  see  page  200.) 

OSWBaOAND  STRAOUSE  RAILROAD.— The  opening  of  this 
road  now  completes  the  chain  of  communication  which  con- 
nects Lake  Ontario  by  railroad  and  steamboat  with  the  Atlantic 
cities.  It  extends  from  Oswego  on  the  lake  to  Syracuse,  there 
uniting  with  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  chain  of  railroads  from  Bos- 
ton to  Buffalo.  Its  entire  length  is  35  miles:  its  highest  grade 
does  not  exceed  19^  feet,  and  that  only  for  a  short  distance,  and 
most  of  the  grades  are  under  14  feet.  It  is  in  a  great  degree  free 
from  curves,  and  those  which  exist  are  of  a  radius  varying  from 
400  to  11,000  feet  The  entire  cost  is  estimated  at  $437,500,  or 
$12,500  per  mile  ;  it  is  to  be  const 'ucted  in  the  best  possible  man- 
ner, and  of  heavy  rail,  and  will  be  opened  for  travel  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1848.  ■      ••'   -^^^iffht^ii^iir   ■ 

Oswego,  a  port  of  entry,  and  semi-capital  of  Oswego  county, 
N.  Y.,  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Oswego  river,  at  its  confluence 
with  Lake  Ontario.  Its  location  affords  groat  facilities  for  com- 
merce and  manufactures,  (the  great  water-power  of  the  river  be- 
ing applied  to  the  latt:r  purposed  commanding,  as  it  does,  the 


fiOO 


BATLROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COBIFAinOR. 


markets  of  the  lakes  and  the  St.  Lawreuce  river ;  also  the  inta* 
riorof  the  state,  and  the  city  of  N.  York  by  the  railroad  and 
canal  from  Oswego  to  Syracuse,  and  here  with  the  Erie  Canal 
and  the  railroads  diverging  from  thence  both  on  the  e.  and  on  the 
w.  The  harbor,  if  we  except  that  of  Sackett's  Harbor,  is  the  best 
port  on  Luke  Ontario  ;  it  is  formed  by  a  pier  or  mo!e  filled  witli 
«tone,  1,219  feet  long  on  the  w.  side,  and  250  feet  on  the  e.  side, 
with  an  entrance  between  them  sufficient  for  the  egress  and  in- 
gress of  vessels.  The  depth  of  water  within  the  pitir  is  from  10 
to  20  feet.  The  entire  cost  of  this  work  was  $93,000.  The 
population  of  Oswego,  according  to  the  census  taken  in  tlie 
year  1850,  was  12,199.  In  1840,  the  entire  population  was 
4,600,  and  in  1845  it  was  6,818.  Steamboat-s,  during  the  period 
of  navigation,  run  to  the  principal  places  on  Lake  Ontario; 
also  to  Rochester  anil  Lewistoa. 

AUBURN  AND  SYRAOITSE  RAILROAD,  western  route  continued 
from  page  199. — (See  Map  No.  21.) — This  short  road  runs  from 
Syracuse  to  Auburn,  26  miles,  and  is  the  fourth  separate  line  on 
the  route  from  Albany  to  Buffalo.  It  was  opened  for  travel  in 
1839,  and  cost  up  to  Jan.  1,  1848,  $820,000. 

Skaneateles,  five  miles  s.  of  the  Auburn  and  Syracuse  Rail- 
road, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  branch  railroad,  is  delight- 
fully situated  at  the  foot  of  Skaneatoles  Lake.  The  site  of  the 
village  is  one  of  surpassing  beauty,  commanding  a  view  of  the 
lake  for  seven  or  eight  miles,  and  of  the  country  rising  gently 
from  the  shore  into  hills  100  feet  high,  the  sides  of  which  are 
highly  cultivated,  and  surrounded  by  fine  farms  and  country  res* 
idences.  Th<>  lake  is  16  miles  long,  and  from  half  a  mile  to  one 
and  n  half  vi^ie,  and  abounds  with  trout,  salmon-trout,  and  other 
fish.  Its  w  Iter  is  deep  and  remarkably  pure,  its  bottom  gravelly, 
and  its  shores  bold  and  picturesque,  rising,  towards  the  head  oi 
the  lake,  abruptly  several  hundred  feet. 

Auburn,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  thriving  vi!iapes  in  the 
state,  is  situated  on  the  Outlet,  two  and  a  half  miles  from  Owasco 
Lake.  This  lake,  which  is  12  miles  long  and  about  one  wide, 
contains  au  abundance  if  excellent  fish,  and  is  a  great  ^-esort  for 


» the  into- 
Iroad  and 
j^rie  Can&l 
ind  on  the 
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Blled  witb 
he  E.  sidot 
m  and  in- 
is  from  10 
000.    The 
iQii  in  the 
lotion  was 
the  period 
e  Ontario; 


te  continued 
[  runs  from 
irate  line  on 
[>r  travel  in 


acuse  Rail- 


site  of  the 
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ising  gently 
which  are 
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;,  and  other 
gravelly, 
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AITBUBH  Ain>  BOCHESTBR  RAIL&OAD. 


SOI 


anglen.  Theihorea  of  the  lake  are  Burrounded  by  rugged  and 
piotureeque  aoenery.  Auburn  is  173  miloe  w.  from  Albany,  and 
152  ■.  from  Buffalo,  and  in  1860  contained  a  Pop.  of  9,648.  The 
Btreets  are  wide,  well  paved,  and  there  are  handsome  ranges  of 
stone  and  brick  stores,  and,  in  the  retired  parts,  some  tasteful 
dwellings  and  ornamented  grounds.  The  Auburn  State  Prison, 
located  on  the  n.  side  of  the  Owasco  Outlet,  is  a  splendid  edifice 
of  its  kind,  erected  at  a  cost  of  more  than  half  a  million  of  dollars 
The  enclosure  forms  a  square,  500  feet  on  a  side,  surrounded  by  a 
stone  wall  2.000  feet  long,  and  from  16  to  40  feet  high.  The 
Owasco  Outlet  runs  along  the  outside  of  the  s.  wail,  and  moves 
a  water-wheel  attached  to  a  shaft,  which  extends  through  the 
wall,  and  sets  in  motion  the  machinery  within  the  prison.  The 
building  forms  three  sides  of  a  square,  the  front  of  which  is  276 
feet  long,  and  the  wings  242  feet  long  and  45  wide.  The  main 
building  faces  to  the  e.  The  n.  wing  is  divided  into  solitary  cells 
and  a  hospital,  and  the  s.  wing  iuto  cells.  Between  the  wings 
is  an  area  of  grass  and  gravelled  walks ;  to  the  w.  of  this  is  the 
interior  yard,  surrounded  with  workshops  built  aigainst  the  outer 
wall.  lu  the  front  part  of  the  main  building  is  the  residence  of 
the  keeper,  and  offices  for  the  clerk  and  agent  The  walls  that 
form  the  enclosure  are  35  feet  high,  4  thick,  and  2,000  in  extent, 
jr  500  feet  on  each  front.  The  prisoners  labor  together  in  silence 
when  at  work,  and  when  not  employed  are  confined  in  solitary 
cells.  Visiters  can  obtain  admission  within  the  walls  by  paying 
a  smalt  fee. 

AUBtTRN  AND  ROOHBSTER  RAILROAD,  (See  Map  No.  21.) 
— This  road  forms  the  filth  link  in  the  Great  Western  line  of 
railroads  from  Albany  to  Buffalo.  It  joins  with  the  Auburn  and 
Syracuse  Railroad,  and  extenHs  frr>m  Auburn  to  Rochester,  a  dis- 
tance of  77  miles.  It  was  opened  for  travel  in  1840,  and  cost, 
up  to  Jan.  1,  1848,  $2,087,797. 

Cayuga  village  lies  on  the  n.  k.  siun  of  Cayuga  Lal^e,  and 
cc  ;tains  about  350  inhabitants.  The  c  lebrat^d  "  Cayuga  Bridge," 
a  iv.:.i  nnd  eight  oe^^  in  length,  here  cross^^  the  lake,  and  ^ives 
th'^  veller  an  extensive  and  beautiful  view  of  this  sheet  of  wa- 
ter, and  its  highly  cultivated  sboitH ,  -^s  far  as  the  eye  o«f  u  raachi 


;si^#VH-«.' 


aoa 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPAITION. 


The  railroad  bridge,  a  mile  and  a  half  lo  ;^,  i6  '  ^v/led  over  its  n 
eud.  Cayuga  Lake  is  a  beautifu?  ipauso  oi  very  transparent 
water,  40  miles  long,  and  from  one  to  four  broad.  Its  outlet  is 
about  25  miles  s.  of  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  surrounded  by  well* 
cultivated  farms  and  thriving  villages,  and  abounds  with  salmon- 
trout,  pickerel,  perch,  white-fish,  pike,  &c.  Owing  to  i*9  '<'-"*>, 
which  is  said  in  some  places  to  exceed  500  feet,  it  is  larety  closed 
by  ice,  even  in  the  most  rigx)rous  winters.  Steamboats  ply  be> 
tween  Cayuga  Bridge  aoH  Ithaca  in  its  s.  part,  a  distance  of  40 
miles,  stopping  at  iiiterm"  late  places.  These  boats  run  in  con- 
nection with  the  cars  oi  the  Auburn  and  Rochester,  and  the 
Ithaca  and  Owegu  i  ailrouds,  and  also  with  the  various  stage 
routes  in  this  vicinity.  The  bouts  leave  Ithaca  at  an  early  hour 
in  tht  morning  daily  for  Cayuga  Bridge,  arriving  in  time  for  the 
trains  going  either  east  or  we»t.     (For  Ithaca,  see  page  151.) 

Seneca  Falls  village,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  outlet  of 
Seneca  Lake,  is  16  miles  w.  from  Auburn.  The  water-power 
afforded  by  the  outlet  is  very  great,  the  descent  in  12  miles  be- 
ing about  80  feet.  The  Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canal,  which  unites 
with  the  Erie  Canal  at  Montozuma,  passes  through  the  village. 

Waterloo  lies  on  the  outlet  of  Seneca  Lake,  along  which  runs 
the  Seneca  Canal,  and  the  Auburn  and  Rochester  Railroad, 
which  passes  through  the  village.  It  contains  grist  and  saw  mills, 
tanneries,  and  other  evidences  of  industry,  and  is  a  busy  place, 
with  a  population  of  about  2,500.  /iAit  ?.«  i. 

Geneva,  situated  at  the  n.  w.  corner  of  Seneca  Lake,  which  is 
here  about  two  miles  wide,  is  52  miles  v^  from  Syracuse,  51  &  e. 
from  Rochester,  199  from  Albany,  and  126  from  Buffalo.  It  is 
built  upon  the  side  and  summit  of  an  eminence  rising  up  from 
the  lake,  the  plane  of  which,  elevated  more  than  I'^O  feet  above 
the  lake,  afibrds  a  fine  view  of  this  beautiful  ex(  a  <  of  <vater, 
the  high  and  sloping  shore  beyond  it,  and  the  valley  ol  its  )utlet 
Upon  the  w.  it  is  bounded  by  low  hills,  rising  by  terraces,  highly 
cultivated,  and  v  ^orued  with  handsome  dwellings.  The  principal 
street  of  the  village  runs  near  to,  and  parallel  with  the  lake  shore, 
and  the  mansions  on  the  eastern  side  have  hanging  gardens  reach- 
mg  to  the  water's  edge.  The  business  part  of  the  village,  which 
is  compactly  built,  extends  to  the  plain  that  lies  at  the  foot  of  the 


▲ITBURN  Am;  ROCHESTER  RAILROAD. 


208 


ake,  and  contains  many  fine  stores,  See.  The  accommodations 
at  the  several  hotels  are  very  good,  and  the  charges  moderate. 
Conveyance  can  readily  be  obtained  to  any  part  of  the  village 
or  vicinity.  Steamboatt  ply  regularly  on  the  lake,  connecting 
with  ttage  routea  to  Elmira  and  Corning,  and  at  the  latter  place 
with  the  railroad  to  Bloasburg,  in  the  n.  part  of  Pennsylvania. 

Seneca  Lake,  one  of  the  most  beautiful,  and  the  largest  of  the 
lakes  of  Western  New  York,  is  40  miles  long,  and  varies  in  wiOth 
from  two  to  four  miles.  From  its  great  depth,  which,  12  miles 
from  its  outlet.  Is  560  feet,  it  is  never  entirely  frozen  over.  It  is 
elevated  431  ft^et  above  tidewater.  Its  outlet,  which  is  at  the 
northeastern  angle,  affords  great  water-power  at  Waterloo  and 
Seneca  Falls.  The  outlet  of  Crooked  Lake  enters  Seneca  Ijake 
12  miles  s.  of  Geneva,  having  a  descent  of  265  feet.  A  canal 
extends  from  its  north  end  to  the  Erie  Canal,  and  another  con- 
nects it  with  Crooked  Lake. 

t'anandaigua,  on  the  Auburn  and  Rochester  Railroad,  221 
miles  from  Albany,  ;  ^  from  Buffalo,  74  from  Syracuse,  and  29 
from  Rochester,  is  finely  situated  on  a  plain  at  the  n.  end  of  Ca- 
nandaigua  Lake.  The  f^i  *)iud  dcHcends  gently  towards  the  lake, 
presenting  a  fine  view  or  it  from  the  village.  The  town  is  beau- 
tifully  built,  lying  chiefly  in  two  j>ura]lel  streets,  running  n.  and 
8.,  and  crossed  at  right  angles  by  a  number  of  others.  At  the 
centre  is  a  fine  public  square,  on  which  stands  'he  courthouse  and 
other  public  buildings.  No  town  in  the  state  excels  this  in  pic- 
turesque beauty,  or  is  a  more  desirable  place  of  residence,  it  being 
surrounded  by  a  rich  agricultural  country,  producing  every  luxury 
and  comfort — Canandaigua  Lake,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water, 
14  miles  long,  and  from  a  mile  to  a  mile  and  a  half  wide,  presents 
on  its  shores  much  delightful  scenery.  Its  waters,  which  are 
elevated  670  feet  above  the  ocean,  are  very  deep,  beautifully 
clear,  and  contain  a  variety  of  excellent  fish.  The  Burning 
Spring  is  situated  in  a  ravine,  on  the  w.  side  of  Bristol,  eight 
miles  8.  X.  from  Canandaigua.  Tho  gas  rises,  through  fissures  of 
slate-rock,  from  the  margin  and  bed  of  a  brook :  where  it  passes 
through  the  water  it  is  in  bubbles,  and  flashes  only  when  a  flame 
is  ai^lied ;  but  where  it  flows  directly  from  the  rock,  it  bums  with 
a  steady  and  beautiful  flame.    In  winter  it  forms  openings  in  the 


*'ao4 


RATLROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFARIOR. 


•now,  and  Mng;nei  on  fire,  presents  the  novel  speotoole  of  a  lluae 
rising  out  of  the  snow.  In  very  cold  weather,  tubes  of  ice  are 
formed  around  these  currents  of  gas,  to  the  height  of  two  or  three 
feet,  the  gas  issuing  from  their  tops.  When  burning  in  a  still 
erening,  these  natural  gas-lights  present  a  beautiful  appearance. 
RocHEsxBR  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Genesee  ri?er,  seren  nHles 
s.  of  Lake  Ontario ;  by  railroad  w.  from  Albany  350  mile»— by 
the  Erie  Canal,  269  ;  and  s.  f^om  Buffalo,  by  the  former  route 
76  miles— by  the  latter,  96.  Pop.  in  1820,  was  1,602;  1880, 
9,269;  1340,  20,191 ;  and  in  1860,  86,000.  It  was  founded  in 
1812,  by  Natlianiel  Rochester,  and  others,  all  of  whom  were  from 
Maryland  ;  and  was  incorporated  ns  a  village  in  1817 — as  a  city 
in  1884.  It  is  handsomely  laid  out,  with  considerable,  though  not 
entire,  regularity.    The  e.  and  w  parts  of  the  city  are  connect-^ 

•  ed  by  three  bridges,  and  the  river  is  also  crossed  in  the  middle  of 
the  city  by  the  splendid  aqueduct  of  the  Erie  Canal,  which  rests 
on  11  arches,  is  804  feet  long,  and  cost  $80,000.  The  streets 
are  spacious,  with  a  width  varying  from  60  to  80  feet,  well  paved 
in  the  centre,  with  convenient  sidewalks ;  and  there  ate  also 
several  public  squares  which  are  enclosed.  Bufialo-st.,  which  is 
broad  and  straight,  runs  through  the  centre  of  the  city,  crossing 
the  river  on  a  bridge :  on  the  east  side  it  is  called  M ain<st.  The 
city  is  handsomely  built,  chiefly  with  brick,  and  a  large  number 
of  the  stores  and  dwellings  are  elegant ;  many  of  the  houses 

-  have  fine  gardens,  ornamented  with  fruit-trees  and  dirubbery. 
Some  of  the  churches  and  public  buildings  are  handsome  struc- 
tures. 

Rochester  owes  its  rapid  growth  and  present  greatness  to  the 
vast  water-power  created  by  the  falls  in  Genesee  river,  which 
amount  to  268  feet  within  the  bounds  of  the  city,  in  which  are 
three  successive  perpendicular  falls  of  96,  20,  and  105  feet,  be- 
sides rapids.  On  these  rapids  and  falls  are  many  large  flouring- 
mills,  not  surpassed  by  any  others  in  the  world,  and  numerous 

:  other  hydraulic  works.  These  mills  are  capable  of  manufactu- 
ring 5,000  barrels  of  flour  daily. 

t^^.  As  a  seat  of  commerce,  the  city  is  most  admirably  mtnated. 
It  is  the  port  of  entry  of  the  Genesee  collection  district,  and  by 
Lake  Ontarip  may  participate  in  all  the  trade  of  the  fit  Law- 


"AUBURN  AND  ROCHESTER  RAILROAD. 


905 


ronoe  bMin.  VeaMis  come  up  the  Oeneaee  river  fW)ni  the  lake 
to  Carthage,  S^  milea  n.  of  the  centre  of  the  city,  where  slearo- 
boata  arrive  and  depart  daily,  and  to  which  there  ia  a  railroad 
from  the  city.  The  river  is  savigable  for  boats  to  the  head  of 
the  rapids,  a  distance  of  53  miles,  and  steamboats  of  light  burden 
may  ply  between  the  city  and  the  village  of  Avon,  20  miles  9. 
The  Erie  Canal  passes  centrally  through  the  city,  giving  it  ac- 
cess on  the  east  to  Albany,  and  thence  by  the  Hudson  river  to 
New  York ;  and  on  the  west  to  Buffalo,  and  thence  to  the  upper 
lakes  and  the  great  West.  The  Genesee  Valley  Canal  is  te 
connect  it  with  Olean  on  the  Alleghany  river,  and  thence  with 
Pittsburg.  The  chain  of  railroads  from  Boeton  to  Buffalo  passes 
through  it,  giving  it  a  ready  access  to  both  sections  of  the  coun- 
try, and  intermediate  places.  It  has  several  welUkept  and 
elegantly  furnished  hotels,  where  the  traveller  will  find  every 
accommodation.  The  principal  ones  are  the  Eagle,  Amerieant 
New  Maneion  Moiue,  Congress  Hall,  Clinton,  Rochester,  Island 
Hotel,  dx.,  Ae. 

The  GiNBSEB  Falls  are  seen  to  the  best  advantage  from  the 
B.  side  of  the  stream.  The  railroad  cars  pass  about  100  rods  s. 
of  the  most  southerly  fall  on  Genesee  River,  so  that  passengers 
in  crossing  lose  the  view.  These  falls  have  three  perpendicular 
pitches,  and  two  rapids ;  the  first  great  cataract  is  80  rods  below 
the  aqueduct,  the  stream  plunging  perpendicularly  96  feet.  The 
ledge  here  recedes  up  the  river  from  the  centre  to  the  sides, 
breaking  the  water  into  three  distinct  sheets,  unsurpassed  in 
beauty  by  any  waterfall  in  the  state,  although  those  of  Niagara 
and  Cohoes  have  more  sublimity.  From  TahU  Rock,  in  the 
centre  of  these  falls,  Sam  Patch  made  his  last  and  fatal  leap. 
The  rhrer  below  the  first  cataract  is  broad  and  deep,  with  occa- 
sional rapids  to  the  tecond  fall,  where  it  again  descends  perpen- 
diculariy  30  feet  Thence  the  river  pursues  its  course,  which  is 
noisy  and  rapid,  to  the  third  and  last  fall,  over  which  it  pours  its 
flood  down  a  perpendicular  descent  of  105  fe^t.  Below  this  fall 
are  numerous  rapids  which  continue  to  Carthage,  the  end  of 
navigation  on  the  Genesee  river  from  Lake  Ontario.  The 
entire  descent  from  Rochester  to  Carthage  is  stated  at  268  feet 

JllfyuiU  Hpg^j%  nwal  cemetery  amidst  wild  and  ^(pturMJiiiM 


fi06  RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPAlTiON. 

■oeneiy,  is  situated  two  miles  s.  of  the  railroad  depot,  and  m 
quarter  of  a  mUe  e  f  the  river  and  the  Genesee  Valley  Canal. 
It  is  said  to  surpass  in  beauty  either  Greeuwo  xl  at  BrooklyUf  or 
Mt  Auburn  near  Boston.  Omnibuses  leave  Rochester  for  Mt 
Hope  many  times  daily.    Fare  12^  cents.  «*^  «6*Kfiafc'^iil 

.-;  The  Avon  Springs,  which  are  yearly  increanng  in  public 
favor,  are  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  Genesee,  19  miles  from 
Rochester,  and  25  from  Canandaigua.  The  village,  which  is  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  river,  is  elevated  100  feet  above  it,  and  is 
delightfully  situated  on  a  terrace,  commanding  an  extensive  view 
of  the  neighboring  country.  The  waters  of  these  springs  have 
obtained  celebrity,  from  their  effict  ^y  in  curing  various  disorders ; 
this,  added  to  the  rural  attraction)}  of  the  spot,  induces  thousands 
to  visit  them.  The  hotels  are  thio  Comstock  House,  which  has 
recently  been  enlarged,  and  finished  with  drawing  and  sleeping 
zooms  in  the  roost  elegant  modern  style ;  the  Avon  Hotel,  an 
excellent  house,  also  greatly  improved ;  the  American,  Knieker» 
backer  Hall,  and  the  Pavilion,  which  afibrd  fine  accommoda- 
tions. A  stage  leaves  Rochester,  during  the  season,  every 
morning,  and  packet-boats  on  the  Genesee  Valley  Canal  land 
passengers  within  two  miles,  from  which  point  carriages  wb  in 
readiness  to  convey  them  to  the  Springs. 

From  Rochester  there  are  three  modes  of  conveyance  to 
Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls.  The  route  by  railroad  to  Bufialo, 
1\  miles,  is  the  most  expeditious;  the  canut  route,  95  miles, 
is,  h,  wever,  the  cheapest.  Steamboats,  during  the  season  of 
navigation,  run  daily  from  Carthage,  which  is  connected  with 
Rochester  by  railroad,  to  Lewiston,  on  the  Niagara  river ;  and 
thence  the  passengers  are  conveyed  by  railroad  to  Niagara  Falls 
an(^  Buffalo.  The  whole  distance  from  Rochester  to  Niagara 
F<>Uk  by  the  railroad,  about  to  be  built,  is  81  miles,  26  of  which 
(h  >u.  Lockport  to  the  Falls)  are  already  in  operation.  When 
this  road  is  finished,  it  will  complete  a  chain  of  railroad  from  Bos- 
ton  to  a  point  in  Canada  opposite  t)etroit,  Mich.;  and  when  the 
roads  from  New  York  to  Albany  are  finished,  it  will  make  a  line 
from  the  metropolis  to  the  same  point,  via  Niagara  FaUsii  and 
through  Upper  Canada. 
'-)    lAckport,  on  the  Erie  Canali  31  miles  n.  k.  from  Buffalo 


ATTiCA  AND  iUITALO  BAILBOAD. 


209 


eontaine  the  deep  excavation  for  the  canal,  cut  through  the 
mountain  ridge  for  the  distance  of  three  miles,  at  an  average 
depth  of  20  feet,  in  limes;tone  rock.  It  descends  in  a  natural 
ravine  from  the  higher  to  the  lower  plain,  hy  five  double  locks  of 
12  feet  lift  each ;  so  that  whilst  one  boat  ascends,  another  may 
descend  the  steep.  These  locks,  whicL  are  of  superior  workman- 
ship, with  stone  steps  in  the  centre  and  at  either  side,  are  guard- 
ed with  iron  railings  for  the  convenience  of  passengers.  The 
canal  being  supplied  by  Tonawanta  creek  fh>m  the  inexhaustible 
reservoir.  Lake  Erie,  distant  30  miles,  affordis  an  abundant  supply 
of  water  for  hydraulic  purposes,  whence  the  village  chiefly  de- 
rives its  prosperity.  From  the  foot  of  the  steps  the  canal  con- 
tinues upon  one  level  of  66  miles,  ending  two  miles  e.  of  Rochester. 

TONAWANDA  RAILROAD,  (see  Map  No.  22.) — ^This  road  ex- 
tends from  Rochester  to  Attica,  and  is  a  continuation,  from  the 
former  place,  of  the  roads  from  Albany  to  Bufialo  and  Niagara 
Falls.  It  is  43  miles  in  length,  and  the  cost  of  construction  up  to 
Jan.  1,  1848,  was  $753,555. 

This  road  passes  through  the  villages  of  Chili,  9  miles; 
Churehville,  13;  Bergen,  17 ;  Byron,  25 'j  Batavia,  32;  Alex* 
ander,  40,  and  to  Attica,  43  miles.        •  '   ^    •    v   ^t'       '?  \^' 


ATTIOA  AND  BUPPALO  RAILROAD,  (see  Map  No.  22.)— 
This  road  extends  from  Attica  to  Bufialo,  32  miles,  and  com- 
pletes the  great  chain  in  the  line  of  railroads  extending  from 
Boston  to  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie,  and  by  the  Hudson  river  to 
the  city  of  New  York.  It  was  opened  for  travel  in  1842,  and 
cost  in  its  construction,  up  to  Jan.  1,  1848,  $412,188. 

The  principal  places  on  this  route  are  Darien,  6  miles  from 
Attica ;  Alden,  11  miles ;  Lancaster,  21  miles ;  Checktawaga, 
26  miles.    We  now  arrive  at  Buffalo. 

Buffalo. — This  city,  a  port  of  entry,  and  the  capital  of  Erie 
county,  is  situated  on  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie,  at  the  head  of 
Niagara  river,  and  at  the  mouth  of  Bufiklo  creek,  which  forms 
its  harbor.  It  is  from  Albany,  by  railroad,  325  miles, — by  the 
Erie  Canal  364  miles;  470  from  New  York;  22  s.  s.  e.  from 
Niagara  Falls ;  75  from  Rochester,  by  railroad ;  31  from  Lock- 


888 


llAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Dort ;  103  n.  n.  b.  from  Cleveland,  Ohio ;  290  e.  by  n.  from  D»* 
.roit ;  and  597  from  Chicago,  IIHnois. 

BufFalo  was  originally  laid  out  io  1801,  but  grew  slowly  until 
1812,  in  which  year  it  became  a  military  post  In  Dec.  1813, 
every  building  in  it,  save  two,  was  burnt  by  a  party  of  British 
and  Indians.  It  soon,  however,  rose  from  its  ashes,  and  in  foUr 
years  afterwards  contained  upwards  of  100  buildings,  some  of 
them  large  and  elegant  Pop.  in  1825,  only  2,412 ;  in  1835, 
15,661 ;  in  1845,  29,773 ;  and  in  the  year  1850  it  contained 
49,863.  At  the  close  of  the  war  of  1812,  the  United  States 
paid  the  inhabitants  of  Buffalo  a  compensation  of  $80,000  for 
the  losses  they  had  sustained  by  the  conflagration  of  18 J  3.  m 
,  Buffalo  owes  the  commencement  of  her  prosperity  to  the  com> 
pletioi)  of  the  Erie  Canal,  which  was  opened  in  1825.  It  war 
incorporated  as  a  city  in  April,  1832,  is  divided  into  five  wards, 
and  governed  by  a  mayor  aud  common  council,  annually  elected. 
It  is  laid  out  partly  on  a  bluff  or  terrace,  rising  50  feet  above  the 
lake,  aud  partly  on  the  low  ground  or  marsh  towards  tho  lake 
and  creek.  The  marsh  having  been  drained,  is  now  become  the 
business  part  of  the  city.  The  ground  on  which  the  city  is  built 
rises  gradually  from  the  creek,  which  runs  through  its  s.  part,  and 
at  the  distance  of  two  miles  it  becomes  an  extended  plain,  ele- 
vated 50  feet  above  Lake  Erie,  whence  there  is  a  delightful  view 
of  the  lake,  the  Niagara  river,  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  Canada 
shore.  The  city  is  regularly  laid  out,  with  broad  and  straight 
streets  that  intersect  usually  at  right  angles.  Main-st.,  more  than 
two  miles  long  and  120  feet  broad,  is  occupied  on  either  side  with 
fine,  lofty  stores,  dwellings,  and  hotels,  which  present  an  imposing 
appearance.  The  three  public  squares,  Niagara,  Franklin,  and 
Washington,  which  are  planted  with  trees,  add  much  to  the 
beauty  and  health  of  the  city.  Buffalo  has  a  courthouse,  jail, 
county-clerk's  office,  two  markets,  in  the  upper  story  of  one  of 
which  are  the  common-council  chamber  and  city  offices,  about 
twenty  churches^  several  banking-houses,  a  theatre,  aud  many 
spacious  and  elegant  hotels. 

A  pier,  of  wood  aud  stone,  extends  1,500  feet  on  the  s.  side  of 
the  mouth  of  the  creek,  forming  a  breakwater,  for  the  protection 
of  vessels  from  the  violent  gales  occasionally  experienced  here> 


\  / 


BUFFALO  AI«D  NUGARA  FALLS  RAILROAD. 


209 


Tlie  lighthouse,  46  feet  high  and  20  in  diameter,  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  pier,  is  a  substantial  and  beautiful  structure,  built  of 
dressed  yellowish  limestone. 

«  Buffalo  j^as  already  become  a  great  commercial  mart,  from  the 
irading  fticilitios  afforded  by  the  canal  and  railroad,  in  connection 
with  the  lake  navigation,  which  has  an  extent  of  some  thousand! 
of  miles.  It  has  communication  on  the  e.  by  canal  with  Albany, 
a:nd  thence  by  a  chain  of  railroads,  525  miles  long,  with  Boston 
It  is  also  connected  by  railroad  with  Niagara  Falls  and  liewistOBi 
on  the  north. 

'  The  principal  hotels  in  Buffalo  are  the  American,  Mansion 
House,  Westernf  United  States,  Commercial,  Exchange,  and 
Huff's.  There  are  also  other  excellent  houses,  where  the  wants 
of  travellers  are  well  attended  to.  (For  routes  from  Buffalo  to 
Detroit,  Chicago,  &.C.,  see  page  298. 

„  ^         ■ 

''BUFFALO  AND   NIAOARA   FALLS  RAILROAD.-This  road 

extends  fron^  Buffalo  to  Niagara  Falls,  22  miles  ;  it  v/as  opened 
for  travel  in  1836,  and  the  cost  of  construction  to  Jan.  1,  1848, 
was  $204,902.  The  total  number  of  passengers  carried  over  the 
road  during  the  year  was  66,506. 

Routes  from  Buffalo  to  Niagara  Falls. — (See  Map  No. 
22.) — ^Visiters  can  reach  Niagara  Falls  from  Buffalo,  either  by 
the  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad,  or  by  steamboat  to 
Chippowa,  on  the  Canada  side,  or  to  Schlosser,  on  the  American 
side.  These  Falls  are  also  reached  from  Rochester  by  the  Erie 
Canal  to  Lockport,  and  thence  by  railroad  to  the  Falls  ;  there- 
by dispensing  with  the  route  through  Bufiklo, — a  saving  of  both 
time  and  expense.  By  the  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  Rail- 
road, passengers  are  conveyed  direct  to  the  Falls,  on  the  Ameri- 
ran  side,  22  miles  distant ;  and  from  the  steamboat-landing  at 
tSchlosser,  either  by  the  cars  or  stage,  running  direct  to  the 
Falls.  From  the  landing  at  Chippewa,  the  railroad  counecting 
Queenston  with  that  place  taken  you  to  Niagara  Falls,  a  short 
distance  n.  of  Chippowa,  stopping  opposite  the  Pavilion  Hotel, 
and  about  half  a  mile  frcn,  the  Clifton  House.  The  fare  on 
each  of  the  routes  from  BuffAo  is  75  cents;  going  and  return* 
ing  by  the  same  conveyance,  ^1.25.  ^ 

14 


4 

-m 

1 


-I 
J 


210 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COnPAKIOX. 


▼t«w  of  lfU«m*a  PaUa 


FALLS  OF  IflAQAHA.  -^ 

(Sec  Map  No.  29.) 

These  Falls  ore  bplievfd  to  be  the  most  sublime  object  of  the 
kind  in  tho  world.  Language  is  incapable  of  conveying  to  tha 
mind  nn  adoqnate  descriptiou  of  their  beauties.  Their  immensity 
raisps  (niotiouB  of  terror,  wonder,  and  delight,  in  all  who  loolc 
upon  them.  There  are  other  falls  which  have  a  greater  perpen- 
dicular descent,  but  none  in  the  known  world  where  such  a  mass 
of  water  is  precipitated  f.t>m  so  great  a  height.  It  has  been  com- 
puted that  the  quantity  of  water  discharged  over  the  Falls  is 
670,000  tons  per  minute.  On  viewing  this  magnificent  work  of 
nature,  the  words  of  the  Psalmist  are  forcibly  brought  to  mind : 
**  I  will  remember  the  works  of  the  Lord.  Thou  art  the  God 
that  doest  wonders.  The  waters  saw  thee,  O  God  ;  the  depths 
also  were  troubled  ;  the  earth  trembled  and  shook.  Thy  way  is 
in  the  sea,  and  thy  path  lu  the  great  waters,  and  thy  foosteps  are 
not  known." 

The  Falls  are  situated  on  the  Niagara  river,  14  miles  above 
Lake  Ontario,  and  23  below  Lake  Erie,  on  the  New  York  sidio. 


FALLS  OF  NIAGARA. 


211 


ect  of  the 
11  g  to  the 
nimeuBity 
who  look 
r  perpen- 
Ich  a  mass 
been  com- 
|e   Falls  is 
it  work  of 
to  mind : 
the  God 
;be  depths 
hy  way  is 
losteps  aie 

lilee  above 
fork  sidtt. 


The  river  forms  the  outlet  of  the  waters  of  the  great  upper  lakes, 
which,  together  with  Erie  and  Ontario,  drain,  according  to  Pro- 
fessor Drake  of  Kentucky,  an  area  of  country  equal  to  40,000 
square  miles,  and  the  extent  of  their  surface  is  estimated  at 
93,000  square  miles.  These  lakes  contain  nearly  one-half  of  the 
fresh  water  on  the  surface  of  the  globe.  At  the  distance  of  about 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  above  the  Falls,  the  river  begins  a  rapid 
descent,  making  within  that  distance  a  succession  of  slopes,  equal 
to  52  feet  on  the  American  side,  and  57  on  the  opposite  one  ;  and 
forming  a  powerful  current  at  the  Falls,  it  turns  at  a  right  angle 
to  the  N.  E.,  and  is  then  suddenly  contracted  in  width  from  three 
miles  to  three-fou''tbs  of  a  mile.  Below  the  cataract  the  river  is 
cnly  half  a  mile  wide,  but  its  depth  exceeds  300  feet.  The  cat- 
aract is  divided  into  two  parts  by  Goat  or  Iris  Island,  containing 
about  75  acres ;  but  the  principal  channel  is  on  the  western  or 
Canadian  side,  and  forms  the  Great  Horse-Shoe  Fall,  over  which 
about  seven-eighths  of  the  whole  is  thrown.  The  eastern  channel 
between  Goat  Island  and  the  State  of  New  York  is  again  divided 
by  a  small  island,  named  Prospect,  forming  a  beautiful  cascade. 
The  descent  on  the  American  side,  as  ascertained  by  measure- 
ment, is  164  feet,  and  on  the  Canadian  side  158  feet. 

The  chief  features  of  this  sublime  scene  arb — the  Great  Horse- 
Shoe  Fall,  Goat  Island,  Table  Rock,  and  the  American  Fall 
The  best  single  view  of  the  cataract  is  that  from  Table  Rock,  on 
the  Canadian  side  ;  the  best  view  of  the  rapids  is  from  Goat  Isl- 
and ;  and  of  the  American  Fall,  from  the  ferry,  a  short  distance 
below  the  Falls,  on  the  American  side  :  but  the  most  sublime 
and  overpowering  view  is  that  of  the  Great  Horse-Shoe  Fall,  on 
the  Canada  side.  '-  •        .  ^ 

A  bridge  connects  Bath  and  Goat  islands  with  the  main  land, 
the  erection  of  which  was  a  work  of  noble  daring,  for  it  is  lierf 
that  the  waters  rush  with  tremendous  velocity  towardi^  the  fear- 
ful abyss.  On  Bath  Island  is  a  toll-house,  where  visiters  are  re- 
quired to  inscribe  their  names,  and  at  the  same  time  pay  a  fee 
of  twenty-five  cents,  which  entitles  them  to  visit  ai!  the  islaiids 
with  their  appendages,  as  often  as  may  be  wished,  duiing  the 
visit  or  season,  without  any  additional  charge.  On  Goat  Island 
Uie  visiter  will  find  guide-boards,  directing  to  all  the  most  inter* 


i^ 


:1 


212 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


eating  places  and  objects  around  the  island.  There  is  also  a 
bridge,  called  the  Terrapin  Bridge,  about  300  feet  in  length,  jut- 
ting out  from  the  w.  part  of  Goat  Island,  which  projects  10  feet 
over  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall.  On  the  rocks,  at  the  verge  of  the 
precipice,  is  a  stone  tower,  erected  in  1833,  which  is  45  ft.  high, 
with  winding  stairs  on  the  inside,  and  an  open  gallery  on  the  top, 
surrounded  by  an  iron  balustrade,  from  which,  or  from  the  end 
of  the  bridge,  the  effect  of  the  Falls  upon  the  beholder  is  awfully 
sublime. 

The  descent  to  the  bottom  of  the  Falls,  on  Goat  Island,  is  ao« 
complished  by  covored  winding  stairs,  erected  in  the  year  1839f 
by  the  'iUo  Nicholas  Biddie,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia:  it  gives  visit- 
ers an  opp.  ^uity  of  descending  below  the  bank,  and  of  passing 
a  considerable  «^''st<ince  behind  the  two  main  sheets  of  water. 
The  descent  i'mm  ne  island  to  the  margin  of  the  river  is  185  ft. 
A  common  flight  of  steps  leads  down  40  feet  to  the  perpendicular 
spiral  steps,  90  in  number,  which  are  enclosed  iu  a  building  in 
the  shape  of  a  hexagon,  resting  on  a  firm  foundation  at  the  bot- 
tom. From  the  foot  of  the  building  there  are  three  paths  leading 
to  the  most  important  points  of  observation,  one  of  which  leads  to 
the  river  below,  a  distance  of  80  feet,  where  visiters  will  find  one 
of  the  finest  fishing  places  in  this  pari  of  the  world.  Here  was 
Sam  Patch's  jumping-place.  The  path  at  the  left  of  the  stair- 
case leads  to  the  great  Crescent,  or  Horse-Shoe  Fall,  where, 
when  the  wind  blows  up  the  river,  a  safe  and  delightful  passage 
js  opened  behind  the  sheet  of  water.  The  path  to  the  right  leads 
to  a  magnificent  cave,  appropriately  named,  on  its  discovery, 
Coins'  Cave,  or  Cave  of  tlie  Winds  ;  it  is  about  120  feet  across, 
^0  wide,  and  100  high,  and  is  situated  directly  behind  the  Centre 
Fall,  or  Cascade,  which  at  the  bottom  is  more  than  100  ft.  wide. 

About  100  feet  below  the  Falls,  on  the  American  side,  is  an- 
other staircase  leading  to  the  ferry,  which  connects  with  the  Ca- 
nadian shore.  From  the  ferry  a  very  near  view  of  the  highest 
Fall,  and  a  most  charming  prospect  of  the  entire  Fall,  are  ob- 
tained. There  is  not  the  least  danger  in  crossing  the  river,  com- 
petent persons  having  charge  of  the  boats ;  and,  for  a  short  one, 
the  excursion  is  delightful,  eight  minutes  being  the  usual  time  iu 
■urossing.    Persons  occasionally  swim  across  without  difficulty 


rALLP  OF  KIAGARA. 


ais 


also  a 
th,  jut- 
10  feet 

of  the 

ft.  high, 

the  top, 

the  end 

awfully 

id,  is  ac- 
ar  1829, 
ves  visit- 
)f  passing 
of  water. 
18  185  ft 
lendicular 
ailding  in 
Lt  the  bot- 
is  leading 
h  leads  to 
i  find  one 
Here  was 
the  stair- 
iU,  where, 
il  passage 
•ight  leads 
[discovery, 
let  across, 
rie  Centre 
ft.  wide, 
fide,  is  an- 
ih  the  Ga- 
te highest 
111,  are  oh- 
iver,  com- 
|short  one, 
lal  time  in 
difficulty 


The  Tiaiter  on  being  landed  will  proceed  up  the  bank  by  a  ear 
riage  road,  at  th«  head  of  which  stands  the  Clifton  House ;  here 
he  may  obtain  refreshments,  and  afterwards  proceed  towards 
Table  Rock,  where  will  be  found  a  spiral  staircase,  from  the  foot 
of  which  he  can  pass  153  feet  behind  the  sheet  of  water.  A 
gentleman  has  the  charge  of  this  staircase,  auJ  furnishes  dreeses 
and  a  guide  for  visiters  who  wish  to  go  b^ind  the  sheet.  There 
is  here  a  reading-room,  and  a  place  of  refreshment,  with  albums, 
an  examination  of  which  will,  no  doubt,  prove  interesting  A 
short  distance  from  Table  Rock  stands  Mr.  Barnett's  very  inter- 
etiting  Museum,  a  visit  to  which  should  not  be  omitted.  I'he 
Camera  Obscura,  a  short  walk  from  the  Museum,  is  also  worthy 
Uie  attention  of  visiters. 

From  Table  Rock,  a  view  of 
which  is  presented  in  the  en- 
graving, there  is  one  broad  and 
unpoeing  view  of  the  entire 
Falls,  and  much  of  the  scenery 
of  the  rapids  and  islands.  It  is 
generally  conceded  that  this 
view,  and  that  from  the  Terra- 
pin Bridge  and  Tower,  are  the 
best,  and  combine  more  of  the 
beautiful  and  sublime  than  can 
be  obtained  from  any  other  point 
on  either  side  of  the  river.  In 
ascending  the  bank  from  Table 
Rock  to  the  hotels,  you  have  a 
fine  and  extensive  view  of  the 
surrounding  couutry.  •,•'.;         >,**''. 

One  of  the  grand  new  features  at  Niagara  is  the  runnintr  of  a 
powerful  steamer  to  the  very  edge  of  the  cataract,  thereby  giv- 
ing visiters  an  opportunity  of  enjoying  a  near  and  entirely  uew 
view  of  the  falls ;  und  the  grand  scenery  of  the  '*  Gulf,"  Goat 
Island,  Table  Rock,  and  other  places  of  interest  in  the  viciuity. 
The  steamer  "  Maid  of  the  Mist"  runs /our  times  daily,  leaving 
her  wharf  at  the  lower  landing,  and  touchiug  at  the  landing  on 
the  Canada  side,  and  thence  passing  alon^  in  front  of  the  Amer. 


rh 


314 


'l!  ■• 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


ican  and  the  Great  Horae-Shoe  Falls, — so  close  that  the  spray 
dashes  over  the  boat.  The  view  thus  afforded  is  sublime.  The 
steamer  is  of  100  tons  burden,  and  fitted  with  every  precaution 
against  accidents,  and  so  carefully  guarded  as  to  inspire  full  con- 
fidence. It  has  two  engines,  so  that  if  one  fails,  the  other  may 
be  put  in  gearing,  which  can  be  done  in  a  minute  and  a  half. 
She  is  found  with  two  anchors  and  chain  cabllob ;  and  is  also 
provided  with  a  small  boat,  by  which  a  strong  line  can  be  run 
ashore  the  moment  a  necessity  for  doing  so  exists.  Visiters  are 
taken  from  the  village  in  carriages,  about  a  mile  and  a  half,  to 
the  steamer.  The  road  down  the  bank  starts  from  the  point  on 
the  American  side  which  has  been  fixed  upon  as  the  terminus 
of  the  Suspension  Bridge.    A  band  of  music  accompanies  the 

boat.  .,?«....■    '*  i,        ;<.*>■•.■»■,.■   ,v    ,  '>\<.na'^'''S 

Th^  Niagaia  Suspension  Bridge  will  span  the  narrow  gprge 
of  the  Niagara  river,  between  the  cataract  and  the  whirlpool,  in 
view  of  both,  by  an  arch  800  feet  long,  40  wide,  and  230  above 
the  water.  It  will  be  supported  by  16  wire  cables,  1,100  ft.  long, 
and  upwards  of  12  inches  in  circumference.  Its  strength  is  to  be 
equal  to  6,500  tons  tension  strain  ;  and  it  is  to  be  subjected  to  the 
most  severe  and  conciuHive  tests,  so  as  to  render  it  safe  beyond 
any  possible  contingency.  A  railroad  track  will  extend  through 
its  centre,  uniting  the  roads  terminating  at  the  falls ;  there  will 
also  be  carriage-ways  and  a  footpath.  It  was  completed  during 
the  year  1849,  at  a  cost  of  $190,000.  The  engineer  was 
Charles  EUet,  Jr.,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia. 

Three  miles  below  the  Falls  is  the  Whirlpool,  resembling  in  its 
appearance  the  celebrated  Maelstrom  on  the  coast  of  Norway. 
It  is  occasioned  by  the  river  making  nearly  a  right  angle,  while 
it  is  here  narrower  than  at  any  other  place,  not  being  i.iore  than 
30  rods  wide,  and  the  current  running  with  such  velocity  as  tc 
rise  up  in  the  middle  10  feet  above  the  sides.  This  has  been 
ascertained  by  measurement  There  is  a  path  leading  down  the 
bank  to  the  Whirlpool  on  both  sides,  and,  though  somewhat  diffi- 
cult to  descend  and  ascend,  it  is  accomplished  almost  every  day 
on  the  American  side. 

A  mile  below  the  Whirlpool  is  a  place  on  the  American  side 
called  the  "  Devil's  Hole,"  embracing  about  two  acres,  cut  on 


.¥# 


FALLS  OF  inAGARA. 


M' 


21A 


>.  The 
»cauiion 
uU  con- 
fer may 

a  half. 
d  is  also 
1  be  ruu 
jiteis  are 
&  half,  to 
,  point  00 

terminus 
panies  the 

row  g9'8® 
liirlpool,  in 
230  above 
00  ft-  long, 
Igthistobe 
icted  to  the 
afe  beyond 
|nd  through 
there  will 
[ted  during 
rineer  was 

kbling  in  its 
If  Norway. 
Ingle,  while 
I  i.iore  than 
locity  as  tc 
Is  has  been 
Ig  down  the 
ewhat  diffi- 
;  every  day 

kerican  side 
res,  cut  ou 


laterally  and  perpendicularly  in  the  rook  by  *'  .  side  of  the  rivr, 
and  150  ft.  deep.  An  angle  of  this  hole  or  gulf  c<  nes  within  a  few 
feet  of  the  stage-road,  aflfording  travUers  an  opportunity,  without 
alighting,  of  looking  into  the  yawning  abyss.  But  they  should 
alight  and  pass  to  the  further  side  of  the  flat  projecting  rock» 
vhere  they  will  feel  themselves  richly  repaid  for  their  trouble.  » 
,;  The  Burning  Spring,  on  the  Canada  side.  Is  half  a  tn;f«> 
above  the  Falls,  and  within  a  short  distance  of  the  rapids  in  the 
Niagara  river.  (By  referring  to  Map  29  its  location  leill  be  ceen.) 
The  water,  which  is  warm,  is  surcharged  with  sulphu^etea  hy- 
drogen gas,  which,  on  introduc'rg  a  light,  immediately  takes  fi  .3 
an'l  burns  with  a  clear  and  ste    i'  flame.  | 

On  the  same  side  of  the  Falls  with  the  above  are  the  village  of 
Chippewa,  and  Lundy'9  Lane,  noted  as  battle-grounds  of  the 
English  and  Americans  in  the  war  of  1812. 

r  *  r  ,  DISTANCES* 

■■  ATUm. 

From  Steamboat  Landing  across  to  Chippewa 3^     ) 

From.  Fort  Schlosser  to  Chippewa ...»  •  li    ,/ 

From  the  Falls  to  Chippev/a '    ^ 

Across  the  River  at  the  Falls ..• ••  | 

From  the  Eagle  and  Cataract  Hotels  to  Table  Bock ......  1^ 

From  the  Falls  to  the  Mineral  Springs 3      '* 

«'             to  the  Whirlpool 8       j 

„,:,;}.*?...,        to  the  Devil's  Hole 4       ^ 

/j             *'',',      to  Erie  Canal  at  Tonawanda 11 

-' ^«t_;:  ;       toBuflRalo 22      ^ 

,  .    •  ;<*^  ..^^       to  Lockport • IS 

*■:'?;.'<  f*  I  .'■      toLewiston - 1 

BoiM,       ] 

'*             to  Goat  Island  by  the  bridge 58 

Across  the  Falls  on  the  American  side 50 

Across  the  foot  of  Goat  Island ..^ 80  " 

Length  of  Goat  Island 160  i 

Across  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall 114  ^ 

From  the  steps  of  the  Eagle  and  Cataract  Hotels  to  top  of 

thebank 100  '', 

From  top  of  the  bank  do>/n  the  staircase  to  the  River ....  28  ^ 

Width  of  River  at  the  Ferry 76  r 

Distance  up  the  Canada  bank 76  f 

Depth  of  water  at  the  Horse-Shoe 20 

Depth  of  water  at  the  Ferry 250 


ii6 


EAILROAD  AMD  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Queentton  '»  Mven  mile*  below  the  Falls,  on  the  Niafjrara  river^ 
directly  oppoeite  Lewiston,  vun  which  it  is  connected  by  a  ferry. 
This  place  was  also  the  theatre  of  a  battle  daring  the  war  of  1813» 
and  it  contains  the  monument  erected  to  the  memory  of  General 
Brock,  a  British  officer,  who  received  a  mortal  wound  when 
about  to  lead  on  his  men  to  the  conflict  It  is  now,  however,  in 
a  shattered  condition,  having  been,  a  few  years  since,  blown  i^ 
by  gunpowder,  by  some  unknown  individual. 

At  the  close  of  the  last  war  with  Great  Britain,  three  large 
British  ships  stationed  on  Lake  Erie,  were  declared  unfit  for  ser- 
<nce,  and  condemned.  Permission  was  obtained  to  send  them 
met  the  Falls.  The  first,  torn  to  shivers  by  the  rapids,  went 
<07er  in  fragments ;  the  second  filled  with  water  before  she  reached 
the  Falls ;  but  the  third,  in  better  condition,  took  the  leap  gallant- 
ly, and  retained  her  form  till  hidden  in  the  mist  below.  A  re- 
ward of  ten  dollars  was  offered  for  the  largest  fragment  of  wood 
which  should  be  found  from  either  wreck,  five  for  the  second, 
and  so  on.  One  piece  only  was  seen,  and  that,  about  a  foot  long, 
was  mashed  as  by  a  vice,  and  itf  Mg^M  notched  like  the  teeth  of 
a  saw. 

In  the  year  1827  a  few  indiv  <Iuak-  purchased  a  large  schooner 
of  140  tons  burden.  This  vessel  Vi-ta  towed  down  the  river  to 
within  half  a  mile  of  the  '*  rapids,"  when  it  was  cut  adrift  and 
left  to  its  fate.  The  rapids  are  caused  by  numerous  ledges  of 
rocks  from  two  to  four  feet  high,  extending  wholly  across  the 
liver,  over  which  the  water  successively  pitches  for  about  a  mile 
immediately  above  the  main  cataract  The  vessel  got  safely 
over  the  first  ledge,  but  upon  pitching  over  the  second,  her  masts 
went  by  the  board.  Springing  a-leak,  she  filled  witli  water,  and 
her  position  changed  to  stem  foremost,  in  which  manner  she  took 
her  last  plunge  over  the  main  fall,  her  bowsprit  being  the  last 
part  that  was  visible  of  her.  She  of  course  never  rose  more,  but 
^numerous  fragments  of  hc-r  timbers  were  picked  up  some  miles 
below  in  very  small  pieces,  bruised,  torn,  and  diivered.  There 
were  two  boars  and  some  other  animals  on  board  of  her,  but  the 
bears  seem  to  have  had  some  misgivings  of  the  safety  of  the 
voyage,  and  therefore  when  she  sprang  a-leak  and  floated  stern- 
f«reii|t9it  they  Bteppd  oyerbo^rdj  fmd  witli  much  .4ifi|»)l(y jniC' 


"■'«■■; 


ROUTES  FROlb  NIAGARA  FALLS. 


an 


needed  in  swimming  ashore,  after  having  been  carried  halfway 
down  towards  the  main  cataract  by  the  rapidity  of  the  current 
It  is  the  opinion  of  those  who  have  been  long  resident  near  the 
cataract,  that  not  ev^n  the  fish  that  ha  jpen  to  be  forced  down  the 
Falls  ever  escape  with  life  ;  and  in  corroboration  of  this,  numer 
ous  dead  fish  are  daily  seen  below  the  gulf:  wild  fowl  too,  uu. 
mindful  of  their  danger,  or  floated  down  while  they  are  aslenp.. 
mnot  destruction  if  once  driven  within  the  verge  of  the  main  cu 
aract. 

Routes  from  Niagara  Falls  to  Hamilton,  Dbtroit,  &c. — 
By  the  railroad  to  Queenston  is  seven  miles ;  from  this  place  to 
Hamilton,  at  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  is  50  miles,  which  may 
be  reached  either  by  stage,  or  by  crossing  the  river  to  Lewiston,. 
and  taking  the  steamer  from  Ogdensburg,  which  slope  there  to  land 
and  receive  passengers,  and  thence  proceeds  to>  Hamilton.  From 
the  latter  place,  at  present,  the  conveyance  is  by  stage,  over  an 
excellent  macadamized  road  to  Windsor,,  opposite  Detroit,  201 
miles,  pausing  through  Woodstock,  London,  Chatham,  and  other 
places.  Total  distance,  258  miles  ;  time  2|  days.  Usual  fare 
$12. 

At  Windsor  the  river  is  crossed  ti»  Detroit,  from  which  place 
travellers  may  proceed  to  Chicago^  St.  Louis,  and  down  the  Mis- 
6is8ippi  to  New  Orleans,  and  othec  places  in  the  West  and  South- 
west. 

Hamilton,  Canada,  is  situated  on  Burlington  Bay,  at  the  head 
of  Lake  Ontario.  Its  harboE  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  lake,  and 
its  advantages  for  trade  ase  very  great.  A  regular  steamboat 
communication  will  be  opened;  the  present  season  between  this 
place  and  Ogdensburg.  The  importance  of  Hamilton  will  be 
greatly  increased  by  it»becoming.the  terminus  of  the  Great  West- 
em  Railway. 


Routes  from  Niacaaa  Falls  to  Montreal  ane^  Qiurbboj 
(see  Map  No.  28.) — Tourists  and  others,  at  this  fashionable  re- 
sort, wishing  to  proceed  to  the  above  places  in.  Canada,,  will  have 
a  choice  of  several  routes,  as  follows : — 

Ist.  From  Niagara  to  Lewiston,  7  miles,  at  winch  place  we 
take  the  steamboat,  and  cross  the  lake  to  Tortato,  50  miles ; 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

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918 


RAILROAD  AHD  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


thence  to  Kingaton,  175  miles,  and  to  Montreal,  215  miles: 
total  distance  440  miles :  usual  time  48  hours.  Fare  about  ^10. 
There  is  also  a  ttage-route  from  Toronto  to  Kiu^ton  ;  and  also 
one  fnmi  Toronto  to  Queenston  via  Hamilton,  95  miles. 

Toronto,  175  miles  w.  from  Kingston,  and  45  miles  n.  k.  from 
Hamilton,  has  a  fine  situation  at  the  head  of  a  bay  v/hich  setf 
up  from  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  handsomely  built,  with  wide  streets 
intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles.  Its  growth  has  been  very 
rapid,  and  it  now  (1848)  contains  21,025  inhabitants.  Twenty 
yeare  ago  it  did  not  contain  2,000  inhabitants. 

Kingston,  on  Lake  Ontario,  175  miles  from  Toronto  and  315 
8.  w.  from  Montreal,  is  also  very  advantageously  situated  for 
trade.  It  is  a  military  post  of  great  strength.  The  Navy  Yard 
and  fortifications  here  are  worthy  the  attention  of  strangers 
and  visiters ;  an  order,  however,  is  necessary,  which  may  be  pro- 
cured from  the  chief  officer  in  command.  The  Rideau  Canal, 
commences  at  Kingston,  and  extends  to  the  Ottawa  river,  100 
miles.  This,  with  the  Welland  Canal,  completes  the  navigation 
from  the  ocean  to  the  great  lakes.  During  the  season  of  naviga- 
tion steamboats  ply  between  Kingston  and  the  principal  places 
<m  Lake  Ontario ;  and  boats  of  an  inferior  class  pass  through  the 
Bideau  Canal  and  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Montreal. 

2d.  From  Niagara  Falls,  by  railroad,  to  Lockport ;  and  thence 
by  the  Erie  Canal  to  Rochester ;— or  from  the  Falls  to  Buffalo, 
asd  thence  to  Rochester  by  railroad,  and  on  the  Genesee  river 
take  the  steamboat,  and  thence  down  Lake  Ontario,  &c.,  to 
MontreaL 

3d.  From  Niagara  Falls  proceed  to  Lewiston  ;  there  take  the 
flteamer  down  the  lake  to  Ogdensburg ;  thence  across  the  river 
to  Pvesoott  on  the  Canada  nde ;  thence  by  stage  and  steamboat 
to  La  Chine ;  thence  by  railroad  to  Montreal ;  and  from  that 
city  to  Quebec  by  steamboat.  The  distance  to  Montreal  by  this 
jmite  is  about  420  miles.  At  Ogdensburg,  travellers  may  take 
the  stage  to  Montreal  via  Covington,  130  miles. 
.  4th.  Or  travellers  may  proceed  from  Niagara  Falls  to  Canada, 
by  the  chain  of  railroads,  or  the  Erie  Canal,  from  Buffalo  to  Al- 
bany or  Troy ;  thence  by  the  routes  to  Whitehall,  and  down 
Lake  Champlain  and  the  Sorel  river,  to  St  Johns,  Canada; 


ROUTES  FROM  NIAGARA  FALLS. 


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thence  by  railroad,  15  miles,  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  down  that 
stream  to  Montreal.  At  the  latter  place  take  the  steamboat 
down  the  river  to  Quebec.  The  distance  by  this  route  from  Ni- 
agara Falls  to  Montreal  is  599  miles,  and  to  Quebec  180  miles 
farther.  (These  routes  are  described  at  length  under  their  re- 
spective heads.) 

Port  Oenesee,  74  miles  from  Lewiston,  is  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Genesee  river.  It  is  a  port  of  entry  and  delivery,  and  con- 
tains a  Custom-House.  Great  Sodua  Bay  is  35  miles  farther : 
Oswego,  30  miles  beyond,  is  described  at  page  199. 

Saekett*»  Harbor,  40  miles  still  lower  down  the  lake,  is  a 
flourishing  village  on  the  &  w.  side  of  Black  river.  Its  harbor  is 
one  of  the  best  upon  Lake  Ontario.  A  bill  passed  the  legislature 
in  April,  1848,  for  the  construction  of  a  railroad  under  the  name 
of  the  "  Saratoga  and  Sackett's  Harbor  Railroad,"  which  is  to 
connect  this  village,  at  the  nearest  and  best  point,  with  the  rail- 
roads at  Saratoga.    The  length  will  be  about  135  miles. 

Cape  Vincent,  20  miles  from  Sackett's  Harbor,  a  growing  and 
prosperous  village,  is  situated  on  Lake  Ontario,  opposite  to  Kings- 
ton, and  near  the  commencement  of  the  "  Thousand  Isles.'* 
Arrangements  are  making  to  connect  Cape  Vincent  by  railroad 
with  Rome,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  Syracuse  and  Utica 
Railroad. 

The  Thousand  Isles  is  a  name  given  to  a  number  of  islands 
in  the  St.  Lawrence,  extending  down  from  the  foot  of  Lake  On- 
tario 30  miles.  They  are  t)f  every  size  and  form,  though  never  at- 
taining to  any  great  elevation.    The  scenery  here  is  most  beautiful. 

Ogdenshurg,  a  port  of  entry  upon  the  St  Lawrence  river,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Oswegatchie  river  with  that  stream,  is  204 
miles  N.  from  Albany.  It  lies  on  a  beautiful  plain,  and  is  regu- 
larly laid,  out  and  well  built.  It  is  a  place  of  much  trade,  and  its 
harbor,  an  excellent  one,  is  considered  as  at  the  foot  of  Lake  On- 
tario, because  the  river  at  this  point  has  little  descent,  although.., 
it  is  in  reality  60  miles  below  the  outlet 

A  new  steamer  will  run  the  present  summer  between  Ogdens- 
burg  and  Hamilton.  By  this  arrangement  a  direct  communica- 
tion will  be  established  between  the  port  at  the  head  of  Lake 
Ontario  and  the  St  Lawrence,  as  far  as  vessels  can  go  without 


220 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


encounteriiig  rapids.  From  Hamilton  to  Detroit  is  201  mileS; 
most  of  the  way  over  a  fine  plank  or  macadamized  road.  Hith' 
erto  it  has  been  usual  for  travellers,  particularly  from  the  s.  side 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  land  at  Lewiston,  then  cross  the  Niagara 
river  to  Queenston,  and  travel  by  land  to  Hamilton,  about  50 
miles,  the  very  point  at  which  they  will  be  landed  by  the  steam- 
er between  Ogdensburg  and  Hamilton.  (For  Montroal  and 
Quebec,  see  pages  181, 186.)  ^ ;  -vitM^rj;  <,;y 

THE  OGDENSBURO-  RAILROAD  will  extend  from  Ogdens- 
burg on  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  Rouse's  Point,  on  Lake  Chaniplain. 
It  is  designed  to  connect  the  waters  of  Lake  Champlain  with 
those  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence  and  the  great  lakes.  This  work 
is  in  a  good  state  of  forwardness,  and  the  directors  believe  that  it 
will  be  <^pen  for  freight  and  travel  during  the  present  year,  1860. 
This  road  will  connect  at  Lake  Champlain  with  the  railroads 
from  Boston  which  intersect  the  states  of  New  Hampshire  and 
Vermont,  forming  a  continuous  line  from  Boston  harbor  to  the 
St  Lawrence  river. 

The  engineer  of  the  Ogdensburg  Railroad  states  that  the  length 
of  line  is  ll7j^  miles;  the  distance  from  Ogdensburg  to  the  sum- 
mit being  82  miles,  and  thence  to  Lake  Champlain  35^.  Th< 
elevation  of  the  summit  is  1,009  feet  above  Lake  Champlain,  and 
859  feet  above  the  place  of  departure,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  at 
Ogdensburg.  From  Ogdensburg  to  the  summit  the  maximum 
grade  is  26.4  feet  per  mile,  or  one  foot  in  200,  there  being  in  this 
distance  1,195  feet  of  ascending  and  285  feet  of  descending  grade. 
The  distance  of  the  railroad  from  the  Canada  line,  near  the  sum- 
mit, does  not  exceed  2^  miles.  In  the  distance  from  the  summit 
to  Lake  Champlain  there  is  no  ascending  grade,  and  the  maxi- 
mum of  descending  grade  is  39.6  feet  per  mile.  Such  grades 
are  favorable  for  the  transport  of  heavy  trains  from  west  to  east, 
and  they  are  not  too  great  for  the  rapid  transport  of  passenger 
trains  in  other  directions.  The  whole  line  is  remarkable  for  its 
directness,  there  being  no  curvature  of  any  importance  of  a  less 
radius  than  5,000  feet.  The  estimated  cost  of  the  whole  line  is 
$2,229,270,  or  $19,000  a.  mile,  $9,000  a  mUe  being  allowed  for 
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RAILROAD  R0X7TES  Ilf  NEW  JERSET. 


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RAILROAD  ROUTES  JN  NEW  JERSEY. 
(See  Map  No.  33.) 

Route  from  New  York  to  Paterson,  N.  J. — Passengers  for 
Paterson  take  the  ferry-boat  at  the  foot  of  Courtland-st,  New 
Yoric,  for  Jersey  City  ;  at  which  place  they  take  the  cam  of  the 
Patermn  and  Hudton  Railroad  for  Paterson,  17  miles  distant 
Fare  50  cents. 

The  city  of  Pateraon,  an  important  manufacturing  town,  is 
situated  in  New  Jersey,  on  the  Passaic  river,  near  the  great  falls. 
By  a  dam  in  the  river,  four  and  a  half  feet  high,  and  a  canal 
around  the  falls,  a  vast  water-power  is  created,  sufficient  for  the 
supply  of  numerous  manufactories.  The  Morris  Canal  passes  a 
little  to  the  s.  of  the  city.  The  Paaaaic  Falls  are  celebrated  for 
their  picturesque  beauty.  The  amount  of  water,  however,  taken 
from  the  river  for  manufacturing  purposes,  has  greatly  diminished 
their  fine  efilect  The  Paterson  and  Ramapo  Railroad  will  connect 
the  city  of  Paterson  with  the  Erie  Railroad  at  Ramapo,  and  thereby 
open  a  new  thoroughfare  for  travellers  over  the  Erie  Railroad  to 
New  York.    (See  Map  No.  18.) 

Route  nioH  New  York  to  Morristown,  also  to  Schooley's 
Mountain,  (See  Map  No.  23.) — Passengers  leaving  New  York 
for  places  on  this  route,  and  also  for  the  Springs,  take  the  ferry- 
boat at  the  foot  of  Courtland-st  to  Jersey  City ;  thence  by  rail- 
road •»  Morristown,  32  miles,  stopping  at  intermediate  places. 
Fare  $1.00. 

'  Passengers  by  the  morning  line  to  Morristown  will  arrive  there 
at  11^  o'clock,  where  stages  will  be  in  readiness  to  convey  them 
to  Schooley's  Mountain,  Washington,  Belvidere,  and  Easton, 
daHy ;  toOwego,  Milford,  Newton,  Stanhope,  andSucka8unny,on 
Mondays,  Wednesdays,  and  Fridays ;  and  to  Rockaway,  Dover, 
Sparta,  and  Newton,  on  Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays ; 
each  Hue  returning  on  the  following  days  to  meet  the  afternoon 
train  for  New  York.  A  stage  will  also  leave  for  Basking  Ridge 
every  evening  on  the  arrival  of  the  cars  at  Morristown. 

By  a  line  recently  established,  a  stage  leaves  Morristown  for 
the  Delaware  Water  Gap  and  Stroudsburg,  via  Stanhope,  John- 


222 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPAHIOH. 


■onburg,  Cplumbia»  and  Blaintown,  eyery  Tuesday,  Thursday 
and  Saturday,  ou  the  arrival  of  the  morning  train  from^Nevf 
York.    Returning  on  the  alternate  days,  the  stage  leaves  Strouds- 
burg  at  4  A.  M.  to  meet  the  afternoon  oars  (torn  Morristown. 

Passengers  go  through  to  and  from  Jersey  City  without  chan- 
ging cars.  On  leaving  the  city,  passengers  deposite  their  bag- 
gage in  the  car  at  the  foot  of  Courtland-st.,  where  an  agent  is  in 
attendance  to  receive  it 

Morriatown,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Morris  oountyt  is  one  of  the 
most  populous  and  thriving  towns  in  New  Jersey.  The  houses 
are  generally  well  built,  and  surrounded  by  cultivated  gardens, 
imparting  to  it  an  air  of  rural  beauty.  The  town  is  supplied  with 
water  from  a  copious  spring  two  miles  distant. 

Schooley^t  Mountain,  18  miles  from  Morristown,  is  a  celebra- 
ted summer  resort,  owing  to  its  elevated  situation,  its  pure  and 
bracing  atmosphere,  and  its  mineral  springs,  the  waters  of  which 
are  used  with  great  advantage  for  chronic  diseases  and  general 
debility.  They  contain  muriate  of  soda,  of  magnesia,  and  of 
lime,  carbonate  of  magnesia,  sulphate  of  lime,  silez,  and  carbon- 
ated oxide  of  iron.  Visiters  to  this  healthful  region  will  find  the 
accommodations  equal  to  those  at  similar  places  elsewhere.  Bel- 
ntont  Hall,  and  Marah'a  Health-Houae,  are  fine  and  extensive 
establishmenta    Usual  stage  fare  from  Morristown,  $1.50. 

Philadelphia  passengers  leave  the  cars  at  New  Brunswick,  and 
there  take  the  stage,  via  Somerville,  for  the  Mountain. 

The  Morris  and  Essex  Railroad  is  being  continued  from 
Morristown  through  Dover  and  Stanhope,  to  the  Delaware  Wa- 
ter Gap,  at  which  place  it  will  unite  with  the  Susquehanna  and 
Delaware  Railroad,  which  is  intended  to » ;art  from  the  coal-beds 
of  the  Lackawana,  some  20  miles  above  Wilkesbarre,  by  which 
means  New  York  will  obtain  her  supply  of  fuel  direct  from  the 
mines  of  Pennsylvania. 


Route  from  New  York  to  Somerville,  (see  Map  No.  23.)-- 
Passengers  take  the  steamboat  from  Pier  No.  1  North  River, 
Battery  Place,  and  are  thence  conveyed  to  Elizabethport,  15 
miles ;  from  which  place  they  proceed  in  the  cars  to  Somerville, 
stopping  at  the  following  places  on  the  route,  viz :  Elixahsth' 


RAILROAD  ROUTES  IN  NEW  JERSEY. 


223 


toion,  16  miles;  Weat/ield,  24  miles;  Scotch  Plains,  21  miles; 
Plainjield,  20  miles ;  New  Market,  81  miles ;  Bound  Brook,  85 
miles ;  SomervilU,  40  miles,  Fare  62^  cts. ;  N.  Branchy  48  miles ; 
WJdte  Hotue,  60  miles,  76  cts. 

The  Somerville  and  Ea»ton  Railroad  m  being  continued  west- 
ward from  Somerville  36^  miles  to  the  Delaware  river  at  Phil- 
lipsburg,  opposite  Easton,  Pa.,  with  a  branch  to  Belvidere,  13 
miles  long. 

Easton,  Pa.,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Northampton  county,  is  sit- 
uated at  the  confluence  of  the  Delaware  and  Lehigh  riven.  It 
is  65  miles  from  New  York  by  land,  and  by  the  Morris  Canal 
liy  miles;  from  Philadelphia  by  land,  56  miles;  to  Bristol  by<^ 
canal,  60  miles ;  and  thence  to  Philadelphia  20  miles  more. 
In  the  advantages  of  its  position,  and  the  beauty  of  its  surround- 
ing scenery,  it  can  vie  with  any  inland  town  in  the  state.  La- 
fayette College  occupies  a  commanding  site  on  a  high  hill  n.  of 
the  town,  from  which  a  superb  view  b  enjoyed  of  the  fine  scene-  v 
ry  of  this  vicinity.  A  splendid  bridge  crosses  the  Delaware  river, 
which  cost  $65,000. 

Belvideref  the  shire  town  of  Warren  county,  situated  on  the 
Delaware  river,  12  miles  above  Easton,  is  a  beautiful  town,  pos- 
sessing an  immense  water-power,  which  seems  destined  ere  long " 
to  make  it  the  Lowell  of  New  Jersey. 

The  Delaware  Water  Gap  is  about  eight  miles  n.  from  Belvi- 
dere.  The  scenery  here  is  of  the  most  magnificent  description. 
The  Delaware  river  appears  at  a  short  distance  as  if  arrested  in 
its  course  by  the  mouatains  on  either  side,  between  which  it 
flows  in  a  contracted  channel,  presenting  a  smooth  and  lake-like 
appearance.  '  \ 

The  Lehigh  Water  Oap  is  25  miles  w.  from  Easton,  Pa.,  and  ^■ 
six  s.  B.  from  Mauch  Chunk.    Here  also  the  scenery  is  ot  the  > 
highest  order.    Both  this  and  the  preceding  are  natural  cuiiosi- 
ties  worthy  the  attention  of  the  tourist   ... 

„•->'•  ■  .".,;:-•■..;•■%  ■>',:>-',..-.\r/.;'.v-4s,* 


924 


RAILROAD  AND   STEAMBOAT  COMFAlflON. 


GREAT  SOUTHERN  ROUTES  FROM  NEW  YORK  TO  PHIZJk. 
,  .V      DELPHIA,  BALTIMORE,  AND  WASHINGTON. 

See  Map  No.  33.) 

Railroad  Routk  frobi  New  York  to  Philadelfhia. — There 
are  two  great  routes  of  travel  between  theso  important  and  popu- 
lous cities,  making /our  lines  daily  each  way.  The  first  of  which 
Is  the  railroad  line;  the  other  is  by  steamboat  and  railroad 
united,  described  hereafter ;  the  former  is  the  most  expeditious, 
and  the  latter  (in  pleasant  weather)  the  most  varied  and  inter- 
esting.** 

The  railroad  line  leaves  New  York  from  the  foot  of  Liberty- 
■t.  daily,  at  9  o'clock  ▲.  M.,  and  4^  o'clock  r.  m.,  where  tickets 
for  the  route  are  procured ;  thence  passengers  are  conveyed 
across  the  ferry  to  Jersey  City,  where  is  the  depot  and  starting- 
place.    Time  bettoeen  the  two  cities^  tuually  4^  houre. 

Distances  and  Fares  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia.-— 
To  Jeraey  City,  1  mile :  Newark,  9  miles,  26  cents ;  Elizabeth' 
town,,  14,  81  cents;  Rahway,  19,  81  cts. ;  Metuchin,  21,  88  cts. ; 
New  Brunswick,  81  miles,  60  cents;  Kingston,  45,  $1,13; 
Princeton,  49,  $1,25;  Trenton,  60,  $2,26;  Tullytotm,  65, 
$2,76  ;  Bristol,  69,  $8,00 ;  Philadelphia,  87,  $3,00. 

N.  B. — During  the  opening  of  navigation,  the  cars  stop  at 
Taconey,  six  miles  above  Philadelphia,  to  which  passengers  are 
conveyed  by  steamboat  In  the  winter,  when  the  river  b  closed, 
the  cars  run  to  Kensington :  passengers  are  forwarded  in  stapes. 

Jersey  City  is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  Hudson  River, 
opposite  to  New  York,  and  is  connected  with  that  city  by  a 
steam  ferry,  over  a  mile  in  length,  the  boats  on  which  are  con- 
stantly plying.  According  to  the  census  of  1843,  its  population 
was  8,750,  being  an  increase  of  700  since  1840.  At  the  present 
time  (1850)  it  b  about  16,000.  II  has  become  an  important 
place,  as  a  diverging  point  for  the  great  routes  connecting  the 
North  with  the  South.  It  is  also  the  starting-place  of  the  Pater- 
son  Railroad,  which  has  its  depot  here.  The  Morris  Canal, 
uniting  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  rivers,  and  which  is  101  miles 
long,  terminates  at  this  place. 


GREAT  SOUTHERN  ROUTES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 


225 


Pmtenon  Depot 


rhiladelphla  Depot 


Jersey  City  is  now  the  station  for  th^  new  line  of  British  steatn- 
fihips  sailing  between  New  York  and  Liverpool.  The  Cunard 
do<<k,  built  ut  the  foot  of  Grand-st,  cost  upwards  of  $80,000. 

Newarky  9  miles  from  Jersey  City,  51  from  Trenton,  and  78 
from  Philadelphia,  is  situated  on  the  Paosaio  river,  and  is  the 
most  populous  and  flourishing  place  in  the  state  of  New  Jersey. 
At  the  present  time  (1850)  it  contains  32,000  people.  The  city, 
which  is  elevated  some  40  feet  above  the  river,  is  regularly  lait 
out  with  broad  and  straight  streets,  many  of  which  are  bordered 
by  lofty  and  elegaut  shade'trees,  and  contains  two  large  and 
handsome  public  squares.  It  is  well  built,  and  presents  a  very 
fine  appearance,  many  of  the  dwellings  being  large,  and  finished 
in  a  superior  style.  The  courthouse,  in  liie  north  part  of  the 
city,  is  built  of  brown  freestone,  in  Iho  Egyptian  style  of  archi- 
tecture. The  city  is  well  supplied  with  pure  water,  brought  from 
a  copioub  spring  more  than  a  mile  distaut. 

Newark  contains  numerous  churches,  some  of  which  have 
great  architectural  beauty,  throe  banks,  an  apprentices'  library,  a 

15 


226 


RAILROAD  AMD  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


circulating  library,  with  literary  and  scientific  institutionB,  Sco 
It  is  very  extensively  engaged  in  manufactures,  a  great  part  of 
which  is  sent  to  distant  markets.  In  1840,  the  capital  invested 
.u  this  species  of  industry,  amc  jnted  to  upwards  of  $1,500,000. 
In  two  articles  alone,  that  of  carriages  and  leather,  there  was 
$500,000  invested,  employing  many  hundreds  of  workmen.  Thd 
commerce  of  Newark  is  also  considerable,  there  being  owned 
here  upwards  of  70  vessels,  of  100  tons  each.  The  Morris  Canal 
runs  through  the  city.  The  cars  of  the  New  Jersey  Railroad,  on 
the  route  between  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  pass  through  it 
twice  daily,  in  each  direction,  and  those  also  from  Jersey  City 
arrive  and  depart  several  times  daily.  Fare  35  cents.  A  steam- 
boat also  plies  between  Newark  and  New  York. 

Eiizahethtowtif  on  the  New  Jersey  Railroad,  5  miles  from 
Newark,  14  from  New  York,  and  46  from  Trenton,  is  situated  on 
a  creek,  3^  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Staten  Island  Sound.  It 
is  a  beautiful  town,  regularly  laid  out  with  broad  streets,  and 
contains  a  courthouse,  and  other  public  buildings,  with  saw-mills, 
oil-cloth  factories,  tanneries,  &c.  Population  about  3,000.  The 
railroad  from  Elizabethport  to  Somerville  passes  through  this 
place.  It  extends  36  miles  to  Somervillet  which  is  40  miles  from 
New  York. 

Rahxaay,  situated  on  both  sides  of  Rahway  river,  contains 
about  3,500  inhabitants,  and  several  manufacturing  establish- 
ments, which  are  in  daily  operation.  Tho  manufactures  consist 
of  silk  printing,  carriages  and  carriage  furniture,  hats,  shoes, 
clocks,  earthenware,  and  cotton  goods. 

New  Brunswick^  31  miles  from  New  York,  39  from  Trenton, 
and  56  from  Philadelphia,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  steamboat 
navigation  on  the  Raritan  river,  and  15  miles  from  its  entrance 
into'Raritan  Bay  at  Amboy,  by  the  course  of  the  river.  This  is 
the- seat  of  Rutgers  C'illege  and  school,  founded  in  1770.  The 
streets  on  the  river  are  narrow  and  crooked,  and  the  ground  low ; 
but  those  on  the  upper  bank  are  wide,  and  many  of  the  dwellings 
are  very  neat  and  elegant,  surrounded  by  fine  gardens.  From 
the  site  of  Rutgers  College  on  the  hill,  there  is  a  wide  prospect, 
terminated  by  mountains  en  the  north,  and  by  Raritan  Bay  on 
the  east.    The  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal  extends  from  Now 


6RBAT  SOUTHERN  B0UTF3  FROM  NEW  TORE. 


227 


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agh  it 

irCity 

(team- 

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).  The 
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antrance 
This  is 
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From 
jrospect, 
Bay  on 
lom  Kow 


Brunswick  to  Bordentown  on  Delaware  river.  It  is  75  feet  wide 
and  seven  deep,  admitting  the  passage  of  sloops  of  75  or  100  tons 
burden  ;  is  42  miles  long,  and  has  14  locks,  and  117  feet  of  lock- 
age, the  locks  being  110  feet  long  and  24  wide.  The  entire  cost 
was  about  $2,500,000.  A  railroad  is  about  to  be  built  from  the 
New  Jersey  road  at  New  Brunswick  to  unite  with  the  proposed 
Trenton  and  Easton  railroad,  via  Flemington. 

Princeton,  11  miles  from  Trenton,  is  the  seat  of  the  New 
Jersey  College,  long  celebrated  as  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  re- 
spectable colleges  in  the  country.  It  was  originally  founded  at 
Elizabethtown  in  174S,  removed  to  Newark  in  !  748,  and  in  1756 
was  permanently  located  here.  It  has  a  library  of  12,000  vol- 
umes. The  commencement  is  on  the  last  Wednesday  in  Sep- 
tember. The  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Presbyterian  church 
founded  in  1812,  is  also  located  here.  Both  institutions  are  in  a 
flourishing  condition.  Princeton  is  a  neat  and  pleasant  village, 
built  mostly  on  one  street,  and  contains  labout  1,500  inhabitants. 
In  this  vicinity  was  fought  the  memorable  battle  of  Jan.  3d,  1777, 
between  the  American  forces  under  General  Washington,  and 
those  of  the  British  under  Lt  Col.  Mawhood,  m  which  the  former 
wore  victorious. 

Trbnton,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  is  situated  on 
the  east  side  of  Delaware  river,  at  the  head  of  steamboat  and 
sloop  navigation.    It  is  27  miles  from  Philadelphia,  and  60  from 
New  York.    The  population  in  1810  was  3,003 ;  in  1820, 3,942 ; 
in  1830,  3,925 ;  in  1840,  6,500,  and  in  Jan.,  1848,  estimated  at 
10,000.    The  city  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  has  many  fine  stores 
and  handsome  dwellings.    The  State  House,  which  is  100  feet 
long  and  60  wide,  is  built  of  stone,  and  stuccoed,  so  as  to  resem- 
ble granite.    Its  situation,  on  the  Delaware,  is  very  beautiful, 
commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  river  and  vicinity.    The  Dela- 
ware is  here  crossed  by  a  handsome  covered  bridge  1,100  feet 
long,  resting  on  five  arches,  supported  on  stone  piers,  and  which 
is  considesed  a  fine  specimen  of  its  kind.    It  has  two  carriage- 
ways, one  of  which  is  used  by  the  railroad.    The  Delaware  and 
Rantan  Canal,  forming  an  inland  navigation  from  New  Bruns- 
wick, passes  through  Trenton  to  the  Delaware  at  Bordentown. 
It  is  supplied  by  a  navigable  feeder,  taken  from  the  Delaware  23 


228 


RAILROAD   AND   STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


miles  N.  of  Trenton.  It  was  completed  in  1884,  at  a  cost  of 
$2,500,000.  The  New  York  and  Philadelphia  trains  pass 
Trenton  twice  daily  in  each  direction.  A  train  also  leaves  the 
Kensington  depot,  Philadelphia,  for  Trenton,  every  morning, 
(Sundays  excepted,)  returning  in  the  afternoon.  Fare  from 
Philadelphia,  50  cents.  A  railroad  is  in  progress  from  Trenton 
to  Belvidere.  •'      ;  :-»^  *.  :    . ;  *v  >   i.yv  ■  « 

On  Christmas  night,  in  1776,  and  daring  the  moft  gloomy  pe- 
riod of  the  revolutionary  war.  Gen.  Washington  crossed  the  Del- 
aware with  2,500  men,  and  early  on  the  morning  of  the  26th 
commenced  an  attack  upon  Trenton,  then  in  possession  of  the 
British.  So  sudden  and  unexpected  was  the  assault,  that  of  the 
1,500  German  troops  encamped  there,  906  were  made  prisoners. 
This  i&uccessful  enterprise  revived  the  spirit  of  the  nation,  as  it 
was  the  first  victory  gained  over  the  German  mercenaries.  Gren. 
Mercer,  a  brave  American  officer,  was  mortally  wounded  in  the 
attack. 

Morrisville,  a  thriving  village  on  the  Delaware,  directly  oppo- 
site Trenton,  has  considerable  water-power,  which  is  derived  from 
the  river.    The  population  is  about  500.  >    ^  ^ 

Bristol  is  a  beautiful  village  on  the  w.  bank  of  the  Delaware, 
nearly  opposite  to  Burlington,  18  miles  n.  e.  from  Philadelphia. 
It  is  regularly  laid  out  and  neatly  built,  and  contains  about  2,000 
inhabitants.  The  Delaware  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal, 
which  communicates  with  the  Lehigh  Canal  at  Easton,  termi* 
nates  here,  in  a  spacious  basin  on  the  Delaware.  This  canal,  in 
connection  with  the  Lehigh  Canal,  forms  an  uninterrupted  water 
communication  with  the  anthracite  coal  region  of  Northampton 
county,  in  Pennsylvania.  Fare  to  Bristol  by  railroad  from 
Philadelphia,  25  cents  ;  by  steamboat,  whidi  runs  twice  daily 
in  each  direction  during  the  summer  season,  12^  cents. 

Andalusia  and  Holmesburg,  pleasant  places  a  few  miles  n.  k. 
from  Philadelphia,  are  much  resorted  to  by  the  citizens  during 
the  summer  months. 

Bridesburg,  a  beautiful  village  situated  on  the  Delaware  five 
miles  from  the  city,  and  elevated  about  25  feet  above  the  river,  is 
a  neat  and  attractive  place.  It  is  the  residence  of  many  wtftllby 
and  retired  citizens  of  Philadelphia.  ^^^ 


GREAT  80UTRBB1I  ROUTES  FROM  REW  TORK. 


t  a  cost  of 
trains  pass 

leaves  the 
y  morning, 

Fare  from 
fom  Trent<)n 

t  gloomy  pe- 
»ed  the  Del- 
r  of  the  26th 
ession  of  the 
it,  that  of  the 
ade  prisoners. 
B  nation,  as  it 
enaries.    Gen. 
rounded  in  the 

,  directly  oppo- 
1  is  derived  from 

the  Delaware, 
.  Philadelphia, 
nsahout  2,000 
tylvania  Canal, 
Easton,  termi* 

This  canal,  in 
.emipted  water 
[f  Northampton 

ruilroad  from 
ins  twice  daily 

',eni8, 

few  miles  »•  «• 

citiaens  during 

Delaware  five 
ove  the  river,  ii 
rroany  wealthy 


Port  Riahmond,  a  town  of  recent  date,  on  the  bank  of  the 
Delaware,  and  at  the  eastern  termination  of  the  Reading  Rail- 
road, is  three  miles  diatant  from  Philadelphia.  It  has  become  an 
important  place,  owing  to  its  favorable  situation  for  trade.  Coal 
brought  over  the  Reading  Railroad,  from  the  productive  anthra- 
cite coal  region  in  Pennsylvania,  is  flipped  here  for  other  places. 

Taeonyt  the  terminus  of  the  nulroad,  is  six  miles  from  Phila- 
delphia: from  this  jJaoe  we  proceed  in  the  steamer  to  that  city, 
for  a  description  of  which  we  refer  the  reader  to  page  330. 

StKAMBOAT    AND  RaILKOAD  RoDTB  BKTWBBN  NkW  YoRK  AMD 

PHjLADKi.PHiAd — (Soo  Map  No.  33.) — ^This  route  between  the  two 
cities  is  performed  both  by  steamboat  and  railroad  united ;  the 
former,  leaving  from  the  jMor  at  the  foot  of  Battery  Place,  con- 
veys us  to  South  Amboy,  38  miles^  the  terminus  of  the  Camden 
and  Amboy  Raiboad ;  at  which  place  we  take  the  can  in*  Cam- 
den, &l  miles  distant,  and  from  thence  by  ferry  across  the  river  to 
Philadelphia. 

Distances  and  Fares  fbom  New  York  to  PniLADRifHiA,  vu 
SocTH  Ambot. — To  South  Amboy^  28  miles,  26  cents ;  Spcinooodf 
88,  76  cts. ;  Westi  Turn  Out,  42,  76  cts. ;  Fronpeet  Plains,  46, 
76  cts. ;  Cranberry,  47,  $1,00 ;  Hightstown,  49,  f  1,60 ;  Centre- 
ville,  68, 11,76 ;  Hungry  Hill,  66,  $1,76 ;  Sand  Hilh,  68,  |2,00 ; 
BoRDENTowN,  68,  $2,60;  Kineora,  67,  $2,60;  Burlington,  71, 
$2,60;  Haneoeas,  77,  $2,87;  Camden,  96;  Philadelphia,  96, 
$8,00.  , 

Stages  leave  West's  Turnout  for  Freehold  and  MonTnouth, 
fare  Hl^  cts^  or  by  stages  from  Hightstown,  $1,60. 

On  leaving  the  wharf,  the  traveller  is  conveyed  across  the  bay  - 
and  harbor  of  New  York.  The  beauty  of  the  scene  which  will 
here  arrest  his  attention  is  proverbial.  As  the  boat  proceeds  to- 
wards Staten  Island,  and  shapes  its  way  through  the  narrow 
straits  between  the  island  and  thb  New  Jersey  shore,  called  the 
"  Kills,"  many  beautiful  places  will  be  presented  to  his  view ; 
among  others.  New  Brighton^  a  village  of  country wwats,  erected 
by  opulent  citiiens  Awn  the  metropolis,  arrayed  m  all  its  attrae* 
ti<»is  of  fine  arohitoctnre  and  eligible  position,  and  commanding 
vi^ws  of  the  city,  islands,  bnrbor,  and  wdjacent  shores. 


330 


AAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


The  Saihrt*  Snug  Harbor,  a  short  distance  beyondi  an  fuy- 
Inm  for  superannuated  seameui  is  the  most  imposing  edifice  on 
this  shore. 

Statin  lalandf  which  we  keep  on  onr  left  as  we  proceed  to- 
wards Amboy,  abounds  with  beauties,  and  is  no  doubt  destined 
to  be,  ere  long,  a  favorite  place  of  residence  of  the  wealthy  and' 
retiring  citiiens  of  the  metropolis. 

We  now  approach  South  Amboy,  the  landing-place,  and  also 
the  terminus  of  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad.  Upon  our 
arrival  there  we  are  transported,  in  a  short  space  of  time,  from 
the  steamboat  to  the  railroad  cars ;  and  after  a  slight  detention, 
we  proceed  on  our  journey  up  the  steep  ascent  from  the  river,  and 
soon  enter  a  line  of  deep  cutting  through  the  sandhills.  The  road 
is  then  ^continued  through  a  barren  and  uninteresting  region  of 
country,  towards  the  Delaware  at  Bordentown,  35  miles  from 
Amboy.  Here  are  the  extensive  grounds  and  mannon  formerly 
occupied  by  the  late  Joseph  Bonaparte,  ez-kuig  of  Spain,  which 
are  among  the  most  conspicuous  objects  of  the  place. 
,  Bordentown  is  situated  on  a  steep  sandbank,  on  the  e.  sider  of 
the  Delaware.  Although  in  a  commanding  situation,  its  view  is 
greatly  obstructed  from  the  river.  This  is  a  favorite  resort  of  the 
Philadelphians  during  the  summer  season.  The  Delaware  and 
Baritan  Canal  here  connects  with  Delaware  river.  A  branch 
road^running  along  the  canal  and  river,  connects  this  town  with 
Trenton. 

The  further  continuation  of  the  route  to  Philadelphia  ftom 
Bordentown  will  be  either  by  the  railroad  running  along  the  e. 
bank  of  the  Delaware  to  Camden,  or  by  steamboat  down  the  • 
river  to  Philadelfdiia,  landing  at  the  foot  of  Wahiut«treet 


FHILADELPBZA. 


Philaoelphia,  the  metropolis  of  Pennsylvania,  and,  after  New 
York,  the  largest  city  in  the  United  States,  is  situated  in  Lat 
39**  57'  9"  N.,  Long.  75°  10'  37"  W.  frm  Greenwich,  and 
lo  50'  47"  W.  Lbng.  from  Washington.  It  is  87  miles  &  w.  ftom 
New  York,  3S3  s.  w.  horn  Boston,  97  s.  s.  firom  Baltunore,  106 


^  ITiiTiiroia  wilH  miicli  legularily ;  the  ttCwtta" 
tKOMd  wd  .twight,  with  a  few  exception,  croirinir  each  other 


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New  York,  |!%9  a.  w,  ftom  Boston,  97  ■.  %  bma  Baltiminw,  IM 


Jit)^- 


view  of  yairmonnt  Wator-works,  rhUaAalplUik 

from  Harrisbarflf,  and  135  from  Washington.  The  population  in 
1800  was  70^87 ;  in  1810,  96,967  ;  in  1820, 119,335 ;  in  1830, 
167,825 ;  in  1840, 268,000 ;  and  in  1860,  as  shown  by  the  censos 
411,000 ;  being  an  increase  in  ten  years  of  168,000  peopla    , 

The  city  is  situated  between  the  Delaware  and  SchnylkOl 
nvers,  five  miles  above  tiieir  junction,  and  is  about  100  miles  from 
the  ocean  by  the  course  of  the  former  river.  The  city  proper  is 
that  portion  which  is  bounded  by  the  Delaware  on  the  b.,  the 
SchuylkilLon  the  w.,  Vine<st  on  the  n.,  and  South-st.  or  Cedar- 
sU  on  the  s.  The  diatrieta  are  the  Northern  Liberties,  Reusing- 
ton,  and  Spring  Garden  on  the  n.  ;  and  Southwark,  Moyamen- 
ring,  and  Passyunk  on  the  a.  These  districts,  which  properly  be- 
long to  Philadelphia,  have  municipal  authorities  of  their  own,  en- 
tirely distinct  from  that  of  the  city,  and  from  each  other,  llic 
densely  built  parts  of  the  city  and  districts  have'  an  outliue  of 
about  8|  miles :  the  length  of  the  city  on  the  Delaware  is  4| 
mfles.  It  is  built  on  a  plain,  slightly  ascending  from  each  river, 
the  highest  point  of  which  is  elevated  64  feet  above  hi|^-water 
nnik.  It  is  laid  out  with  much  regularity ;  the  streets,  which 
•w  btoad  and  atiaight,  with  a  few  exceptions  crossfaig  each,  other 


iSd 


RAILROAD  ARD  fTRAMBOAT  COMPANIOH. 


«t  right  angl«t,  and  Tarying  in  width  fnm  50  to  190  feet  Tha 
dwallinga,  which  ara  neat  and  olean-looking  in  their  appearaneei 
ire  hnilt  ohiefly  of  brick,  the  ftyle  of  architecture  being  plain 
lather  than  showy  and  ornamental  White  marble  is  generally 
Uied  Ibr  the  door*atepe,  window-ailla,  the  baaement  story,  and  not 
vnfrequently  for  the  entire  ftont  A  stranger  on  visiting  this  city 
wouM  judge  it  to  be  one  of  the  cleanest  in  the  world,  (which  it 
certainly  is,)  from  the  great  use  made  of  the  waters  of  the 
Schuylkill,  which  are  visible  in  washing  and  scrubbing  continu- 
•Hy.  It  is  drained  by  common  sewers,  which  are  arched  culverts 
of  brick*work,  constructed  under  most  of  the  main  streets. 

This  city  is  celebrated  for  its  fine  markets,  which  are  well 
supplied  not  only  from  its  own  state,  but  from  the  states  udjucent, 
and  particularly  New  Jermy.  The  "  Neck,"  which  is  formed 
by  the  Delaware  and  Schuylkill  rivers,  aud  which  lies  south  of 
the  City,  is  divided  off  into  farms  and  gardens^  on  which  large 
quantities  of  vegetables  aud  fruit  are  raised  for  the  Philadelphia 
markets. 

Philadelphia  has  the  advantage  of  a  double  port,  counected 
with  very  remote  sections  :  that  on  the  Schuylkill  is  accessible  to 
vessels  of  300  tons,  and  is  the  great  depot  for  the  coal  of  the  in- 
terior  }— the  other,  on  the  Delaware,  admits  the  largest  merchant 
Vessels  to  the  doors  of  the  warehouses,  and  is  spacious  and  secure. 
As  might  be  expected,  it  has  a  large  foreign  and  domestic 
trade ;  the  latter,  however,  predominates.  The  registered  ton- 
nage entered  from  foreign  ports  in  1847,  was  148,071.  The 
value  of  imports  amounted  to  $12,145,937,  and  that  of  the  ex- 
ports to  $8,579^265.  The  commerce  of  Philadelphia  will  be  g-eat- 
ly  increased  by  the  recent  establishment  of  a  line  of  steamships 
from  that  port  to  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  also,  by  the  line  running 
between  Philadelphia  and  Liverpool.  This  city  is  also  distin- 
guished for  its  manufactures,  which  are  various  and  extensive. 
At  the  present  time  (1848)  the  amount  of  capital  invested  in  this 
branch  of  industry  exceeds  $15,000,000.  The  manufacture  of 
moroceo  leather  (for  which  it  is  celebrated)  is  carried  on  more 
extensively  here  than,  perhaps,  in  any  other  part  of  the  country. 

PdBiiio  SauASES. — In  the  city  are  many  public  squares,  orna- 
mented with  fine  shade  and  flowering  trees.    The  principal  one 


raLAOBI  PHLL. 


b  Wa9hingtom  Squart,  a  little  •.  w.  of  the^  State-HouM:  H  if 
fiiMly  oniAiiiented  with  tre«i  and  gravelled  welke,  to  minoaiided 
by  a  bandeome  iron  railing,  witb  four  principal  entrances,  and  Ji 
kept  in  excellent  order.  Indtpendtnet  Squart,  in  the  rear  of 
the  State-Houee,  to  turrounded  by  a  lolid  brick  wall  rimng  three 
or  four  feet  above  the  adjacent  etreete,  enrroounted  by  an  iron 
railing.  The  entira  area  is  laid  off  in  walke  and  gra«piots,  aha- 
ded  with  majeatic  treea.  It  waa  within  thto  enoloaure  that  th* 
Declaration  of  Independeace  waa  firat  promnlgatedt  and  at  the 
preaent  day  it  to  frequently  uaed  aa  a  place  of  meeting  fmr  politi- 
cal and  other  purpoaea.  Franklin  Square,  between  Race  and 
Vine,  and  Sixth  and  Franklin  ata,  to  an  attraetivt.  promenade, 
with  a  aplendid  fountain  in  ita  centra,  aorroawled  by  a  marble 
baain ;  it  to  embelliahed  with  a  great  variety  of  tnei,  graaaplota* 
dbc.  The  other  aquarea  are — Peim  Square,  at  the  interaeoUM 
of  Broad  and  Market  ata.,  now  divided  bio  four  parte  by  cutting 
Market  and  Broad  ata.  through  it ;  Legan  Squtare,  between  Race 
and  Vine  ata. ;  and  Rittenhouee  Square,  between  Wahiut  and 
Locust  Bta. 

FijaMoiTNT  Watbr-woru. — ^The  inhabitanta  of  Philadelphia 
•ra  liberally  supplied  with  water  from  the  Fairmount  Water- 
woriu,  conatructad  at  an  expense  of  about  $450,000 :  upwarda 
(rf  100  roilea  of  iron  pipe  convey  it  to  all  parte  of  the  city  and 
diatricta.  Theae  water>worka  are  aituated  on  the  a.  bank  of  the 
Schuylkill,  about  two  miles  in  a  v.  w.  direction  from  the  city, 
occupying  an  area  of  30  acrea,  a  lai^e  part  of  which  couaiata  of 
the  "  mount,"  an  eminence  100  feet  above  tidewater  in  the  river 
below,  and  about  60  feet  above  the  moat  elevated  ground  in  the 
city.  The  top  to  divided  into  four  reservoirs,  capable  of  contain- 
ing  22,000,000  gallons,  one  of  which  to  divided  into  three  sec 
tiona  for  the  purpoee  of  filtration.  The  whole  to  aurrouuded  by 
a  beautiful  gravel-walk,  from  which  may  he  bad  a  fine  view  of 
the  city.  The  reaervoirs  contain  an  area  of  over  aix  acrea ;  they 
are  12  feet  deep,  lined  with  atone  and  paved  with  brick,  laid  in 
a  bed  of  clay,  in  atrong  lime  cement,  and  made  watertight.  The 
power  necessary  for  forcing  the  water  into  the  reservoirs  to  olh> 
tained  by  throwing  a  dam  acroas  the  Schuylkill ;  aud  by  meana 
of  wheela  moved  by  the  water,  which  work  forcing-pumps,  the 


484 


KAILROAD  AND  tTBAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


water  of  the  ri?er  to  ratoed  to  the  reiervoira  ou  the  top  of  tb* 
**  mount"  The  dam  if  1,600  feet  long,  aud  the  raoe  upward*  (rf 
400  feet  long  and  90  wide,  cut  in  aoiid  rock.  The  mili-houae  li 
of  atone,  938  feet  long,  and  56  wide,  and  capable  of  containing 
•iglit  wlieetoi  and  each  pump  will  raiee  about  14250,000  galloni 
in  94  houra. — ^The  Spring  Garden  Watei-worka  are  situated  on 
■the  Schuylkill,  a  abort  distance  above  Fairmount. 
'  3*A«  Sehuylkill  EscwHonM. — ^Two  enterpriiing  citiiem  of 
Philadelphia  have  placed  a  line  of  ateumboats  on  the  Schuylkill, 
■plying  between  Fairmount  and  Manyunk.  The  distance  is  seven 
Wiles,  and  the  excursion  a  delightful  one.  These  boats  are  con- 
«tructed  in  a  peculiar  manner,  the  wheel  being  in  the  rear,— a 
novelty  that  creates  considerable  interest  with  those  who  have 
•ohiy  seen  the  ordinary  steamers.  For  the  accommodation  of 
ttrangtfra  who  may  wish  to  take  thto  jaunt,  we  give  the  places 
on  the  river  at  which  they  may  land,  with  fares.  A  boat  leavea 
from  above  the  "Dam"  every  hour  for  Swaetbrier  Farm,  9 
miles,  6  cents ;  Laurtl-Hill  Cemetery,  4  miles,  10  cents ;  Falla 
of  Schuylkill,  4  miles,  10  cents;  Wietah'cjon  Creek,  6  miles, 
and  Manyunk,  7  miles,  19^  cents  each. 

The  United  Statet  Navy  Yard  is  loci|te<r>  in  Front-st.,  below 
Prince,  and  contains  within  its  limits  about  19  acres.  It  is  en- 
closed on  three  iridea  by  a  high  and  substantial  brick  wall ;  the 
east  nde  fronts  on  and  to  open  to  the  Delaware  river.  Ita  en- 
trance to  in  Front'St  The  Yard  contains  every  preparation  ne- 
cessary foi'  building  vessels  of  war,  and  has  marine  barracks,  with 
quarters  for  the  officers. 

Public  Buildokm. — ^The  State-House  fronts  on  Chesnut-ft.. 
and  including  the  wings,  which  are  of  m«:t^?m  construction,  ^* 
cuines  the  entire  block,  extending  from  Fifth  to  Sixth  st.  '  i;!i  a 
room  in  thto  building,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1776,  the  Declaration 
<^  Independence  was  adopted  by  Congress,  and  publicly  pro- 
claimed from  th  steps  en  the  same  day.  The  room  preaenta 
now  the  same  app>  :.ince  H  did  on  that  eventful  day,  in  furni- 
ture and  interior  '■he  %tiona.  Thto  chamber  to  situated  on  the 
first  floor,  at  the  easte.n  end  of  the  ;>Hginal  building,  and  can  be 
seen'  by  visitem  on  appUcation  to  the  person  in  charge  of  the 
8tate<-Hottse.    In  the  Hall  of  Independence  to  a  statue  of  Wash* 


raiLADILnUA. 


285 


▼law  of  Olrsrd  OoUsf* 

ington,  canred  in  wood,  and  alw)  ■rTorul  fine  painting!.  Th« 
mayor's  oourtt  and  the  diiitrict  and  circuit  conrta  of  the  United 
States,  are  held  in  this  building.  Visiters  have  free  access  to  the 
cupola,  from  which  there  is  an  eztennve  view  of  the  city  and 
vicinity. 

The  Oirard  College  is  situated  on  the  Ridge  Road,  in  a  n.  w^ 
direction  from  the  city  proper,  about  2^  mitos  from  the  Exchange. 
It  was  founded  by  the  late  Stephen  Girard,  a  native  of  France, 
who  died  in  1831,  and  bequeathed  $2,000,000  for  the  purpose 
of  erecting  suitable  buildings  for  the  education  of  oipkan*.  Mure 
than  one-half  of  this  sum  has  already  bfen  expended  upon  the 
bnP  *'*  ^,  and  a  large  amount  will  still  be  required  for  their  com- 
pletion. It  occupies  a  commundin^  position.  The  site  on  which 
it  stands  contains  about  45  acres  of  ground,  bequeathed  for  tlie 
purpose  by  the  founder  of  the  institution.  The  college,  or  cen* 
tre  building,  which  is  devoted  to  tiie  purposes  of  education.  Is 
one  of  the  most  superb  buildings  in  the  country  ;  it  is  218  feet 
long  from  n  to  s.,  160  r^t>m  e.  to  w.,  and  97  in  height  This 
building,  with  its  beautiful  columns  and  gorgeous  capitals,  at  once 
attracts  the  attention  of  the  behdder.  It  is  surrounded  by  34 
ednmns  of  the  Corinthian  order,  with  beautiful  capitals,  sapport- 


236 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


.' 


log  an  ei;itablature ;  each  column,  including  capital  and  base,  ii 
55  feet  high  and  6  in  diameter,  having  a  base  3  feet  high  and  9 
in  diameter, — leaving  a  space  of  15  feet  between  the  columns  and 
the  body  of  the  building.  At  each  end  is  a  doorw&y  or  entrance, 
33  feet  high  and  16  wide,  decorated  with  massive  architraves, 
surmounted  by  a  sculptured  cornice.  Each  of  these  doors  opens 
into  a  vestibule,  26  feet  wide  and  48  long,  the  ceiling  of  which  is 
supported  by  eight  marble  columns.  Immediately  above  these 
vestibules,  in  the  second  story,  are  an  equal  number  of  lobbies, 
the  ceilings  of  which  are  supported  by;  Corinyaian  columns.  In 
each  corner  of  the  building  ara  marUe  stairways,  which  are 
lighted  from  above.  On  each  floor  are  four  rooms,  50  feet  square, 
and  the  third  is  lighted  by  a  skylight,  which  does  not  rise  above 
thereof.  No  wood  is  used  in  the  construction  of  the  building, 
except  for  the  doors,  so  that  it  is  fireproof.  The  remaining 
four  buildings,  situated  two  on  either  side  of  the  main  building, 
are  each  52  feet  by  120,  and  two  stories  high,  with  commodious 
basements.  The  most  eastern  of  these  is  so  divided  as  to  con- 
stitute four  distinct  houses  for  the  professors.  The  other  three 
are  designed  for  the  residence  of  the  pupils. 

The  Merehanta*  Exchange,  situated  between  Dock,  Walnut, 
and  Third  sts.,  is  of  white  marble.  It  is  a  beautiful  structure,  and 
of  its  kind,  one  of  the  finest  in  the  country. 

The  United  States  Mint  is  in  Chesnut-st.  below  Broadnst.,  and 
fronts  on  the  former  street  122  feet  It  is  built  of  white  marble 
in  the  style  of  a  Grecian  Ionic  temple,  and  comprises  several  dis- 
tinct apartments.  Coining  is  among  the  most  interesting  and  at- 
tractive of  processes,  to  those  who  have  never  witnessed  such 
operations.  Visiters  are  admitted  during  the  morning  of  each  day, 
until  one  o'clock,  on  application  to  the  proper  officers. 

The  Arcade  is  in  Chesnut,  between  Sixth  and  Seventh  sts.,  and 
extends  through  to  Carpenter-st.  150  feet,  fronting  100  feet  on 
Chesnut-st  On  the  ground-floor  are  two  avenues,  extending  the 
entire  depth  of  the  building,  with  rows  of  stores  fronting  on  each. 
The  second  floor,  which  is  reached  by  flights  of  marble  steps  at 
eiich  end,  is  divided  into  stores  similar  to  those  on  the  ground- 
floor.  The  third  story  was  originally  prepared  for  Feale's  Mu< 
teum,  now  kept  in  the  Masonic  Hall,  in  Chesnut-st  mii>}- 


PHILADELPHIA.. 


387 


The  Cu9tom'HouMi  formerly  the  United  States  Baiik,  is  lo- 
cated m  Chesnut-st,  between  Fourth  and  Fifth  sis.  It  is  a 
chaste  specimen  of  the  Doric  order  of  architecture,  after  the  Par- 
thenon at  Athens,  with  the  omission  of  the  colonnades  at  the 
sides.  It  was  commenced  in  1819,  and  completed  in  about  five 
years,  at  a  cost  of  $500,000. 

Banks,  &c. — ^There  are  about  15  banks,  7  savings  institutions 
and  loan  companies,  and  numerous  insurance  companies,  in  Phil- 
adelphia. Some  of  the  banks  occupy  splendid  and  costly  build- 
ings. The  Pennsylvania  Bank  is  of  white  marble,  and  has  ah 
enclosure  ornamented  with  plants  and  shrubbery,  and  surrounded 
by  an  iron  railing.  The  Girard  Bank — formerly  the  old  United 
States  Bank,  purchased  by  the  late  Stephen  Girard,  and  used  by 
him  for  a  banking-house — has  a  marble  frout,  and  is  enriched  by 
a  portico  of  six  Corinthian  columns.  The  Philadelphia  Bank 
is  a  beautiful  structure.  The  Bank  of  North  Americay  origin- 
ally chartered  by  Congress  in  1781,  was  the  first  institution  of  its 
kind  organized  in  the  United  States.  Its  banking-house  (a  new 
building)  is  one  of  the  most  chaste  and  elegant  in  design  in  the 
United  States.  Many  of  the  other  banking-houses  are  handsome 
buildings,  but  generally  of  a  plain  style  of  architecture.  The 
banks  in  the  city  and  county  of  Philadelphia,  with  their  loca- 
tions, are  as  follows :  Bank  of  Commerce^  s.  e.  comer  of  Second 
and  Chesnut  sts. ;  Bank  of  North  America,  Chesnut-st,  above 
Third  ;  Bank  of  Pennsylvania,  Secoud-st.,  above  Walnut ;  Oi- 
rard  Bank,  South  Third-st.,  below  Chesnut ;  Commercial  Bank 
of  Pennsylvania,  Market-st.,  above  Second  ;  Bank  of  Northern 
Liberties,  Vine-st.,  below  Third ;  Farmers*  and  Mechanics* 
Bank,  Chesnut-st.,  above  Fourth  ;  Bank  of  Oermantown,  at 
Germantown  ;  Bank  ofPenn  Township,  n  w.  corner  of  Vine  and 
Sixth  sts. ;  Kensington  Bank,  Beach-st,  below  Maiden  ;  Manu- 
facturers*  and  Mechanics*  Bank,  n.  w.  corner  of  Ttiird  and  Vine 
sts. ;  Mechanics'  Bank,  South  Third-st.,  below  Market ;  Phila- 
delphia Bank,  ,Chesnut-st.,  above  Fourth ;  Southwark  Bank, 
Second-st.,  below  South.;  Western  Bank,  n.  w.  corner  of  Market 
and  Sixth  sts. 

Churches. — In  Jan.,  1848,  there  were  in  Philadelphia  159 
churches  of  different  denominations,  as  follows :  Episcopal,  27 ; 


388 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


MethodUitt  (Episcopal,)  23 ;  Methodist,  (Protestant,)  6 ;  Baptitt, 
16;  Presbyterian,  New  School,  13— Old  School,  12;  Jte- 
fortned  Presbyterian,  4 — Associate,  4 — Associate  Reformed  2  ; 
Roman  Catholic,  12 ;  Friends,  7  ;  German  Reformed,  3  ;  /n- 
dependent,  2 ;  Lutheran,  German,  3 — English,  2 ;  Universal' 
ist,  2  ;  Dutch  Reformed,  2  ;  Manners*,  2 ;  Unitarian,  1 ;  iV«iiD 
Jerusalem,  1 ;  Moravian,  1 ;  Disciples  of  Christ,  1 ;  Jewish 
Synagogues,  3  ;  churches  of  different  denominations  for  colored 
people,  12. 

The  style  of  construction  of  the  churches  is  various.  Only  & 
few  have  pretensions  to  great  architectural  beauty.  St.  Ste- 
phen*s  Church,  (Episcopal,)  in  Tenth-st,  between  Market  and 
Chesnut,  is  a  fine  specimen  of  Gothic  architecture ;  it  is  102  feet 
long  and  50  wide,  and  on  its  front  comers  has  two  octagonal  tow- 
ers 86  feet  high.  The  upper  parts  of  the  windows  are  embellish- 
ed with  cherubim,  in  white  glass  on  a  blue  ground,  and  the 
sashes  are  filled  with  diamond-shaped  glass  of  various  colors,  or- 
namented in  the  same  manner.  Christ  Church,  in  Second-st, 
was  built  in  1691,  and  enlarged  in  1810.  It  is  the  oldest  church 
in  the  city  ;  its  spire,  196  feet  high,  was  commenced  in  1753,  and 
completed  the  following  year,  by  means  of  a  lottery,  a  mode  of 
raising  money  not  uncommon  in  those  day&  This  church  has  a 
chime  of  bells.  St.  John's  Church,  (Catholic,)  situated  in  Thir- 
teeuth-st.,  between  Chesnut  and  Market  sts.,  is  an  elegant  Gothic 
structure,  with  square  towers  on  each  of  its  front  corners.  The 
windows  are  of  stained  glass,  and  the  interior  is  decorated  with 
several  handsome  paintings.  The  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
fronting  on  Washington  Square,  is  one  of  the  most  elegant 
churches  of  this  denomination  in  the  city.  There  are  others 
very  chaste  and  elegant  in  their  design,  but  the  limits  of  this 
work  will  not  permit  of  %  detailed  description. 
'  BENEVoLErcr  Institutions. — The  county  Almshouse,  situated 
on  the  w.  side  of  the  Schuylkill,  opposite  South-st,  is  a  place  for 
the  reception  of  the  poor  of  the  city  and  county*of  Philadelphia. 
It  is  an  immense  structure,  consisting  of  four  main  buildings,  cov- 
ering and  enclosing  about  ten  acres  of  ground,  and  fronting  on 
the  Schuylkill  river.  The  site  is  much  elevated  above  the  bank 
of  the  river,  and  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  city  and  surround- 


PHILADELPHIA. 


239 


ing  country.  Visitera  are  admitted  to  this  excellent  in8titution» 
which  on  inspection  cannot  fail .  to  excite  much  satisfaction.— 
Pennsylvania  Hospital,  in  Pine-st,  between  Eighth  and  Ninth 
Bts.}  is  an  admirable  institution.  It  contains  an  anatomical  mu* 
seum,  and  a  library  of  more  than  8,G00  volumes.  In  the  rear  of 
the  lot  fronting  on  Spruce-st.  is  a  small  building  which  contains 
West's  celebrated  picture  of  Christ  HeaHng  the  Sick,  presented 
to  this  institution  by  its  author. — The  United  States  Marine 
Hospital  or  Naval  Asylum  has  a  handsome  situation  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Schuylkill  below  South-st.  It  is  for  the  use  of  inva- 
lid seamen,  and  officers  disabled  in  the  service. — The  Pennsyl- 
vania Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  is  situated  on  the 
corner  of  Broad  and  Fine  sts.,  having  extensive  buildings  adapted 
to  the  purposes  of  the  establishment. — The  Pennsylvania  Insti' 
tution  for  the  Instruction  of  the  Blind  is  situated  in  Race-st 
near  Schuylkill  Third-st  The  pupils  of  this  institution  are  in- 
structed in  reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  geography,  and  music  ; 
and  are  also  taught  to  manufacture  a  great  variety  of  useful  and 
ornamental  articles. 

There  are  in  Philadelphia  many  other  societies  for  the  relief 
of  the  distressed.    ■  >■;.,....  :«^;-'.:;;^*,->s    ..!^.:.v<^^ti,b^^; 

LiTBRART  AND  SCIENTIFIC  INSTITUTIONS.— The  American  PhilO' 
sophical  Society  was  founded  in  1743,  principally  through  the 
exertions  of  Dr.  Franklm ;  its  hall  is  situated  in  South  Fifth-st, 
below  Chesnut,  and  in  the  rear  of  the  State-House.  In  addition 
to  its  library  of  15,000  volumes  of  valuable  works,  the  society  has 
a  fine  collection  of  minerals  and  fossils,  ancient  relics,  and  other 
interesting  objects.  Strangers  are  admitted  to  the  hall  on  appli^ 
cation  to  the  librarian. — ^The  Philadelphia  Library  is  situated  in 
Fifth-st.,  below  Chesnut,  on  the  north  comer  of  Library-st. 
This  library,  which  was  founded  in  1731,  by  the  influence  of  Dr. , 
Franklin,  contains  upward  of  35,000  volumes,  embracing  works 
on  almost  every  branch  of  general  knowledge.  Citizens  and 
strangers  have  free  access  to  the  library,  and  for  their  accom- 
modation tables  and  seats  are  provided.  To  tnis  has  been  added 
the  Loganian  library,  (which  formerly  belonged  to  the  late  Dr. 
Logan.)  containing  11,000  volumes  of  rare  and  valuable  books^ 
mostly  classical. — The  Atheneum,  in   Sixth  below  Walnut-stf 


240 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


contains  the  periodical  journals  of  the  day,  and  a  library  consist- 
ing of  several  thousand  volumes.  The  rooms  are  open  every  day 
and  evening  (Sundays  excepted)  throughout  the  year.  Strangers 
are  admitted  gratuitously  for  one  month,  on  introduction  by  a 
member. — The  Franklin  Institute  was  incorporated  in  1824 ;  it 
is  situated  in  Seventh-st,  below  Market  Its  members,  about 
3,000  in  number,  consist  of  manufacturers,  artists,  and  mechanics, 
and  persons  friendly  to  the  mechanic  arts.  The  annual  exhibi- 
tions of  this  institute  never  fail  to  attract  a  large  number  of  vis- 
iters. It  has  a  library  of  about  3,500  volumes,  and  an  extensive 
reading-room,  where  most  of  the  periodicals  of  the  day  may  be 
found.  Strangers  are  admitted  to  the  rooms  on  application  to 
the  actuary. — The  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  incorporated 
in  1817.  has  a  well-selected  library  of  about  9,000  volumes,  be- 
sides an  extensive  collection  of  objects  in  natural  history.  Its 
splendid  hall  is  in  Broad-st.,  between  Chesnut  and  Walnut.  It 
is  open  to  visiters  every  Saturday  afternoon. — The  Mercantile 
Library,  situated  on  the  comer  of  Fifth  and  Library  sts.,  was 
founded  in  1822,  for  the  purpose  of  diffusing  mercantile  know- 
ledge; It  contained  in  Jan.,  1848,  11,425  volumes,  chiefly  on 
commercial  subjects,  and  pursuits  connected  with  commerce. — 
The  Apprentices^  Library,  cor..  Fifth  and  Arch,  consists  of  about 
14,000  volumes,  and  is  open  to  the  youth  of  both  sexes. — The 
Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Fifth-st,  below  Chesnut, 
was  founded  for  the  purpose  of  diffusing  a  knowledge  of  local 
history,  especially  in  relation  to  the  state  of  Pennsylvania.  It 
has  caused  to  be  published  a  large  amount  of  information  on  sub- 
jects connected  with  the  early  history  of  the  state,  and  is  now 
actively  engaged  in  similar  pursuits. — ^The  Friendt^  Library,  on 
the  corner  of  Fourth  and  Arch  sts.,  has  about  3,000  vdumes,  the 
books  01  which  are  loaned  free  of  charge  to  persons  who  come 
suitably  recommended. — ^There  are  several  excellent  libraries  in 
the  Districts  of  Philadelphia,  which  are  conducted  on  the  most 
liberal  principles.  ,-w^, -.»  »v  »    ;>„.c  ^i,,^;  i 

Medical  Institutions.' — The  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
which  is  an  admirable  institution,  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of 
Niuth-st,  between  Market  and  Chesnut.  It  was  founded  in 
1791,  by  the  Union  of  the  old  Univenity  and  College  of  Phila- 


.  I 


PHTLADELPHIA. 


241 


SMt- 

day 

gers 

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ay  be 

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orated 

!8,  be- 

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f about 

.—The 
lesnut, 
^f  local 
lia.    It 
tn  8ub- 
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Phila- 


delphia.  The  buildings  consist  of  two  handsome  structures,  85 
feet  front  by  112  deep,  surrounded  by  open  grounds,  tastefully 
laid  out  in  gravel- walks,  &c.,  which  are  separated  from  the 
street  by  an  iron  railing.  The  average  number  of  students  who 
attend  annually  the  medical  lectures  in  this  institution,  is  about 
^X^.r— Jefferson  Medical  College  is  situated  in  Tenth-st.  below 
Chesnut ;  it  was  originally  connected  with  the  college  at  Canons- 
burg,  but  is  now  an  independent  institution.  The  number  of 
pupils  averages  about  300  annually.  The  anatomical  museum 
of  this  institution  is  open  to  visiters. — Penntylvania  Medical 
CollegCt  in  Fiibert-st.  above  Eleventh,  is  a  flourishing  institution 
of  recent  origin ;  the  first  lectures  having  been  delivered  in  the 
winter  of  1839-40. — The  College  of  Physicians  is  an  old  insti- 
tution, having  existed  before  the  Revolution.  It  is  one  of  the 
principal  sources  from  which  proceeds  the  Pharmacopoeia  of  the 
United  States. — ^The  Medical  Institute,  in  Locust-st  above 
Eleventh,  is  where  the  elementary  branches  of  medical  science 
in  all  their  relations  are  taught — ^The  Philadelphia  College  of 
Pharmacy,  in  Zane-st.,  above  Seventh,  was  the  first  regularly 
organized  institution  of  its  kind  in  the  country.  Its  objects  are  to 
impart  appropriate  instruction,  to  examine  drugs,  and  to  cultivate 
a  taste  for  the  sciences. 

y.  Prison& — The  Eastern  Penitentiary,  in  the  n.  w.  part  of  the 
city,  is  situated  on  Coates-st.,  w.  of  Broad-st.,  and  &  of  Girard 
College.  It  covers  about  ten  acres  of  ground,  is  surrounded  by  a 
wall  thirty  feet  high,  and  in  architecture  resembles  a  baronial 
castle  of  the  middle  ages.  It  is  constructed  on  the  principle  of 
strictly  solitary  confinement  in  separate  cells,  and  is  admirably 
calculated  for  the  security,  the  health,  and,  so  far  as  consistent 
with  its  objects,  the  comfort  of  its  occupants. — The  County 
Prtson,  situated  on  Fassyunk  road,  below  Federal-st,  is  a  spacious 
Gothic  building,  presenting  an  imposing  appearance.  It  is  ap- 
propriated to  the  confinement  of  persons  awaiting  trial,  or  those 
who  are  sentenced  for  short  periods.  The  Debtor's  Prison,  ad« 
joining  the  above  on  the  north,  is  constructed  of  red  sandtitoue, 
m  a  style  of  massive  Egyptian  architecture . — ^The  Hotue  of 
Refuge,  at  the  comer  of  Coates-st  and  Ridge  Road,  near  the 
Penitentiary,  was  founded  by  the  benevolence  of  citizens  of  Phila- 

16 


242 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


.1 


delphiai  and  is  devoted  to  the  confinement  of  vicious  and  aban<    ■ 
doned  juvenile  offenders  of  both  sexes. — The  House  of  Correc-   > 
tion,  at  Bush  Hill,  is  used  for  the  confinement  of  disorderly  per- ' 
sons,  and  such  as  are  charged  with  minor  offences. 

CEMKTBRiBa — ^Tho  beautifuI  cemetery  of  Laurel  Hill  is  situ-  ^  - 
ated  on  the  Ridge  Road,  3j|  miles  n.  w.  of  the  city,  and  on  the  e.  "j^ 
bank  of  the  Schuylkill,  which  is  elevated  about  90  feet  above  the  . 
river.    It  contains  about  20  acres,  the  surface  of  which  is  uiidu-  * 
lating,  prettily  diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  and  adorned  with  a  ' 
number  of  beautiful  trees.    Tiie  irregularity  of  the  ground,  to- 
gether with  the  foliage,  shrubs,  and  fragrant  flowers,  which  here 
abound — the  finely-sculptured  and  appropriate  monuments — with  ^ 
an  extensive  and  diversified  view — make  the  whole  scene  grand  ; 
and  impressive  in  a  high  degree.    On  entering  the  gate,  the  first ' 
object  that  presents  itself  to  the  gaze  of  the  visiter,  is  a  splendid  1 
piece  of  statuary,  representing  Sir  Walter  Scott  conversing  with  1 
Old  Mortality,  executed  in  sandstone  by  the  celebrated  Thom. '^ 
The  chapeli  which  is  situated  on  high  ground  to  the  right  of  the,  * 
entrance,  is  a  beautiful  Gothic  building,  illuminated  by  an  im-  - 
mense  window  of  stained  glass.    Visiters  are  admitted  within  the  t 
cemetery  by  making  application  at  the  entrance;  those  with  ' 
carriages,  wishing  to  enter  the  enclosure,  must  show  a  ticket- 
from  one  of  the  ikianagers.    The  cars  of  the  Norristown  Rail-  ^ 
road  will  convey  visiters  to  the  cemetery  and  back,  twice  daily,  !^ 
from  their  depot  at  the  conaer  of  Ninth  and  Green  sta.    Fare,  I 
12^  cehta.— 'Monument  Cemetery t  another  beautiful  enclosure,  is  ^ 
situated  on  Broad-st.,  in  the  vicinity  of  Turner's  Lane,  in  the  ^ 
north  part  of  Philadelphia,  and  about  tfiree  miles  from  the  State- 
House.    It  was  opened  in  1838,  and  now  contains  many  hand- 
some tombs.— J{onaZ(2«on*s  Cemetery,  in  Shippen-st,  between 
Ninth  and  Tenth,  occupying  an  entire  square,  and  surrounded 
by  an  iron  railing,  is  very  beautiful.    It  formerly  belonged  to  Mr. 
James  Ronaldson,  from  whom  it  takes  its  name,  who  divided  it 
into  lots,  and  disposed  of  it  for  its  present  purposes.    It  contains 
a  large  number  of  splendid  tombs,  and  is  adorned  with  a  great 
variety  of  flowers  and  foliage,  whose  fragrance  and  beauty  make 
this  an  attractive,  although  a  mournful  spot 
Places  or  Amusbhbnt. — Walnut-ttreet  Theatre,  on  the  cor> 


PHILADELPHIA. 


243 


I  cor* 


ner  of  Walnut  and  Ninth  sts.  Arch-atreet  Theatre,  in  Arcl^st, 
above  Sixth.  BamunCa  Museum^  an  admirable  place  of  amuse* 
ment,  in  Chesnut-street,  comer  of  Seventh.  Admission  26 
cents.  Academy  of  Fine  ArU,  north  side  of  ChesnUt,  between 
Tenth  and  Eleventh  sts.  Open  daily,  admission  25  cents.  Weat*» 
Picture  of  Chriat  Healing  the  Sick,  in  Spruce-st.,  between 
Eighth  and  Ninth  sts.  Admission  25  cents.  Musical  Fund  Hall, 
in  Locust-st  between  Eighth  and  Ninth  sts.,  for  concerts.  Dt'o- 
rama,  in  Sausom-st.  above  Eighth.  Admission  25  cents. 
^,j^  Principal  Hotels. — Washington  House,  in  Chesnut-st.  be- 
tween Seventh  and  Eighth  sts.  Joneai's  Hotel,  Chesnut-st.  be- 
tween Sixth  and  Seventh  sts.  Columbia  House,  Chesnut-st.  be- 
low Seventh.  United  States  Hotel,  Chesnut-st.  between  Fourth 
and  Fifth.  Merchants'  Hotel,  North  Fourth-st.  near  Arch-st 
Congress  Hall,  85  Chesnut,  and  .37  South  Third-st.  Madison 
House,  39  North  Second-st.  above  Market-st.  Franklin  House, 
Chesnut-st  above  Second-st  Morris  House,  Temperance  Ho- 
tel, 188  Chesnut-st  Mansion  House,  Third-st  near  Spruce. 
Red  Lion  Hotel,  200  Market-st  White  Swan  Hotel,  106  Race- 
st  above  Third.  Indian  Queen,  in  Fourth  above  Chesnut-st 
There  are,  also,  many  other  excellent  houses  here  where  the 
traveller  will  find  every  comfort  and  convenience,  with  moderate 
charges.  Private  boarding-houses,  and  refectories,  likewise  abound. 

Rates  of  Farb,  as  fixed  bt  City  Ordinanck.— /faelrney  Coaehes.— 
For  conveying  one  passenger  from  any  place  east  of  Broad-st,  to  any 
other  place  east  of  Broad-st.,  within  the  city  limits,  36  cents.  For  con- 
veying one  passenger  from  any  place  west  of  Broad-st.,  to  any  other 
place  west  of  Broad-st.,  within  the  city  limits,  25  cents.  Each  addition- 
al passenger,  25  cents.  Not  more  than /our  paaaengern  to  be  charged  for 
any  one  carriage.  For  conveying  one  p^^senger  from  any  place  east 
of  Broad-st.  to  any  place  west  of  Broad-st.,  or  from  any  place  west  of 
said  street  to  any  place  east  of  the  same,  within  the  city  limits,  50  cents. 
If  more  than  one  passenger,  then  for  each  passenger  25  cents.  For 
conveying  one  or  more  passengers  in  any  other  direction,  within  the 
limits  of  the  pavement,  for  each  passenger,  per  mile,  25  cents.  For 
conveying  one  or  more  passengers,  when  a  carriage  is  employed  by  the 
hour,  $1  per  hour.  f^    •*{,«♦ 

Baggage.— For  each  trunk  or  other  baggage  placed  inside,  at  the  own- 
er's request,  and  which  would  exclude  a  passenger,  for  each  passenget 
that  might  be  excluded  thereby,  25  cents.  For  each  trunk,  &c.,  placed 
outside,  12i  cents.    Baggage  placed  outside  not  to  pay  more,  in  the 


344 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


whole,  thtai  SA  cents.    The  penalty  for  exceeding  the  above  chargea  ia 
a  fine  of  $5. 

Cttbi.—For  conveying  one  pauenger  from  any  place  east  of  the  centre 
of  Broad-st.,  to  any  other  place  east  of  the  centre  of  Broad-st. ;  or  from 
any  place  west  of  the  centre  of  Broad-st.,  to  any  other  place  west  of  the 
centre  of  Broad-st.,  within  the  city  limits,  25  cents.  Each  additional 
passenger  13^  cents.  For  conveying  one  passenger  from  any  place  east 
of  the  centre  of  Broad-^t.,  to  any  other  place  west  of  the  centre  of 
Broad-st. ;  or  from  any  place  west  of  the  centre  of  Broadest.,  to  any 
other  place  east  of  the  centre  of  Broad-st„  within  the  city  limits,  37i 
cents.  Each  additional  passenger  13^  cents.  For  the  use  of  a  cab  by 
the  hour,  within  the  city  limits,  with  one  or  more  passengers,  with  the 
privilege  of  going  from  place  to  place,  and  stopping  as  often  as  may  be 
required,  for  each  and  every  hour  50  cents.  Whenever  a  cab  shall  be 
detained,  except  as  in  the  foregoing  section,  the  owner  or  driver  shall 
be  allowed  per  hour  50  cents.  And  so,  in  proportion,  for  any  part  of  on 
hour  ei^ceeding  15  minutes.  For  conveying  one  or  two  persons,  with 
reasonable  baggage,  to  or  from  any  of  the  steamboats  or  railroads,  (ex- 
cept the  Trenton  and  New  York  railroads,)  50  cents :  more  than  two 
persons,  each  25  cents.  For  exceeding  the  above  charges,  or  for  re- 
fttsing  or  neglecting,  when  unemployed,  to  convey  any  persons  or  their 
baggage  to  any  place  within  the  limits  prescribed  by  the  ordinance, 
upon  being  applied  to  for  that  purpose,  the  penalty  is  a  fine  of  $5. 

*  Omnibuses  leave  the  Exchange  every  few  minutes  for  the  va- 
rious parts  of  the  city,  Fairmount,  Girard  College,  Sec.  Fare  6^ 
eenta. 

Places  worth  visiting.— Fatrmounf,  Laurel  Hill  Cemetery, 
Oirard  College,  Navy  Yard ;  the  Mint,  and  State  House,  both 
of  which  are  in  Chesuut-st. ;  State  Penitentiary,  Almshouse,  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Schuylkill ;  and  the  various  Market  Houses, 
all  of  which  are  described  under  their  respective  heads.  '  -^ 

Places  in  the  Vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  &c. — Camden,  a 
city  and  port  of  entry  of  Gloucester  county,  N.  J.,  is  situated  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Delaware  river,  opposite  Philadelphia.  It 
was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1831.  Much  of  the  soil  iu  the 
vicinity  is  employed  in  raising  fruits  and  vegetables,  which  always 
find  a  ready  market  m  the  neighboring  city  opposite.  Popula- 
lation  in  1850,  9,618.  Numerous  steam  ferry-boats  keep  up  a 
constant  communication  between  Philadelphia  and  Camden. 

A  railroad  extends  from  this  place  to  Woodbury,  the  county 
town  of  Gloucester,  nine  miles.  It  contains  a  population  of  about 
1,200,  a  courthouse,  jail,  churches,  schools,  libraries,  and  many 


VICINITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


245 


other  institutiona  for  the  promotion  of  knowledge!  and  the  moral 
improvement  of  the  people. 

Kaighn*»  Pointy  a  short  distance  below  Camden,  OreenwicK 
Pointf  three  miles  below  the  city,  and  Oloucetter  Point,  directly 
opposite,  are  favorite  places  of  resort  during  the  summer  season. 
Steamboats  run  many  times  daily  from  Philadelphia.  Fare  to 
the  former  place  5  ceat»^-to  the  latter,  64  centt. 

OermantotDtt,  six  miles  n.  df  Philadelphia,  consists  of  one  street 
only,  compactly  built,  and  extending  for  about  four  miles,  in  a 
direction  from  s.  e.  to  n.  w.  A  railroad  and  numerous  stages  af- 
ford a  constant  communication  between  this  place  and  the  city, 
of  which  it  is  a  suburb.  Cars  leave  the  depot  in  Philadelphia, 
corner  of  Ninth  and  Green  sts.,  four  times  daily.  Fare  15  cente: 
[^^  Manayunk,  eight  miles  from  the  city,  has  become  a  large  man- 
ufacturing place.  It  is  indebted  for  its  existence  to  the  water 
created  by  the  improvement  of  the  Schuylkill,  which  serves  the 
double  purpose  of  rendering  the  stream  navigable,  and  of  suj^ly- 
iug  hydraulic  power  to  the  numerous  factories  of  the  village. 

Norrietown,  17  miles  from  Philadelphia,  is  the  county  seat  of 
Montgomery.  It  occupies  an  elevated  site  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Schuylkill,  and  is  a  flourishing  manufacturing  place.  A  dam 
built  across  the  river  gives  it  an  immense  water>power.  The 
town  is  well  built,  and  many  of  the  houses  are  plastered,  present- 
ing from  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  a  bright  and  lively  appear- 
ance. From  the  hills  in  the  vicinity  there  is  an  extensive  view 
of  the  fine  scenery  of  the  Schuylkill.  The  cars  of  the  Phila- 
delphia and  Norristown  Railroad  leave  Ninth-st,  comer  of  Green. 
Fare  40  cents.  Stages  leave  here  for  Doylestown,  New  Hope, 
and  other  places.     Pop.  in  1850,  6,030. 

Wissahickon  Creek,  a  stream  remarkable  for  its  romantic  and 
beautiful  scenery,  falls  into  the  Schuylkill  about  six  miles  above 
the  city.  It  has  a  regular  succession  of  cascades,  which  in  the 
aggregate  amount  to  about  700  feet.  Its  banks,  for  the  mos^ 
part*  are  elevated  and  precipitous,  covered  with  a  dense  forest, 
and  diversified  by  moss-covered  rocks  of  every  variety.  The 
banks  of  the  beautiful  Wissahickon  afford  one  of  the  most  de- 
lightful ridos  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  and  are  a  great  resort 
for  the  citizens,  picnic  parties,  and  Sunday  schools. 


246 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


The  FalU  of  the  Sehvylkill  are  about  four  miles  above  the 
city,  on  the  river  of  that  name.  Since  the  erection  of  the  dam 
at  Fairmount,  the  falls  have  almoHt  disappeared.  From  the  city 
to  the  falls,  however,  is  a  very  pleasant  drive  ;  and  they  might 
be  reached  in  a  return  visit  to  the  Wissahickou. 

The  Schuylkill  Viaduct,  three  miles  n.  w.  from  the  city,  is 
980  feet  in  length,  and  crossed  bv  the  Columbia  Railroad.  It 
leads  to  the  foot  of  an  inclined  plane,  2,800  feet  long,  with  an 
ascent  of  187  feet.  The  plane  is  ascended  by  means  of  a  sta- 
tionary engine  at  the  top,  which  conveys  the  cars  from  one  end 
of  the  plane  to  the  other.    It  is  a  pleasant  and  cheap  excursion. 

Cape  May,  an  attractive  watering-place,  and  now  much  fre- 
quented by  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia,  and  by  others,  is  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  Delaware  Bay,  the  extreme  southern  portion  of 
New  Jersey.  The  accommodations  here  are  of  the  first  order, 
and  the  beach  is  unsurpassed  as  a  bathing-place.  During  the 
summer  season  steamboats  leave  Philadelphia  for  Cape  May 
daily.    Fare  $3.00— ^iistance  103  miles. 

Brandywine  Springs. — Visiters  to  this  celebrated  wattT:ag- 
place  take  the  cars  in  Philadelphia,  which  leave  the  depot,  cor- 
ner of  Eleventh  and  Market  sts.,  twice  daily,  for  Wilmington, 
where  carriages  are  in  waiting  to  convey  them  to  the  Springs. 
Fare  through  il^l.OO. 


ROUTES  FROM  PHILADELFHIA.— (For  the  routes  from  Phil- 
adelphia to  Baltimore  and  Washington,  see  page  362.^ 
>'  Route  fkom  Philadelphia  to  New  York,  (see  Map  Na  23, 
and  also  the  description  of  routes  from  New  York  to  Philadel- 
phia.)—During  the  present  season  there  will  he  Jive  daily  lines 
in  operation  between  Philadelphia  and  New  York,  leaving  at 
6  A  M.,  9  A.  M.,  10  A  M.,  4  p.  M.,  and  6  p.  m.  By  the  Jiret  and  third 
lines  passengers  are  taken  over  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Rail- 
road to  Amboy,  and  are  thence  conveyed  by  steamer  to  New 
York.  Time  6  hours.  Fare  $8.00.  By  the  second  and  turn  last 
lines,  passengers  leave  from  the  foot  of  Walnut-street,  in  the 
steamboat  New  Philadelphia,  for  Taconey ;  thence  by  railroad, 
via  Comioells,  Bristol,  Morrisville,  IVenton,  Princeton,  Neto 
Brunswick,  Elizahetktown,  Newark.  Jersey  Gity;  and  arrive 


Diiles 


I,..-'. 


ROUTES  FROM  PHILADEI.PHIA. 


347 


at  iV«t0  York  (by  the  line  leaving  at  9)  at  1  o'olocki  in  time  for 
the  North  and  East  River  boats.    Fare  |8.00. 

FaoM  Philadelphia  to  Harrimuro  and  PimauRQ,  and  in- 
termediate placet,  (see  page  255.) 

From  Philadblphia  to  Pottbvillb,  &>c.,  (see  page  248.) 

From  Philadblphia  to  Bethlbhbm,  Mauoh  Chunk,  &.c.  &,c. 
*^-Stage  I  nes  leave  Philadelphia  from  the  office,  106  Race>8t., 
daily,  for  Allentown  and  Bethlehem,  52  miles,  Fare  $2.50  ;  for 
Easton,  56  miles,  $2.50 ;  for  Mauch  Chunk,  77  miles,  $4.00. 
(For  the  location  of  the  above  places,  situated  n.  and  n.  w.  from 
Philadelphia,  see  Map  No.  23.) 

Allentown,  Pa.,  the  county^seat  of  Lehigh,  is  situated  a  short 
distance  w.  from  the  Lehigh  river,  at  the  junction  of  the  Jordan 
and  Little  Lehigh  creeks.  It  is  built  upon  high  ground,  and  com- 
mands a  fine  view  of  the  neighboring  country.  Pop.  about  3,300. 
It  contains  a  handsome  courthouse,  several  churches  of  diiFerent 
denominations,  academies,  and  libraries.  It  has  also  handrome 
water-workik,  about  half  a  mile  distant,  by  which  means  spring- 
water  is  raised  to  the  height  of  160  feet,  and  thence  distributed 
amongst  the  inhabitants.  The  mineral  springs  here  are  highly 
prized  by  those  who  have  tried  the  efficacy  of  their  waters  A 
visit  to  **  Big  Rock,"  1,000  feet  in  elevation,  a  short  distance  from 
the  village,  will  amply  repay  the  tourist,  by  the  extent  and  rich- 
ness of  the  scene  there  spread  out  before  him  in  every  direction. 

Bethlehem,  Pa.,  occupies  an  elevated  site  upon  the  left  bank  of 
the  Lehigh,  at  the  mouth  of  Mouokicy  creek.  It  is  the  principal 
seat  of  the  United  Brethren,  or  Moravians,  in  the  United  States, 
and  was  originally  settled  under  Count  Zinzendorf,  in  1741.  The 
village  contains  a  large  stone  church  of  Gothic  architecture,  142 
feet  long  and  68  wide,  and  capable  of  seating  2,000  persona 
From  the  centre  rises  a  tower,  surmounted  by  an  elegant  dome. 
The  society  is  distinguished  by  great  simplicity  of  manners,  and 
their  love  of  music,  which  is  used  not  ouly  in  their  religious  ser- 
vices, but  in  the  burial  of  their  dead.  Bethlehem  is  also  distin- 
guished for  an  excellent  boarding-school  for  young  ladies,  founded 
in  1788,  which  has  on  an  average  70  pupils. 

Nazareth,  aiother  pretty  Moravian  village,  is  situated  ten 
miles  N.  from  B  sthlehem,  and  seven  miles  n.  w.  from  Easton,  on 


948 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPAHIOir. 


the  turnpike  roHd  to  Wilkesbarre.  It  contains  a  largo  and  floar- 
iohing  Mhool  for  boya.— (For  Eaaton,  and  Delaware  and  Lehigh 
Water  Gape,  tee  page  393.) 

Maueh  Chunkt  teat  of  juttice  of  Carbon  county,  ie  »ituated  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  I/^hif  b,  at  the  confluence  of  that  itream 
with  Mauch  Chunk  creek.  It  occupies  a  space  in  a  narrow  and 
romantic  glen  at  the  mouth  of  the  creek,  and  is  surrounded  by 
mountains,  some  of  which  are  1,000  feet  in  elevation.  "  The 
face  of  these  mountains,  although  covered  with  fragments  of 
rocks,  and  displaying  in  many  places  huge  beetling  precipices,  is 
clothed  in  summer  with  verdant  trees  and  shrulw,  obscuring  the 
rough  surface  of  the  mountain,  and  forming  a  pleasing  contrast 
with  the  white  buildings  clustered  beneath  its  shade." 


THE  PHILADELPHIA,  READIN a,  AND  POTTSVILLB 
RAILSOAD.    (See  Maps  Nos.  23  and  3S.) 

This  road  extends  from  the  edge  of  the  coal  formation  in 
Schuylkill  county,  at  Mt.  Carbon,  one  mile  south  of  Pottsville,  to 
the  Delaware  at  Richmond,  8^  miles  above  Philadelphia.  In 
Schuylkill  county,  it  connects  directly  with  four  lateral  roads 
running  to  coal  mines.  It  joins  the  Norristown  road  at  Conshe- 
hocken,  and  the  Columbia  road  at  Schuylkill  Falls.  By  these  it 
is  immediately  connected  with  the  city.  In  Jan.  1842,  the  road 
was  opened  through  to  Mt  Carbon,  within  a  mile  of  Pottsville. 
There  are  three  tunnels,  of  962, 1,600,  and  1,934  feet,  excavated 
through  solid  rock,  and  arched ;  and  one  under  the  Norristown 
Railroad,  of  172  feet.  On  its  whole  length,  there  are  18  stone, 
9  iron,  and  1*7  wooden  bridges,  over  road,  ravines,  and  water; 
total  length,  8,016  feet,  of  which  3,693  ft  are  stone,  367  iron,  and 
3,956  wood.    The  entire  cost  (94  miles)  is  placed  at  $16,000,000. 

From  Philadelphia  to  Reading  and  Pottsville. — The  depot 
is  in  Broad,  corner  of  Vine-st  The  following  are  the  stopping- 
places,  with  distances  and  fares :  From  Philadelphia  to  Manyunky 
*l  miles,  25  cents ;  to  NorriMcwn,  17,  40  cents ;  to  Valley  Forge^ 
28,  80  cents;  to  Phcenixville,  27,  $1,00;  to  FotUtoum,  40, 
$1,60 ;  to  DanglassviUe,  44,  $1,75 ;  to  ^Reading,  68,  $2,25 ; 
to  Mohraville,  67,  $2,60;  to  Hamburg^  75,  $2,90;  to  Port 


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READINa  RAILROAD. 


249 


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Clinton,  78,  $3.00  ;  to  Orwigthurg,  86,  Schuylkill  Haven,  89, 
$140 ;  to  PottavilUy  94,  $3.50. 

Valley  Forge,  a  place  of  much  interest  in  American  history, 
is  where  Gen.  Washington  established  his  head-quarters  during 
the  winter  of  1777.  The  house,  which  is  still  standing,  is  near 
the  railroad,  from  which  it  can  be  seen. 

Pottstovon  is  prettily  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill. The  houses,  which  are  built  principally  upon  one  broad 
street,  are  surrounded  by  fine  gardens  and  elegant  shade-trees. 
The  scenery  of  the  surrounding  hills  is  very  fine,  especially  in  the 
fall  of  the  year,  when  the  foliage  is  tinged  with  a  variety  of  rich 
autumnal  tints.  The  Reading  Railroad  passes  through  one  of 
its  streets,  and  crosses  the  Manatawny  on  a  lattice  bridge,  1,071 
feet  in  length. 

RiiAOiNO,  the  capital  of  Berks  county,  is  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Schuylkill,  and  is  built  on  gently  rising  ground,  with  the  river 
on  one  side,  and  a  ridge  of  hills  on  the  other.  It  contains  a  new 
and  handsome  courthouse,  a  jail,  15  churches,  upwards  of  30  ho- 
tels and  taverns,  several  manufactories  of  iron,  brass  foundries, 
locomotive  engine  shops,  &c.  &c.    Population  about  12,000. 

Port  Clinton,  a  small  but  thriving  village,  is  situated  in 
Schuylkill  county,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Schuylkill  river. 
It  is  indebted  for  its  growth  to  the  shipment  of  coal  over  the  rail- 
road from  the  mines  in  the  vicinity  of  Tamaqua,  12  miles  dis- 
tant. 

Schuylkill  Haven  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill, amidst  picturesque  and  romantic  scenery.  The  West 
Branch  Railroad,  running  from  the  coal  mines,  unites  here  with 
t!ie  Schuylkill  navigation.  The  transhipment  of  coal  is  the  busi- 
ness from  which  the  town  chiefly  derives  support. 

PoTTSviLLE  is  situuted  on  the  edges  of  the  coal  basin,  in  the  gap 
by  which  the  Schuylkill  breaks  through  Sharp's  mountain.  It  is 
noted  for  its  rapid  growth,  being  a  great  mart  for  the  coal  trade  ; 
it  contains  a  splendid  Catholic  cathedral,  and  an  elegant  Episco- 
pal church,  both  built  in  the  Gothic  style.  It  has  other  churches 
of  difi^rent  denominations,  a  spacious  town-hall,  several  ex- 
cellent hotels,  a  furnace  for  making  iron,  forge  and  rolling  mills, 
a  foundry,  a  steam-engine  factory.  Sec.  Pop.  in  1860  7,496. 


250 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


A  visit  to  the  coal  region  of  Pennsylvania  forms  a  very  agreeii- 
ble  summer  excursion  ;  whilst  the  fine  and  varied  scenery »  and 
the  pure  mountbia  air,  cannot  be  otherwise  than  pleasing  and 
healthful.  The  accommodations  for  travellers  at  Pottsville  and 
other  places  here,  are  ample.  An  excursion  to  the  colliery  of 
Messrs.  Potts  ^and  Bannon  will  be  found  very  interesting.  It  is 
the  deepest  in  this  region,  and  is  known  as  Guinea  Hill,  or  Black 
Mine. 

"  The  depth  of  the  slope  is  400  feet,  which,  at  an  inclination  of  40  de- 
grees, would  give  a  perpendicular  depth  of  252  feet  into  the  very  bowels 
of  the  earth.  The  colliery  is  worked  with  two  steam-engines— one  of 
50  horse  power,  and  the  other  of  20 ;  the  former  is  used  in  pumping  the 
water  which  accumulates  in  the  mines,  and  the  latter  in  hoisting  the 
coal  in  cars  to  the  mouth  of  the  slope.  The  pump  used  in  the  colliery 
is  of  cast-iron,  12  inches  in  diameter,  and  extends  the  entire  depth  of 
the  slops— 400  feet.  The  column  of  water  brought  up  by  the  engine,  at 
each  lift  of  the  pump,  is  equal  in  weight,  to  about  8i  tons.  At  the  depth 
of  200  feet  of  this  slope,  a  tunnel  has  been  driven  270  feet  s.  to  the  Tun- 
nel vein,  and  210  n.  to  the  Lawton  vein— both  through  solid  rock.  As 
the  visiter  leaves  the  slope,  and  finds  himself,  lantern  in  hand,  groping 
his  way  through  the  gangway  into  the  heart  of  the  mine,  he  is  bewil- 
dered and  startled,  as  the  almost  indistinct  masses  of  coal,  slate,  dirt,  &c., 
fashion  themselves  into  something  bordering  upon  a  dark,  dusky,  and 
even  forbidding  outline.  It  seems  as  if  you  had  fallen  upon  a  subterra- 
nean city,  buried  by  some  great  convulsion  of  nature ;  and  the  illusion 
is  still  further  heightened  by  observing  workmen  busily  engaged,  appa- 
rently in  excavating  the  ruins." 

From  Pottsville  travellers  can  proceed  by  stage  to  Northum- 
berland, Danville,  Catawissa,  Mauch  Chunk,  Wilkesbarret  &.C. 
Passengers  leaving  Philadelphia  for  either  of  these  places,  or 
others  in  this  vicinity,  should  apply  for  seats,  or  information*  fi^. 
106  Race-st,  or  at  the  depot,  corner  of  Broad  and  Vine  sts.       / . 

Wilkesbarre  is  situated  in  the  beautiful  valley  of  Wyoming,  on 
a  plain  elevated  about  20  feet  above  the  Susquehanna.  It  is  a 
well-built  rural  village,  with  a  population  of  about  3,000.  This 
valley,  famous  in  story  and  song,  is  rich  in  soil  and  the  best  agri- 
cultural productions,  and  in  fertility  and  beauty  is  unrivalled.  Its 
historical  associations  are  replete  with  thrilling  interest.  A  rail- 
road, 20  miles  long,  unites  Wilkesbarre  with  the  Lehigh  river  and 
canal  at  White  Haven.  (For  the  country  north  of  W^ilkesbarre 
see  Map  No.  17.) 


..i^-J,vl-VJ'.  X.*f  I.-- 


READINO  RAILROAD. 


261 


;>4i9 


Sunbury,  (see  Map  No.  25,)  the  county  seat  of  Northampton, 
b  mtuated  on  a  broad  plain  on  the  left  eank  of  the  Susquehanna, 
just  above  the  mouth  of  Shamokin  creek.  Its  site  is  one  of 
great  beauty,  and  from  the  high  hills  in  its  immediate  vicinity, 
there  is  a  magnificent  prospect  of  the  lovely  valley  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna. The  Sunhury,  Danville,  and  Pottmille  Railroad 
was  commenced  about  the  year  1833 :  a  few  miles  of  the  eastern 
end  were  opened  for  use  in  1834 ;  but  on  account  of  the  connec- 
tftm  not  being  completed,  and  the  inconvenient  inclined  planes  at 
that  end  of  the  road,  its  use  was  abandoned,  and  it  was  allowed 
to  fall  into  decay.  The  western  division  has  been  completed  for 
19  miles,  from  Sunhury  to  the  Shamokin  mines,  and  is  now  in 
successful  use  for  the  transportation  of  coal.  The  length  of  the 
road  from  Sunhury  to  Pottsville  is  44^  miles ;  and  including  the 
branch  td  DanviUe,  the  entire  length  is  51  ^  miles.  The  late 
Stephen  Girard  was  one  of  the  projectors  of  this  road.  From 
this  place  the  Sunbury  and  Erie  Railroad  will  extend  to  Erie, 
on  the  lake  of  the  same  name.  Surveys  of  this  road  were  made 
in  the  years  1838  and  1839,  under  the  direction  of  Edward  |^U; 
ler,  Esq. 

Williamsport,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Lycoming  county,  is  jieas 
antly  situated  on  an  elevated  plain  on  the  left  bank  of  the  West 
Branch  of  ihe  Susquehanna.  It  is  well  built,  and  many  of  the 
buildings,  both  public  and  private,  have  some  pretensions  to  ar- 
chitectural beauty.  The  public  square,  on  which  stands  the 
courthouse,  is  shaded  with  trees,  and  enclosed  with  an  iron  rail- 
ing. Several  of  the  churches  are  surmounted  with  graceful 
spires  and  cupolas,  which  form  conspicuous  objects  amid  the  rich 
surrounding  scenery.  The  notels  are  spacious,  and  abound  in 
every  comfort,  and  the  charges  are  reasonable.  The  United 
States  Coort  for  the  Western  District  of  Pennsylvania  is  held  al- 
ternately here  and  at  Pittsburg.  The  West  Branch  Canal  passes 
through  the  town.  The  Williamsport  and  Elmira  Railroad  has 
been  finished  as  far  as  Raiston,  26  miles  from  this  place,  (see 
Map  No.  17.)  The  whole  lougth  of  the  road  is  74  miles,  and 
when  completed  it  will  open  an  important  route' for  travel,  and 
the  transportation  of  eoal,  iron,  and  agricultural  products 


TS, 


262 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFANION. 


TH^  COLUMBIA  RAILROAO.— This  road  extends  from  Phil- 
adelphia to  the  Susquehanna  river  at  Columbia,  82  miles.  In 
April,  1834,  a  single  track  was  completed  throughout,  and  in 
Oct  1834,  both  tracks  were  opened  for  public  use.  Cost  of  con- 
struction, $4,204,960.  Formerly,  at  Columbia,  there  was  an 
inclined  plane  1,800  feet  in  length,  and  90  :n  height ;  but  this  if  as 
dispensed  with  in  1839,  by  completing  a  circuitous  route  of  six 
miles,  with  a  grade  of  30  feet  to  the  mile.  Thore  is  an  inclined 
plane  on  this  road  after  crossing  the  Schuylkill  from  Philadelphia, 
the  removal  of  which  is  contemplated  by  the  company.  The 
WeH  Chester  Branch  road  extends  from  the  Columbia,  at  Paoli, 
to  West  Chester,  seven  miles.  .  ^  .j, 

From  Philadelphia  to  Columbia,  (see  Maps  Noe.  23  and  25.) 
— Cars  leave  the  depot,  274  Market-st,  for  Paoli,  21  miles,  fare 
75  Cents;  DowningstownrSS,  $1.00;  Coatsroille,  40,  $1.12; 
Parkahurg,  45,  $1.25;  Lancaster,  70,.  $2.00;  Columbia,  &i, 
$2.37i.        ^■T:\i'"^.    :■":/•,-;-—'':■■'■ 

Columbia,  Pa.,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Susquehan- 
na, 28  miles  below  Harrisburg,  and  12  west  of  Lancaster.  ^  part 
of  the  town  occupies  the  slope  of  a  hill  which  rises  gently  from 
the  river,  and  the  business  part  of  the  ,town  lies  along  the  level 
bank  of  the  river.  The  scenery  from  the  hills  in  the  vicinity  is 
highly  pleasing.  The  broad  river  studded  with  numerous  islands 
and  rocks,  crossed  by  a  long  and  splendid  bridge,  and  bounded 
on  every  side  by  lofty  hills,  presents  one  of  the  finest  landscapes 
in  Pennsylvania.  The  junction  here  of  the  state  railroad  from 
Philadelphia  with  the  main  line  of  the  canal,  the  railroad  to  York, 
and  the  Tide-water  Canal  to  Maryland,  renders  Colombia  a  busy 
place.  The  main  current  of  travel  which  formerly  passed 
through  here,  has  been  diverted  by  the  construction  of  the  Har- 
risburg and  Lancaster  Railroad;  but  the  emigrant  travel  still 
goes  by  way  of  Columbia.  A  fine  bridge  crossra  the  Susquehan- 
na, more  than  a  mile  in  length.  The  cost  of  its  construction  was 
$231,771.  It  was  erected  by  a  company  in  1814,  the  state  hav- 
ing an  interest  in  it  to  the  amount  of  $90,000.    Pop^  4,840. 

The  York  and  Wriohtsville  Railroad,  (see  Map  No.  25.) — 
This  short  branph  of  12  miles  unites  the  Columbia  with  the  rail- 
toad  from  York  to  Baltimore.    Cost  of  construction,  $.^i>  J,000. 


BARRISBURO  AND  LANCASTER  RAILROAD. 


258 


PhiU 

In 

ndin 

con- 

IB  an 

of  six 

iclined 

elphia, 

The 

Paoli, 


Yorkt  ir  a.»  the  capital  of  York  county,  is  situated  on  the  hankf 
of  Codorua  creek,  11  miles  from  the  Susquehanna.  It  is  a  thri- 
ving place  surrounded  by  a  well-cultivated  country,  and  contains 
some  handisome  public  buildings,  the  priucipal  of  which  is  the 
courthouse,  built  of  granite,  and  resembling  a  Grecian  temple, 
erected  in  1843,  at  a  cost  of  $150,000.  Besides  this,  and  the 
other  public  edifices  usual  in  a  cor^ty  town,  it  has  10  churches, 
some  of  which  are  adorned  with  tali  spires,  noted  for  their  archi- 
tectural elegance.  The  chief  trade  of  York  and  the  surrounding 
country  is  transacted  with  Baltimore.  From  York  passengers 
can  proceed  by  the  railroad  to  Baltimore,  57  miles.    Fare  $1.50. 


ind25.) 
BS,/are 
$1.12; 
bia,  @2, 

quehan- 
I  Apart 
ly  from 
he  level 
cinity  is 


)ounded 
idscapes 
ad  from 
,0  York, 
[a  a  busy 

passed 

le  Har- 
^vel  still 

[uehanf 
Ition  was 

ite  hav- 

tO. 

►.25.)— 
le  rail- 

b,000. 


HARRISBURa  AND  LANOASTER  RAILROAD,  (See 
Map  No.  25.)' — This  road,  which  forms  a  connection  with  the 
Columbia  Railroad  at  Lancaster,  is  36  miles  long.  It  was  open* 
ed  in  1837,  and  cost  $850,000. 

From  Philadelphia  to  Lancaster  and  Harrisburg. — Can 
leave  the  depot,  274  Market-st.,  and  thence  proceed  over  the 
Columbia  Railroad  to  Lancaster,  (see  page  252 ;)  from  thence  to 
Harrisburg.  Fare  to  Lancaster,  $2.00,  and  through  to  Harris- 
burg, $8.60. 

Lancaster,  Pa.,  the  county-seat  of  Lancaster,  occupies  an 
elevated  site  near  the  right  bauk  of  Conestoga  creek,  70  miles  w. 
from  Philadelphia,  37  a.  e.  iironi  Harrisburg,  and  12  e.  from  the  Sus- 
quehanna at  Columbia.  The  streets,  laid  off  at  right  angles,  are 
paved  and  lighted ;  and  the  houses,  generally  of  brick,  are  well 
built.  The  city  is  supplied  with  neater  by  an  artificial  basin  and 
**  water-works."  Stores,  taverns,  and  shops,  abound  in  every 
quarter ;  railroad-can,  stages,  canal-boats,  and  wagons,  are  con- 
stantly arriving  and  departing  :  and  the  bustle  and  confusion  at 
times  are  very  great.  Tho  Conestoga  Navigation  is  a  series  of 
9  locks  and  slackwater  pools,  18  miles  in  length,  from  Lancaster 
to  Safe  Harbor,  on  the  Susquehanna,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cono- 
stoga.  By  means  of  the  Tide-water  Canal  to  Port  Deposit,  a 
navigable  communication  is  opened  to  Baltimore.    Pop.  12,382. 

Hakrisburo,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  and  tho 
chief  town  of  Dauphin  county,  occupies  a  commanding  nte  on  tlw 
left  bank  of  the  Susquehannai  a  short  distance  above  the  moiith 


i/- 


364 


SilLROJLD  AMD  STEAMBOAT  COMFAMIOir. 


of  Pftxtou  creek.  "  Situated  in  the  midst  of  the  fertile  Kitta- 
tinny  valley,  and  looking  out  upon  some  of  the  moet  magnificent 
■oeneiy  in  the  worid,— with  splendid  bridges  spanning  the  broad 
lirer,  and  riiaded  walks  along  its  banks, — with  canals,  railroads, 
fmd  turnpikes,  radiating  from  it  in  all  directions, — with  a  highly 
intelligent  resident  population,,  and  the  annual  presence  of  ^ 
transient  population  comprising  the  highest  talent  in  the  state,-— 
flarrisburg  has  great  and  varied  attractions  to  tempt  the  residen  « 
the  politician,  the  trader,  and  the  stranger  who  comes  only  to 
•observe  and  admire."  Pop.  in  1860,  8,178. 
?■ . 

THE  OUMBBRLAND  VALLEY  RiilLROAD,  (see  Map  Now 
25.) — This  road  extends  from  Harrisburg  to  Chambersburg,  56 
milea;  it  was,  completed  in  1838,  at  a  cost  of  $650,000.  The 
railroad  bridge  over  the  Susquehanna  river  at  Harrisburg,  over 
which  the  Cumberland  Valley  Railroad  is  carried,  is  an  immense 
structure,  3,992  feet  in  length.  It  has  23  spans  averaging  173 
feet,  and  two  arched  viaducts,  one  53  and  the  other  84  feet  long. 
There  are  two  carriage-ways,  above  which,  immediately  under 
the  roof,  is  the  railway  track.  Its  entire  cost  exceeded  $95,000. 
From  Harrisburg  to  Meehanieahurg,  12  miles,  50  cents ;  to  Car^ 
li$le,  22,  87^  cents;  to  Newville,  34,  $1.25 ;  to  Shippetuburg, 
45,  $1.50 ;  and  to  Chambertburg,  56,  $2.00. 

Carli8le,  Pa.,  is  situated  in  the  Cumberland  Valley,  128  miles 
w.  from  Philadelphia.  It  is  an  ancient  and  flourishing  towD) 
with  wid^  streets,  and  a  spacious  public  square  in  the  centrOk 
The  Cumberland  Valley  Railroad  passes  through  its  principal 
street  About  4  miles  n.  are  the  Carlisle  Spring*,  situated  in  a 
healthy  and  retired  spot,  surrounded  with  the  fine  scenery  of  the 
Blue  Mountain.  The  accommodations  for  visiters  are  very  goi>d. 
-  Shippensburgf  a  brisk  little  place,  through  which  passes  Uie 
Cumberland  Valley  Railroad  and  a  turnpike,  is  situated  at  the 
extreme  w.  end  of  Cumberland  county.  It  contains  about  1,000 
inhabitants. 

Chamberaburg,  Pa.,  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  towns  m 

the  state,  and  pleasantly  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Falling 

r'  Spring  and  Conecocheague  creeks,  162  miles  from  Philadelphia. 

l^e  courthouse  is -a  handsome  brick  building,  erected  in  18^. 


ROXTTES  TO  PITTSBURG  A.:  u  THE  WE«7. 


il60 


Di 

ily 


,56 

Th« 

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1843 


with  an  Ionic  colounade,  and  surmounted  by  a  cupola.  It  con- 
tains also  a  jail,  several  churches,  an  academy,  a  banking-house, 
and  a  masonic  hall ;  the  two  latter  are  structures  of  a  superior 
order.  The  surrounding  country,  which  is  very  healthy,  is  also 
of  great  fertility,  and  in  a  high  state  of  improvement  The  con- 
stant arrival  of  passengers  by  the  railroad  from  the  i.,  going  w. 
to  Pit^burg  by  stage,  or  passing  through  on  their  way  down 
from  that  place,  imparts  to  Chambenburg  a  scene  of  great:  ac- 
tivity.   Population  3,327. 

THE  FRANKLIN  RAILROAD  joins  here  with  the  Cumberland 
Valley  Railroad,  and  extends  from  thence  through  Greencastle 
to  Hagerstown,  Maryland,  22  miles.  It  was  opened  in  1839, 
and  cost  $225,000.    The  travel  over  it  is  of  very  little  account 


aRAND  ROUTES  FROM  PHILADELPHIA  TO  PITTSBURa 
AND  THE  WEST. — ^The  traveller  for  Pittsburg  and  the  Weat 
will  take  the  cars  in  Philadelphia  at  Penn  Square  and  Market- 
St.,  and  proceed  by  the  Columbia  Railroad  to  its  intersection 
with  the  great  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  which  is  now  rapidly 
progressing  towards  Pittsburg.  The  cars  are  of  the  most  com- 
fortable description,  being  supplied  with  high-back  cushioned 
seats,  affording  the -traveller  a  comfortable  sleep  while  pursuing 
his  journey  at  the  rate  of  twenty-five  miles  per  hour. 

Route.—Yrora  Philadelphia  to  Whitehall,  11;  Paoli,  21; 
Downingtoum,  88;  Coatesville,  41;  Parktburg,  46;  Kin»ei^9, 
66;  Lancaster,  70;  Mount  Joy,  SZ ;  ^iddletown,  98  \  Habris- 
BURo,  107;  Aqueduct,  126;  Millerstoum,  140;  Mexico,  169; 
Mifflin,  164;  Lemstown,  176;  McVeytovon,  188;  Huntingdon, 
212 ;  Tyr<yne,  230 ',  Altona,  244 ;  Hollidaysburg,  260 ;  Johnstown, 
289 ;  by  the  Pennsylvania  Canal  to  Laurel  Hill  Gap,  296 ; 
Lockport,  806;  Chesnut  Hill,  Zll;  Blairtville,  819;  Leech- 
burg,  867 ;  Freeport,  862 ;  Sharptburg,  887 ;  Pittsburg,  394. 

From  Hollidaysburg  passengers  may  take  the  stage  routes  as 
follows:  io  Ebensburg,  16  miles;  Armagh,  19;  Blairaville,  18; 
N^ew  Alexandria,  10;  Salem,  10;  Murraysville,  4;  Wilkinsi' 
burg,  12;  Pittsburg,  8:  total,  92  miles;  from  Philadelphia,  842 
miles.    Time  86  hours.    Fare,  $10.00. 


256 


RJin^ROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Another  route  from  Harrisburg  to  Pittsburg,  is  by  the  Penn- 
sylvania  Canal  and  the  Portage  Raih-oad,  (see  Maps  Nos.  26 
and  27.)  At  Harrisburg  we  take  the  canal-boat,  and  proceed 
along  the  k.  bank  of  the  Susquehanna  river  to  Port  Dauphin,  or 
Lyon,  7i  miles,  and  in  16  miles  reach  Duncan' it  hland,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Juniata  river ;  thence,  proceeding  to  Netoport,  2^ 
miles ;  to  Milleratmon,  84 ;  Mexico,  46  ;  Mifflintottm,  50  \/LewiB- 
toton,  64;  Waynesburff,  78;  Huntingdon,  107;  Petersburg, 
114;  Alexandria,  121;  Williamsburg,  184;  Frankstown,  144; 
Hollidaysburg,  147.  We  have  now  arrived  at  the  termination 
of  the  canal  route  on  the  e.  side  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  find 
ourselves  at  an  elevation  of  913  feet  above  tide- water  in  the 
Delaware  at  Philadelphia ;  having,  in  our  course  over  the  canal, 
passed  through  112  locks,  and  over  83  aqueducta  This  is  also 
the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Alleghany  Portage  Railroad,  at 
which  place  our  conveyance  over  the  mountains  is  performed 
by  means  of  a  railroad,  (a  description  of  which  we  append  to 
this  article.) 

THE  ALLEOHANT  FORTAOB  RAILROAD.— (See  Map  No.  ST.) 
— ^This  short  road  is  39^/^  i"'!®"  ■"  length;  it  commences  at 
Hollidaysburg,  and  crosses  the  mouutain  at  Blair's  Gap  Summit, 
and  descends  the  valley  of  the  Conemaugh  to  Johnstown,  over- 
coming in  ascent  and  descent  an  aggregate  pf  3,570  feet,  1,398 
of  which  are  on  the  eastern,  and  1,172  on  the  western  side  of  the 
mountain.  Two  thousand  seven  hundred  feet  of  the  ascent  and 
descent  have  been  overcome  by  ten  inclined  planes,  lifting  from 
130  to  307  feet,  and  varying  in  inclination  between  4|  and  5f 
degrees.  On  this  line  there  is  a  tunnel  870  feet  long  and  20  feet 
high,  cut  through  the  Staple  Bend  Mountain  of  the  Conemaugh. 
There  are  also  four  extensive  viaducts,  the  principal  of  which  is 
that  over  the  Horse-Shoe  Bend :  it  is  a  semicircular  arch  of  80 
feet  »pan,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $55,000.  The  can  are  elevated 
by  stationary  steam-engines  at  the  head  of  each  plane  ;  and  on 
the  intervening  places  locomotives  and  horses  are  used.  The  to- 
tal cost  of  the  road,  with  every  appurtenance  included,  was 
$1,850,000.  It  was  opened  in  1834,  and  its  greatest  elevation 
above  tidewater  at  Philadelphia  is  2,700  feet.  .  v;*,--!  j^Asr, 


,U*.. 


'V 


■'•V' 


nTTSBURO. 


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Having  ariiyed  at  Johnttownt  and  being  still  at  a  gnat  tlevatiou 
above  tidewater,  we  again  resume  our  route  by  the  descent  over 
the  western  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal,  (see  Map  No.  27,) 
and  in  seven  miles  reach  Laurel  Hill  Qap;  Loekport,  18; 
BlaimilUt  39;  Livennore,  40;  SttUburg,  4S ;  Port  Johnson, 
50 ;  Warrentown,  60 ;  Leechhurg^  70 ;  Aqueduety  73  ;  Freeportt 
75  ;  and  in  32  miles  farther  we  reach  Pittoburgt  107  miles  from 
Johnstown.  Here  crossing  the  Alleghany  river  over  a  splendid 
aqueduct,  and  by  a  tunnel  made  through  the  hill  back  of  the 
town,  the  road  reaches  the  Monongahela,  and  connects  with  the 
navigation  on  the  western  waters. — Recapitulation  of  (lie  route  . 
First,  by  railroad  to  Harrisburg,  107  miles  ;  thence  by  the  east 
em  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal,  147  ;  from  Hollidaysburg 
to  Johnstown  by  railroad,  39  miles  ;  thence  by  the  western  di 
vision  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal  to  Pittsburg,  107  miles.  Total, 
899  miles.  The  time  of  running  from  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg, 
by  railroad  and  stage  lines,  has  been  reduced  to  thirty-six  houre, 
and  by  railroads  and  packets  to  forty-aix  houn. 


ij-i^Ms:**^ 


I '  »* 


PZTTSBITRO. 


■If* 


This  city,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Alleghany  county,  is  situated 
in  N.  Lat  40°  26'  25",  and  in  W.  Long.  79°  59' ;  348  miles  from 
Philadelphia ;  107  w.  n.  w.  Harrisburg ;  and  292  U.  w.  Baltimdlre. 
Its  population  in  1810  was  4,768  ;  in  1820,  7,250  ;  in  1830,  in- 
eluding  Alleghany  and  the  suburbs,  21,912  ;  in  1840,  38,931 ; 
and  in  1850,  including  the  environs  within  a  circuit  of  five  miles, 
it  is  stated  to  amount  to  100,000. 

Pittsburg  is  situated  in  a  district  rich  in  mineral  resources. 
Nature  ha%.  bestowed  its  richest  gifts  upon  this  region  ;  and  the 
enterprise  of  the  people  has  been  directed  to  the  development  of 
its  resources,  with  an  energy  and  success  seldom  paralleled.  The 
city  of  Pittsburg  enjoys,  from  its  situation,  admirable  commercial 
facilities,  and  has  become  the  centre  of  an  extensive  commerce 
with  the  western  states ;  while  its  vicinity  to  inexhaustible  iron 
and  coal  mines,  has  raised  it  to  great  distinction  as  a  manufactu* 
ring  place. 


26S 


RAILROAD   ARD  STBAMBUAT  COMPAKIOlf. 


i*^ 


»-- 


Vi«w  of  i  iluburg.  < 

Th«  city  waa  laid  out  in  1765,  on  the  site  of  Fort  Du  Quesne, 
aubiiquently  chan<rod  to  Fort  Pitt.  It  is  situated  on  a  triangular 
poiut,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela 
rivers,  wliich  here  form  the  Ohio.  Pittsburg  is  connected  with 
tlie  left  bank  of  the  Monongahela  by  a  bridge  1,500  feet  long, 
which  was  erected  at  a  coet  of  $10i2,0U0.  Four  bridges  cross 
the  Alleghany  river,  connecting  Pittsburg  with  Alleghany  city. 
,.'.  The  most  prominent  of  the  public  buildings  is  the  Courthoute, 
<m  Grant's  Hill,  an  eminence  about  a  m*lf>  back  of  the  city.  It 
is  a  splendid  edifice,  and  commands,  from  the  elevation  of  its  site, 
■an  extensive  view  of  the  three  rivers,  and  of  the  towns  and  vil- 
lages for  miles  around.  It  is  K5  feet  long  by  lOJ  broad,  and 
«urmouuted  by  a  dome  37  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base.  There 
is  also  a  splendid  Roman  Cathohc  Church  on  Grant's  Hill.  The 
Western  Univeraity  of  Pennsylvania,  which  commenced  opera- 
tiou!)  as  a  college  in  1833,  is  located  near  Grant'ii  Hill.  The 
Tiiird  Presbyteriitn  Church  is  an  attractive  edifice.  Some  of  the 
hotels  here,  as  ali^o  the  banks,  are  splendid  buildings:  in  particu- 
lar, the  Exchange  Hotel  and  the  Monongakela  House,  are  large 
4ind  imposing  structures.  There  is  here  a  museum,  which,  beskles 
•other  attractions,  contains  many  aboriginal  curiosities.  There 
are  in  Pittsburg  about  40  cliurches,  several  banks  and  insurance 
•companies,  and  a  bank  for  savings.  -  •' .;-  I,«g<H^d 


riTTSBURO. 


359 


\^">  i 


<.f  The  city  is  ■upplied  with  water  of  a  fine  quality  derived  from 
the  Allegany.  The  water  is  raised  by  steam  116  feet  to  a 
reservoir  11  feet  deep,  on  Grant's  Hill,  which  contains  ubout 
1,000,000  gallons,  and  is  thence  distributed  over  the  city  in  iron 
pipes.  Gas  is  used  for  lighting  the  city :  for  this  purpose  the 
bituminous  coal,  which  abounds  in  the  vicinityi  aflbrds  great  fa- 
cilities, and  at  comparatively  trifling  cost 

There  are  several  places  in  the  vicinity  of  Pittsburg,  which, 
•8  they  may  be  considered  parts  of  one  great  manufacturing  and 
commercial  city,  are  entitled  to  a  notice  here.  Alleghany  City, 
opposite  to  Pittsburg,  on  the  other  side  of  the  Alleghany  river,  is 
the  most  important  of  them.  The  elegant  residences  of  many 
persons  doing  business  in  Pittsburg,  may  be  seen  here,  occupying 
commanding  situations.  Here  is  located  the  Western  TheologU 
eal  Seminary  of  the  Presbyterian  Churchy  an  institution  found- 
ed by  the  Greneral  Assembly  in  1825,  and  established  in  this  town 
in  1827.  Situated  on  a  lofty,  insulated  ridge  100  feet  above  tho 
Alleghany,  it  affi)rds  a  magnificent  prospect  There  are  6,000 
vols,  in  its  library.  The  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Associate 
Reformed  Church,  established  in  1826,  and  the  Alleghany  The- 
ological Institute,  organized  in  MO  by  the  Synod  of  the  Re- 
formed Presbyterian  Church,  are  also  located  here.  The  Western 
Penitentiary  is  an  immense  building  in  the  ancient  Norman 
style,  situated  on  a  plain  cmi  the  western  border  of  Alleghany  City. 
It  was  completed  in  182T,  at  a  cost  of  $183,000.  The  United 
States  Arsenal  is  located  at  Lawrenceville,  a  small  but  pretty 
village  two  and  a  half  miles  above  Fittsburg,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Alleghany  river. 

Birmingham  is  another  considerable  suburb  of  Fittsburg,  lying 
about  a  mile  from  the  centre  of  the  city,  on  the  s.  side  >f  the 
Monongahela,  and  connected  with  Pittsburg  by  a  bridge  1,500 
feet  long,  and  by  a  ferry.  It  has  important  manufactorii«  of 
glass  and  iron. 

It  is  usual  to  speak  of  extensive  manufactories  as  being  in  Pitts- 
burg, though  they  are  not  within  the  limits  of  the  city  proper,  but 
are  distributed  over  a  circle  of  five  miles  radius  from  the  court- 
house on  Grant's  Hill.    This  space  includes  the  cities  of  Pitts 
burg  and  Alleghany,  the  boroughs  of  Birmingham  and  Lawrence- 


960 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Tille,  an^  a  number  of  towns  and  villages,  the  manufacturing 
Mtablifihmeuts  in  which  have  their  warehouses  in  Pittsburg,  and 
may  consequently  be  deemed,  from  the  close  connection  of  their 
general  interests  and  business  operations,  a  part  of  the  city. 
There  are  within  the  above  compass  about  80  places  of  religions 
worship,  and  a  population  of  not  less  than  100,000. 

The  stranger  in  Pittsburg  will  derive  both  pleasure  and  instruW 
ti<Hi  by  a  visit  to  some  of  its  great  manufacturing  establishments, 
particularly  those  of  glass  and  iron.  During  the  summer  season 
Pittsburg  is  an  immense  thoroughfare,  large  numbers  of  travel- 
lers  and  emigrants  passing  througli  it  on  their  way  westward. 
The  importance  of  this  city  will  be  greatly  increased  by  its  more 
intimate  connection  with  its  sister  city,  on  the  completion  of  the 
greet  Pentuylvania  Central  Railroad,  now  in  course  of  rapid 
construction ;  and  also  by  the  opening  of  the  railroad  to  Cleve- 
land, on  Lake  Erie.    (For  routes  from  Pittsburg,  see  page  295.) ; 


(<^V'n 


THE  PENNSYLVANIA  OENTBAL  RAILROAXX 


;  The  construction  of  this  road  will  prove  of  incalculable  benefit 
to  Philadelphia,  and  the  state  generally.  Its  completion  will  add 
greatly  to  the  prosperity  of  that  city.  Extending  from  Harrisbuig, 
(being  a  continuation  of  the  railroad  already  in  use  from  Phila- 
delphia to  that  city,)  it  will  pass  through  the  centre  of  the  state 
to  Pittaburg,  there  uniting  with  the  navigaUe  waters  of  the  great 
rivers  of  the  West  } 

The  Ohio  and  Pennsylvani'^  Railroad  is  a  continuation  from 
Pittsburg  of  the  Pennsylyai.<a  road ;  it  will  pass  through  Ohio, 
and  unite  with  the  Indianapolis  and  Bellefontaiue  road,  and 
finally  with  another  running  to  St.  Louia 
'  The  following  links  of  railroad  will  connect  Philadelphia  with 
the  extreme  western  boundary  of  Missouri,  which,  on  its  com- 
pletion, will  be  the  greatest  line  of  railroads  in  the  country. 
From  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg,  358  miles ;  from  Pittsburg  to 
the  Indiana  line,  800  miles ;  from  the  Indiana  line,  through  In- 
dianapolis, to  Terre  Haute,  160  miles ;  from  Terre  Haute  to 
St.  Louis,  160  miles;  and  from  St.  Louis  to  Independence,  800 
miles ;  making  1,268  miles  of  railroad,  already  completed,  or  in 
process  of  constructioa   (For  routes  to  Pittsburg,  see  page  266.) 


BALTIMORE  RAILROAD. 


961 


OOii'rlU  0 ATION  OF  TKB  GREAT  SOUTKBRN  HOUTBS 
FROM  PBZLADELFHIA  TO  BALTIMORE  AND  WAUD 
□rrOTON. 

(See  Maps  Noe.  S3  and  95.) 

There  are  two  principal  routea  of  travel  between  Philadelphia 
and  Baltimore,  viz :  the  Railroad  Line,  and  the  Steamboat  >>ad 
Railroad  alternately.  The  distance  by  the  former  rouU*  is  97 
miles.  Fare  $3M :  time  six  hours.  By  the  lattei*  route  the 
distance  is  117  miles.  Fare  $3.00:  time  eeven  hours.  There  is 
another  railroad  route  between  the  two  cities,  but  is  never  passed 
over  by  travellers  wishing  to  go  direct  between  Philadelphia, 
Baltimore,  and  the  South.  Tourists,  whose  time  is  not  limited, 
and  who  are  desirous  of  varying  the  route  of  travel,  will  find  that 
over  the  Columbia  Railroad  to  the  Susquehanna  river,  thence  to 
York,  and  from  thence  to  Baltimore,  a  very  pleasant  excursion. 
D'.stance  153  miles.  Fare  $5.00.  Another  route  open  to  tour- 
Mto,  is  from  Philadelphia  by  steamboat  down  the  Delaware  river 
to  Delaware  City,  44  miles ;  thence  through  the  Chesapeake  and 
Delaware  Canal,  16  miles;  and  thence  down  Elk  river  and 
Chesapeake  Bay  and  up  the  Patapsco  river  to  Baltimore,  56 
miles:  total,  116  miles.  The  great  feature  of  interest  here,  and 
perhaps  the  only  inducement  to  deviate  from  the  regularly  trav- 
elled routes,  would  be  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the  formidable  ex- 
cavation on  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  termed  the 
«  Deep  Cut,"  which  extends  for  six  miles,  and  is  70  ft.  deep  in  the 
deepest  part  A  bridge  of  235  feet  span  extends  over  this  fearful 
chasm,  at  an  elevation  of  90  feet  above  the  canal,  under  which 
steamboats,  schooners,  and  other  small  vessels  can  pass.  This 
canal  is  66  feet  wide  at  the  surface,  and  10  feet  Jeep,  with  two 
lift  and  two  tide  locks,  100  feet  long  by  22  wide.  It  was  com- 
pleted in  1829,  at  a  cost  of  $2,750,000.  ' 

PHILADELPHIA,  WILMINGTON,  AND  BALTIMORE  RAIL- 
ROAD.— ^This  road  extends  from  Philadelphia  to  Baltimore,  97 
miles.  It  is  the  great  thoroughfare  between  the  two  cities,  and 
during  the  winter  months,  the  only  travelled  route.  It  was  open- 
ed for  travel  in  1837,  and  cost  in  its  construction  to  Jan.  1,  1848, 
$4,725,500 


262 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


'  FromPhiiiAdbupiiia  TO  BALTiMORK.>^The  carv  leave  from  th* 
depot  in  Mftrket-st.,  and  pass  through  the  suburbs,  aoon  reaching 
the  Schuylkill  river  at  "  Gray's  Ferry,"  which  is  crossed  by  n 
substantial  bridge.  Here  the  cars  are  attached  to  the  Ibcomc* 
tive,  and  we  pass  onwards- to  CA««<er,  14  miles,  Fare  25  cents ; 
Wilmington, MUf  50  cents;  Newport,  30,  75  cents  ;  Stantpn 
33,  Newark  39,  $lSiO  ;  Elkton,  45,  $1.50 ;  North  East,  51, 
$1.75 ;  Charle»town  54,  Cecil  Ferry  59,  $2.00.  We  hero  cross 
the  Susquehanna  river  to  Havre-de-Orace  60,  Perrymans  69, 
$2.25;  Chasee,  81,  $2.50;  Stemmer'a  Run,  87,  $2.75.  We 
now  reach  Balthnore,  97  miles  distant :  Fare  $3.00. 

Wilmingtoni  the  most  important  towuon  this  route,  is  situated 
between  the  Brandywine  river  and  Christiana  creek,  one  mile 
above  their  junction,  and  in  the  midst  of  one  of  the  finest  agri- 
cultural districts  in  the  Middle  States.  It  is  built  on  ground 
gradually  rising  to  the  height  of  112  feet  above  tidewater,  and  is 
regularly  laid  out,  with  broad  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles.  Since  1840  both  its  business  and  population  have  much 
increased :  at  that  time  it  contained  about  8,000  inhabitants,  and 
in  the  latter  part  of  1847  it  had  about  14,000.  On  the  Brandy- 
wine  river  are  some  of  the  finest  flouring-mills  in  the  United 
States,  to  which  vessels  can  come  drawing  eight  feet  of  water. 
It  contains  also  ship  and  steamboat  yards,  a  foundry  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  patent  oar-wheels,  which  are  used  all  over  the  coun- 
try, and  a  number  of  large  manufacturing  establishments  of  va- 
rious kinds.  It  has  several  churches  of  different  denominations, 
a  town  hall,  a  new  college,  many  handsome  buildings,  and  sev- 
eral excellent  schools.  A  railroad  is  about  to  be  constructed  from 
Wilmington  to  Downiugstown  in  Chester  county,  there  uniting 
with  the  Columbia  Railroad.  The  hotels  here  are  geuerally  of 
a  superior  kind.    (For  description  of  Baltimore,  see  page  263.) 

Steamboat  and  Railroad  Route  from  Philadelphia  to 
Baltimore.— A  steamboat  leaves  from  the  foot  of  Dock-st.  every 
afternoon,  and  proceeds  down  the  Delaware  to  New  Castle,  36 
miles ;  thence  by  the  cars  over  the  New  Castle  and  Frenchtown 
Railroad  to  Frenchtown,  17  miles.  At  the  latter  place,  again 
take  the  steamboat,  and  pass  down  Elk  river  and  Chesapeake 
Bay,  and  up  the  Patapsco  river  to  Baltimore,  60  milea. 


,.Jm,.^m,mA  i/i^  ■  »■■>»  i^-hp.MijjkK 


■'^-^■^■' 


■(!«■'. 


t 


•:  »■->■; 


4 


■;-^i:,:*-. 


r     Ittft  OUfoMM  pakid  itl  lira  city,    'llie  hmnea  of  Bkliimora  ai« 
OMsUy  ouHtruetod  of  red  brickf  with  oiarble  and  granito  ba 


tdce  the  steamboat,  and  pagB  down  Elk  river  and  Chesepeake 
Bay,  and  up  the  Patapsco  river  to  Baltimore,  60  miles. 


BALTIMORE. 


268 


Vieiir  of  Baltlflior& 


BALTIMORE. 

This  city,  the  metropdis  of  Maryland,  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
the  N.  side  of  Patapeco  river,  in  N.  Lat.  39°  17'  23 ',  and  in  W. 
Long.  76<*  37' 30".  It  is  40  miles  n.  b.  from  Washington,  97 
8.  w.  Philadelphia,  184  s.  w.  New  York,  and  419  s.  w.  Boston. 
Popi  in  1S50,  169,126.  lts8ituatioH,ongently  uneven  ground, 
gives  it  a  fine  drainage,  and  affords  many  handsome  sites  for 
dwellings.  As  laid  out,  it  has  an  area  of  four  miles  square ;  but 
the  section  which  is  compactly  built  extends  iabout  two  milrs 
frsm  X.  to  w.,  and  a  mile  and  a  half  from  !fi  tas.  The  streets, 
which  are  regularly  laid  out,  and  firom  5&  to  tlOO  feet  wide,  gea- 
crally  cross  each  other  at  ri^t  isiglesi  ,  ThoiN.  end  of  the  town 
is  the  fashionable  quarter;  and  tifee  princHpid  promeniide  is  Daiti 
more-st.,  which  runs  from  b.  Io  w.  tbroughrthe  centre  of  the  city. 
Jones's  Fall,  a  small  stream,  one  of  the  eonflueuts  of  the  Pa- 
tapeco, divides  the  city  into  two  parts,  passing  Ihrougli  it  from  r. 
to  s.,  a  little  ■.  of  the  centre.  Three  superb  stone  bridges,  anc 
fottr  wooden  ones, har?  been  thrown  over  thia  stream,  connecting 
the  different  parts  of  the  city.  Tlie  houses  of  Baltimore  are 
iBostly  oonatrueted  of  red  brick,  wkh  sMrble  ao«  granite  base- 


N?26 


Scale  ofFeet. 

I  III  I  I   i^B— ^— — — — — — mi^M 

sooiooo        ao'oo 


l^Jr<ur~e3.  cwcordmi  tcAct  crT  Can^rtsx.  inihcypajlSiS,  ly  WWOUarrus .  vnxHe  CUrKsOmc*,  arih«ln.ytiict  Court,  ofih*  Souikm. 


cc  Cjurt,  arfih*  SoitOtMivJKttriex  ofJtTaufTbTVs. 


9e4 


BAILKOAO  AMD  STEAMBOAT  CUMrAJIION. 


m»;  bi.  7'heitor«  KndUwelUng*  which  line  ita  brottd,  ragalar» 
aod  ■tnii^ht  irtreetn,  rival  in  taote  the  beat  in  the  oouutrjf  and 
•vinoe  anhatantial  wenlth  •"  ul  general  prosperity. 

From  the  number  of  ita  monumente,  Baltimore  haa  be^iU  de« 
nominntt^d  the  Monumental  City  Theae  atructurea,  riaing  high 
in  the  uir  from  open  aqimrca,  have  an  impoaing  effi>et  The 
Wtuhinglon  Monumfntf  at  the  intenootton  of  Charlea  and  Mon* 
Dmeut  ata.,  ia  a  noble  specimen  of  architecture,  both  in  deaign  i»A 
Cfzecution.  Bnilt  on  on  eminence  100  foet  above  tidewater,  it 
riaca  mnjoattnally  above  the  city,  at  once  forming  ita  noble  em- 
belliahmfnt,  and  a  conapicnoua  landmark,  to  ravellem  and  voy- 
■gere.  The  monnment  conaista  of  a  Doric  column  riaing  from  • 
baae  50  feet  aquare  and  30  high.  Ita  height  ia  180  feet,  inclu- 
ding the  atatue  of  Washington  at  the  top,  16  feet  high.  Tha 
baae  ia  aacended  by  a  flight  of  38  atepa ;  and  thence  the  aaoent 
to  tbe  top  ia  by  a  winding  ataircaae,  or  flight  of  300  atepa.  The .  . 
coat  of  the  monument,  including  the  atatue  at  the  top,  waa  / 

$300,000.— Ba<f2e  Jtfon*' 
umentt  erected  to  the 
memory  of  those  who  fell 
defending  the  city  iA  Sept 
1814,  ia  at  the  comer  <A 
Calvert  and  Fayette  et«> 
The  aquare  aub-baae  on 
which  the  pedeatal  or  qoI- 
umn  reats,  risea  30  feet 
from  the  ground,  with  an  - 
Eg^'ptian  door  on  each 
front,  on  which  are  ap- 
propriate inacriptiona  and 
representationa,  in  baaan 
relievo,  of  aome  of  the  in- 
cidenta  of  the  battle.  Th9 
column  riaea  18  feet  abof» 
the  baae.  .Thia,  Which  if 
aillft*  iiMMUiMit.  of  aiarble,lB  the  form  of  • 

Jtoroan  fiaacea,  ia  encircled  by  bnnda,  on  i^ieh  am  inacribed,  in 
Uera  of  gold,  the  netnfa  (^  ihoae  i?hpae  mainoiy  and  patiiotie 


BALTIMORE. 


265^ 


valor  the  monument  if  designed  to  commemorate.  The  column 
is  surmounted  by  a  female  figure,  in  marble,  emblematic  of  the 
city  of  Baltimore.  The  whole  height  of  the  monument  -^i  52  (t 
—Armistead  Monument,  near  the  City  Fountain,  was  erected  to 
the  memory  of  Col  George  Armistead,  the  commander  at  Fc.t 
Henry,  in  1814,  through  whose  intrepidity  a  British  fleet  of  16 
sail  was  repulsed,  aftr;  having  bombarded  the  fort  for  24  hours. 
It  consists  of  a  baf  d  and  pedestal,  with  tablets  flanked  by  inverted 
cannon,  upon  which  repose  chain>shot  and  shells.  It  is  exceed- 
ingly unique  in  design,  and  ipresents  an  admirable  specimeu  of 
sculpture. — Baltimore  has  other  monuments;  Sut  they  are  of  less 
pretensions  than  those  al>ove  described. 

Public  Buildings. — The  City  Hall,  on  Hollida^-st,  is  a  plain 
substantial  edifice,  three  stories  high,  with  a  portico  and  entabla- 
ture supported  by  four  massive  columns.  It  is  occupied  by  the 
city  council  and  other  municipal  officers. — The  Courthouse,  a 
large  and  imposing  edifice,  comer  of  Washington  and  Monr.ment 
sts.,  is  appropriated  to  the  city  and  county  courts,  and  the  officers 
connected  with  them.  It  is  ornamented  with  white  Tiarble  pi> 
lasters,  of  the  modem  Ionic  order,  and  surmounted  with  a  large 
cupola.  Its  interior  arrangements  render  it  one  of  the  finesi 
courthouses  in  the  United  States. — ^The  Almahouae,  about  two 
and  a  half  miles  from  the  centre  of  the  city„  in  a  n.  w.  direction, 
is  a  noble  building. — The  State  Prtaon,  on  the  comer  of  Madi- 
son and  Forrest  sts.,  consists  of  three  distinct  buildings.  The 
keeper's  family,  officers,  and  guards  occupy  the  centre  building; 
the  w.  wing  is  appropriated  to  the  foinale  convicts  ;  and  the  n.' 
wing  is  reserved  for  the  males^  who  aire  confined  here  at  night  in 
solitary  cells.  There  are  also  ranges  of  workshops,  in  which  the 
various  trades  are  carried  on  by  the  convict^  such  as  weaving 
cotton  and  woollen  cloths,  sfa«*emaking,  hatting,  comb-making^ 
&C.— The  Jail,  on  the  s.  side  if  JoneaVi  Falls,  near  the  Peniten- 
tiary, is  a  spacious  stracture,  with  an  octagonal  tower  at  eacb 
end,  and  otunnounted  by  a  cupda. 

Cmjac^KB.— Two  of  these  are  disting'uished  for  architectural 
elegance.  The  most  imposing  structure  of  this  class  is  the  Catholic 
Cathedral,  comer  of  Cathedral  and  Mulberry  sts.  It  is  built  of 
granite;  in  the  fbrm  of  a  cross,  and  is  190  feet  long,  177  broad  o^ 


266 


BAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFAmOH. 


the  aims  of  the  oroM,  and  137  hig^h  from  the  floor  to  the  top  of 
the  oroM  that  aunnouiite  the  dome.  The  bailding  it  well  lighted 
by  window!  in  the  dome,  which  are  concealed  from  the  view  of 
peiaone  below.  At  the  w.  end  rise  two  tall  towera,  crowned 
with  Saracenic  cupolaa,  reaerobling  the  minarets  of  a  Mohamme- 
dan mosque.  This  churoh  has  the  largest  organ  in  the  United 
States,  having  6,000  pipes  and  36  stops.  It  is  ornamented  with 
two  splendid  paintings : — one,  "  The  descent  from  the  Cross,"  was 
presented  by  Louis  XVI. — the  other,  "  St.  Louis  burying  his  offi- 
cers and  soldiers  slain  before  Tunis,"  was  presented  by  Charles 
X.  of  France. — ^The  Unitarian  Churcht  at  the  intersection  of 
North  Charies  and  Franklin  sts.,  ranks  next  to  the  above  in  archi- 
tectural beaut}k  This  edifice  is  108  ft.  long  and  79  wide.  In  front 
is  a  colonnade,  consisting  of  four  Tuscan  columns  and  two  pilas- 
ters, which  form  the  arcades.  Above,  extending  around  the 
pediment,  is  a  cornice  decorated  with  emblematic  figures  and  in- 
scriptions. From  the  portico,  the  entrance  is  by  bronze  doors,  in 
imitation  of  the  Vatican  at  Rome — three  conducting  to  the  body 
of  the  building,  and  two  to  the  galleries.  The  interior  of  the 
building  b  a  square,  and  harmonizes  in  beauty  with  its  exterior. 
The  dome,  55  feet  in  diameter,  is  supported  by  four  equal  arches 
of  33  feet  span. — ^The  Catholics  have  five  churches  besides  the 
Cathedral.  Of  these  the  principal  are,  St.  Mary's  Chapel^  on 
Pennsylvania  avenue,  near  Grant-st.,  an  elegant  Gothic  edifice, 
66  feet  long  by  50  wido  ;  and  St.  Peter's,  tho  oldest  Catholic 
church  in  the  city,  having  been  buUt  by  the  Fronch  residents  in 
1771,  in  Saratoga  near  Charles-st — St.  PauVs  Church,  (Episco- 
pal,) on  the  corner  of  Saratoga  and  Charles  sts.,  is  a  beautiful 
edifice,  with  a  handsome  portico  supported  by  four  fluted  marble 
columns.  Its  lofty  spire  is  a  composition  of  the  different  orders 
of  architecture.  There  are  four  other  Episcopal  churohes :  Christ 
Church,  corner  of  Market  and  Front  sts..  Trinity,  in  Trinity-st., 
between  High  and  Exeter  sts.,  Grace,  iu  William,  between  War- 
ren and  Montgomery  sts.,  on  Federal  Hill,  and  St.  Peter's,  comer 
of  Sharp  and  Little  German  sts. — ^The  First  Presbyterian 
Church,  corner  of  North  and  Fayette  sts.,  is  an  oblong  structure, 
with  a  large  portico  and  entablature  in  front,  supported  by  four 
Ionic  columns.    The  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  in  Market- 


BALTIMORB. 


267 


■t.,  near  Jonea't  Falb,  one  of  the  nccst  ipaoioiw  churohee  in  the 
city,  ia  justly  praised  for  its  neat  and  appropriate  interior  arrange* 
ments.  There  ia  alao  the  Third  Pnabyterian  Churehf  in  Eu- 
taw-8t.,  between  Saratoga  and  Mi/  berry  ata. — The  Aaneiate  Re- 
formed,  and  The  Reformed  Prrjbyteriana,  have  each  a  church, 
—the  former  between  Charlea  and  Li^rty  ats. — the  latter,  cornet 
of  Pitta  and  Aisqueth  ata.,  Old  Town. — The  Baptiata  have  font 
churchea.  The  First  Baptiet  Church,  corner  of  Lombard  and 
Sharp  sts.,  ia  one  of  the  moat  attractive  edificea  in  the  city. 
This  building,  which  ia  circular,  haa  an  immensf)  dome,  and  an 
Ionic  portico.  The  other  churchea  of  thia  denomination  are— 
the  Second  Baptitt  Church,  in  Fleet-at.,  between  Marhet-at 
and  Argyle  alley,  Feira  Point ;  Third  Baptist  Church,  corner 
of  Baltimore  and  Exeter  ata. ;  and  the  Ebenexer  Baptist  Church, 
in  Calvert>at.,  between  Saratoga  and  Lexington  ata. — There  is  a 
German  Lutheran  Church  in  Gay-at,  between  Saratoga-at.  and 
Orange  alley. — ^The  Oerman  Reformed  have  a  very  pretty 
church,  with  a  lofty  and  beautiful  apire,  in  Second,  between  Gay 
and  Belvidere  ata. — ^The  Methodists  have  churchea  in  Harford 
avenue ;  in  Exeter,  near  Gay  at ;  at  the  comer  of  Eutaw  and  Mul- 
berry sta.,  and  in  Wilkea,  near  Market  at,  Fell'e  Point,  besides 
several  others. — ^The  Seamen's  Bethel,  a  handsome  edifice  for 
the  use  of  seamen,  is  in  Black-st,  Fell's  Point — The  Friends 
have  four  meeting-houses. — The  Swedenborgians  have  a  chnpel 
on  the  corner  of  Market  and  Exeter  sts. — Independent  Chapel  is 
occupied  by  a  congregation  of  Universalists. 

LiTKRARY  AND  SciBNTiFic  iNSTmjTiONS. — The  Maryland  In- 
stitute has  for  its  object  the  promotion  of  the  mechanic  arts,  and 
the  difTusion,  by  means  of  lectures  and  otherwise,  of  scientific 
knowledge.  It  possesses  a  fine  chemical  laboratory  and  a  very 
complete  philosophical  apparatus.  The  society  has  apartments 
in  Atheneum  Buildings,  corner  r "  Lexington  and  St.  Paul  sts. 
In  the  same  building  is  the  American  Academy  of  Science  and 
Literature,  which  has  rare  and  valuable  collections  in  the  several 
departments  of  natural  history,  casts  in  plaster,  &c.  The  Mary* 
land  University,  one  of  the  most  important  institutions  of  the 
klxid  u  the  country,  is  in  Loiibard-st,  between  Green  and  Puck 
Connected  with  the  U  liversity  is  the  Baltimore  Eye  In 


968 


RAILROAD  AND  mAMBUAT  COMPANIOR. 


firmoryt  where  the  itudenU  haye  an  opportunity  of  attending  leo* 
tureiii.and  witnening  ita  operation!.  St.  Mary*»  Colleg9,  a  proa- 
peroua  institution  under  the  direction  of  the  Catholica,  ia  on  tha 
comer  of  Franklin  and  Green  ata.  It  haa  19,000  volumea  in  ita 
librarjr  The  conimencement  iaon  the  third  Tueaday  in  July-^* 
A$bury  College  is  on  the  corner  of  Fayette  and  South  atreets.— 
McKimm*»  Free  School  ia  an  impoaing  and  beautiful  structure, 
built  after  the  model  of  an  Athenian  temple. — The  Oliver  Hi- 
bernian Free  School  was  originally  for  the  education  of  Irisli 
children,  but  It  is  now  free  for  the  use  of  all  who  choose  to  par- 
ticipate in  its  benefits. — The  City  Library  is  designed  for  the  use 
of  the  stockholders,  who,  however,  are  privileged  to  grant  the  use 
of  its  books  to  others. — The  Exchange  Reading  Roome,  in  the 
Exchange  building,  are  supported  by  subscription  ;  but  strangera 
and  masters  of  vessels  enjoy  free  access  to  the  newspapers  and 
peHodicals  with  which  the  rooms  are  liberally  supplied. — The 
public  schools  of  Baltimore,  some  of  which  are  furnished  with 
buildings  of  a  superior  order,  are  justly  praised  for  their  excellent 
organization. 

Benevolent  Institutionb. — Among  the  many  institutions  hi 
Baltimore  devoted  to  the  gratuitous  alleviation  of  human  sufier- 
ing,  the  Hoepitalf  in  its  northwestern  .  suburbs,  hdds  a  prominent 
place.  Beiug  elevated  greatly  above  the  basin,  the  buildings  com- 
mand a  fine  view  of  the  city  and  surrounding  country.  The 
centre  building  is  flanked  with  wings,  connecting  with  two  other 
buildings  which  form  the  ends  of  the  vast  pile.  The  buildings 
are  three  stories  high,  with  the  exception  of  the  centre  one,'Which 
is  four.  In  its  interior  arrangements,  and  in  order  and  cleanli- 
ness, it  is  not  excelled  by  similar  institutions  elsewhere. — The 
Almahouset  on  the  Franklin  Road,  about  2^  miles,  in  a  n.  w.  di- 
rection from  the  centre  of  the  city,  is  an  immense  structure,  con- 
sisting of  a  centre  building  and  two  wings,  the  whole  having  a 
front  of  375  feet — The  City  Dispensary,  comer  of  Orange  alley 
and  Holliduy-st.,  and  the  Eastern  Dispensary,  corner  Market-st 
and  Harford  Run  Avenue,  give  medical  advice,  and  furnish  med- 
icines, free  of  charge  to  the  indigent — ^The  Indigent  Sick  So- 
eiety  is  an  excellent  institution,  composed  of  and  managed  by 
ladies,  who  visit  and  minister  to  the  comfort  of  the  sick.    Besides 


BALTIMORE. 


aed 


the  aboTCi  there  are  two  Orphan  Aayluma,  and  numerooa  other 
inatitutioM  for  the  alleriation  of  haman  auffering. 

PLAOca  or  AMuasMBNT. — The  HoUiday  Street  Theatrtt  in 
Holliday>it,  between  Fayette-st.  and  Orange  alley,  is  four  storiea 
high,  and  ia  well  adapted  to  theatrical  purpoees. — The  Thtatrt 
and  Cireua,  in  Old  Town,  corner  of  Low  and  Front  its., '»  a  very 
large  structure,  designed  alike  for  dramatic  and  equestrian  per« 
formances. — ^The  Adelphi  Theatret  comer  of  Belvidere  and  Sara- 
toga sts.,  is  a  diminutive  building  compared  with  the  preced  ig.— 
The  Muaeumt  corner  of  Baltimore  and  Calvert  sts.,  enjoys  a  high 
reputation.  The  visiter  will  derive  much  gratification  from  an 
inspection  of  its  curiosities. — There  are  A»aetnbly  Roorrn  on  th« 
comer  of  Holliday  and  Fayette  sts.,  and  in  Commerce-st,  which 
are  furnished  with  much  taste  ;  the  design  of  these,  with  Cort' 
eert  HalU  in  South  Charles-st,  is  sufficiently  indicnted  by  their 
names. 

Miscellaneous  Objects  op  iNTKREtT. — ^The  city  has  an  abun- 
dant supply  of  pure  and  wholesome  water,  fumished  by  its  Water- 
works, or  derived  from  numerous  springs.  These  springs  or  foun- 
tains are  enclosed  by  circular  railings,  and  covered  with  neat 
open  temples,  consisting  of  columns  supporting  a  dome.  Some 
of  them  are  ornamented  with  pretty  architectural  devices,  which 
give  them  a  prominent  place  among  the  embellishments  of  tho 
city.  From  an  elevated  part  of  Jones's  Falls,  the  water  is  brought 
in  an  aqueduct  half  a  mile  long,  and  being  conducted  into  a  reser- 
voir in  Calvert-st.,  is  thence  distributed  over  the  city  iu  uhferra- 
neous  pipes.  There  is  another  reservoir  on  Charles-st.,  a.  uf  the 
Monument,  which  is  replenished  by  means  of  forcing  pumps,  and 
is  sufficiently  elevated  to  supply  the  upper  part  of  th?  city. — The 
Exchange^  in  Gay,  between  Water  and  Second  st\,  is  a  splendid 
building,  the  property  oi  a  joint-stock  company  It  has  a  front 
of  255  feet,  is  140  feet  in  depth,  and  three  stories  high,  exclusive 
of  the  basement.  The  principal  room,  in  the  centre  of  the  build- 
ing, is  53  feet  square  The  merchants  assemble  in  this  apart- 
ment. The  building  has  colonnades  of  six  Ionic  columns  on  its 
E.  and  w.  sides,  the  shafts  of  which  are  single  blocks  of  fine 
Italian  marble,  of  admirable  workmanship.  The  whole  is  sur- 
mounted by  an  immense  dome,  the  apex  of  which  is  115  foet 


370 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


above  the  street. — ^The  Cuatom-houte  occupies  the  first  story  of 
the  south  wing  of  the  Exchange,  fronting  on  LombardHst  The 
entrance  is  from  Water-st.  It  consists  of  a  spacious  saloon,  di- 
vided into  three  parts  by  means  of  two  colonnades.  The  ofiicers' 
desks  are  ranged  between  the  columns,  and  the  collector's  room 
is  at  the  upper  end  of  the  hall.  The  ventre  is  used  by  personi 
doing  business  here. — ^The  Observatoryt  on  Federal  Hill,  serves, 
in  connection  with  a  similar  establishment  at  Bodkin  Point,  om 
Chesapeake  Bay,  to  announce  the  approach  of  vessels.  By  these 
telegraphs  information  is  conveyed,  in  a  few  minutes,  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Patapsco  to  an  observatory  in  the  Exchange. — The 
Jierehanta'  Shot  Tower,  250  feet  high,  has  a  greater  elevation 
than  any  other  similar  structure  in  the  world ;  though  Ure's  Dic- 
tionary erroneously  gives  the  distinction  to  that  at  Villach,  in 
Carinthia,  which  is  249  feet  high. — Among  other  institutions  and 
structures  that  deserve  the  attention  of  visiters,  are  the  Masonic 
HaZ/,  corner  of  St.  Paul-st  and  Courthouse  lane — a  fine  building, 
100  feet  long  and  42  wide,  and  three  stories  high ;  and  Odd 
Fellows*  Hall,  situated  on  North  Gay-st.,  a  splendid  building  in 
the  Gothic  style,  the  windows  of  which  are  of  stained  glass. — The 
Poat-office,  on  Calvert-st.,  n.  of  Market,  occupies  some  of  the 
lower  rooiyis  in  the  City  Hotel. 

The  harbor  is  capacious  and  convenient,  admitting  vessek  of 
600  toiis  to  Fell's  Point,  while  those  of  200  ton«i  ascend  to  the 
city.  It  is  defended  at  its  entrance  by  Fort  M'Henry.  Balti- 
more, from  its  great  facilities  for  trade,  enjoys  an  extensive  com- 
merce. It  is  in  this  particular  excelled  by  few  cities  in  the  Union ; 
possessing,  as  it  does,  besides  its  foreign  commerce,  mjdt  of  the 
trade  of  Maryland,  a  moiety  of  thet  of  Pennsylvania,  and  a  por- 
tion of  that  of  the  western  states^  It  is  the  greatest  flcur  market 
in  the  world ;  while  its  trade  in  tobacco  is  second  to  that  of  no 
other  city.  Its  manufactures  have  kept  pace  with  its  commerce. 
For  these  it  has  superior  advantages.  A  considerable  water- 
power  is  afibrded  by  Jones's  Falls.  The  Patapsco  has  a  fall  of 
800  feet  in  30  miles,  giving  many  valuable  mill-sites.  There  are 
within  20  miles  of  the  city  about  60  flouring-mills,  besides  nu- 
merous cotton  and  other  manufactories.  Of  the  general  pros- 
perity and  growth  of  this  important  city,  an  idea  may  be  formed 


BALTIMORE. 


271 


in 


liVom  the  fact  that  1,959  houses  were  erected  during  the  year 
1847,  the  assessed  value  of  which  is  more  than  $2,600,000. 

Few  towns  have  risen  ratore  rapidly  than  Baltimore, — an  evi- 
dence of  its  superior  natural  advantages.  It  was  first  laid  out  as 
u  town  in  1729,  and  in  1765  it  contained  only  50  houses.  In  1796 
it  was  incorporated  as  a  city.— In  1814  a  British  force  of  12,000, 
Uhder  Ijord  Ross,  supported  by  40  or  50  vessels,  made  an  attack 
oit  Baltimore,  which  was  met  by  its  citizens  with  a  p>.eadines8 
that  would  have  done  honor  to  the  discipline  and  Hrmness  of  ex- 
perienced troops.  On  the  13th  Sept.,  1814,  Fort  M'Henry  was 
attacked,  and  sustained,  for  24  hours,  a  bombardment  by  16  ships, 
aided  by  a  land  force  of  1,200.  The  assailants  were  repulsed, 
and  drew  off,  leaving  the  fortress  in  triumphant  possession  of  its 
intrepid  defenders.  Fort  M<  Henry  was  on  this  occasion  com- 
manded by  Major  Artnistead,  whose  gallantry  has  been  com- 
memorated by  the  erection  of  a  monument  to  his  memory.  The 
troops,  to  the  number  of  9,000,  landed  at  North  Point  on  the 
12th,  and  advanced  to  within  six  miles  of  the  city,  whero  they 
were  met  and  opposed  by  the  Baltimore  brigade,  under  General 
Stryker,  consisting  of  3,200  men.  After  a  severe  battle,  in  which 
the  British  commander.  Gen.  Ross,  was  killed,  the  American  army 
retreated  towards  tho  city.  They  were  slowly  followed  by  thf) 
British  on  the  13th.  But  the  enemy,  fearful  lest  their  retreat 
should  be  intercepted,  precipitately  retired  on  board  their  fleet 
and  left  the  Chesapeake. 

Hotels. — The  hotels  in  Baltimore  are  among  the  best  con- 
ducted in  the  country ;  the  following  are  some  of  the  principal 
ones :  City  Hotel,  Calvert,  corner  of  Fayette-st.  and  Monumenf 
square ;  Eutaw  Housef  Baltimore,  comer  of  Eutaw-st. ;  Ex- 
change Hotel,  Water-st. ;  Fountain  Hotel,  Light-st. ;  Globe 
Hotel,  Baltimore-st. ;  Merchants*  Hotel,  Charles-st. ;  National 
Hotel,  United  States  Hotel,  and  the  Washington  House,  are  in 
Pratt-st.  Excellent  private  boarding-houses  and  refectories  also 
abound  in  Baltimore. 


; 


i| 


Rates  of  Fare  for  the  usk  of  HacknetCoaches  in  the  City 
OF  Baltimore. — 1.  Steamboats  and  Railroad  Depots — From  any  steam- 
boat  landing  or  railroad  depot,  to  any  hotel  or  private  residence  witbiu 
the  limits  of  the  city,  for  a  single  passenger,  SO  cents.    If  two  or  more, 


272 


RAILRCAT)  AT^D  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


each,  37^  cents.  And  for  each  trank,  box,  or  bag,  of  sufficient  size  to 
he  strapped  on,  18^  cents.  No  charge  for  small  parcels  put  in  the 
carriag^. 

S  To  any  Steamboat  or  Railroad  Depot.-^The  same  fare  and  charge  for 
baggage,  with  an  addition  of  50  cents  for  the  carriage  when  only  sent 
for  from  the  stable. 

3.  City.  Within  the  following  limits,  assuming  Calvert-street  as  the 
centre  of  the  city,  and  extending  east  to  Canal-st.,  west  to  Green-s<t., 
south  to  Great  Montgomery-st,  and  north  to  Biddle-st.,  for  a  single 
passenger  37&  cents.  If  two  or  more,  each,  25  cents.  If  beyond  these 
limits,  and  anywhere  within  the  city  boundary,  13^  cents  additional 
for  each  passenger. 

4.  Time.— For  the  use  of  a  hackney*coach  by  the  hour,  $1  00,  and  at 
the  same  rate  for  all  fractions  of  an  hour,  but  no  charge  for  any  time 
less  than  a  quarter  of  an  hour. 

5.  Evening  and  Night.— For  hacks  taken  from  the  stand  to  any  part  of 
the  city,  as  follows:  from  Ist  May  to  30th  September  inclusive,  after 
8  o'clock,  p.  M.,  75  cents  for  a  single  passenger ;  if  more  than  one,  50 
cents  each:  a  like  sum  for  returning.  From  1st  October  to  30th  April, 
inclusive,  after  7  o'clock,  p.  m.,  the  same.    No  charge  for  baggage. 

6.  Exchange  and  FelPs  Point.— From  South  Gay-st.  to  any  part  of  Fell's 
Point,  not  farther  east  than  Washington-st.,  25  cents,  and  25  cents 
back  for  each  passenger. 

General  Rules.— 1.  An  additional  allowance  of  25  cents  for  the  carriage 
only,  when  sent  for  from  the  stand.  2.  Children  over  ten  yeni.s  half- 
price;  no  charge  under  that  age.  3.  .Stopping  15  minutes  or  ivi,ving 
the  carriage,  to  make  a  new  charge.  4.  All  cases  not  provided  for  in 
these  rules,  left  to  agreement  of  the  parties. 


ROUTES  PEOM  BALTIMORE. 

From  Baltimorb  to  Philadelphia,  (see  Maps  Nos.  33  and 
25,  and  also  description  of  routes  from  Philadelphia  to  Baltimore, 
at  pages  261, 262.) — On  V  ivingf  Baltimore  the  cars  start  from  the 
depot  in  Pratt-st.,  and  pass  on  to  Havre  de  Grace,  37  miles ; 
here  we  cross  the  Susquehanna,  and  proceed  to  El'kton,  52 ; 
Newark,  Del.,  58 ;  Wilmington,  70 ;  and  arrive  at  Gray's 
Ferry,  3  miles  from  Philadelphia,  from  which  place  the  cars  are 
drawn  to  the  depot  in  the  city  by  horse-power.     F<ir<?  $3.00. 

The  Steamboat  Route  if>avc3  Baltimore  from  Spear's  Wharf 
every  afternoon.     Fare  $3.00. 

Route  from  Baltimore  to  Columbia,  Pa.,  fsp-  Mar^  No.25.)— 
From  Baltimore  to  Neto  Texas,  13  miles,  Far-  'J',  -^ent:  ;  Monk* 


WASHINGTON. 


2*^3 


ton,  23,  60  cents;  Summit^  36,  $1.00;  Straaburg,  38,  .$1.05 
Smy»er'8,4h  $1.10;  York, 57,  $1.50;  Wrightsvillt;,  70, $2.00 
and  Columbia,  71,  $2,12.    From  the  latter  place  we  can  proceed 
oyer  the  Columbia  Railroad,  via  Lancaster,  to  Philadelphia. 

From  Baltimore  to  Cumberland,  Sec.,  (see  page  282  ;)  and 
to  Pittsburg  and  Wheeling,  (see  page  284.) 
From  Baltimore  to  tub  Virginia  Springs^  6cc* — (see  p.  286.) 
From  Baltimore  to  ANNAFOLis.-^ver  the  WashingtiB 
Branch  to  Annapolia  Junction,  \^  miles ;  thence,  by  the  An- 
napolis and  Elk  Ridge  Railroad,  to  Annappli9$.  SI*  Total,  39 
miles.    jPare,  $1.60^ 

WASHINGTON  BRANOK  RAILROAD.—This  road  extends 
from  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  at  the  Relay  House,  9 
-miles  distant,  to  the  city  of  Washington,  31  miles.  It  was 
opened  for  travel  in  1835,  and  cost  $1,650,000. 

From  Baltimore  to  Washington,  (see  Map  No.  25.) — The 
cars  leave  from  the  general  depot  in  Baltimore,  and  pass  on  to 
the  Relay  House,  9  miles ;  (passengers  over  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railroad  from  the  west  for  Washington,  will  take  the  cars 
here:)  Annapolis  Junction,  \^xa\\e9\  Be2t«m7/e, 28  miles ;  Bla- 
densburg,  and  arrive  in  Washington,  40  miles.  The  usual  faro 
was  $1.60,  but  it  has  recently  been  raised  to  $1.80. 


WASHINGTON. 


Washington,  the  capital  of  the  United  States,  is  situated  on 
the  left  or  b.  side  of  the  Potomac,  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  in 
N.  Lat.  38°  52'  45",  and  W.  Long.  76°  55'  30"  from  Greenwich, 
or  79°  20'  from  Paris.  It  is  40  miles  s.  w.  Baltimore,  137  &  s.  w. 
Philadelphia,  224  a  w.  New  York,  459  s.  w.  Boston^  856  e.  by  s. 
St.  Louis,  and  1,2^3  n.  e.  New  Orleans,  and  is  distant  from  the 
Atlantic,  via  the  river  and  Chesapeake  Bay,  about  290  miles. 
The  Potomac  and  Anacosta,  or  Eastern  Branch,  at  the  junction 
of  which  rivers  it  stands,  enhance  the  natural  beauty  of  its  loca- 
tion, and  give  it  fino  commercial  facilities.  The  forest-clad  hills 
by  which  it  is  encompassed,  diversify  the  prospect,  and  render 
the  surrounding  scenery  in  a  high  degree  picturesque  and  pleas- 

18 


V 


( 


t 


274 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


View  of  tlxa  Capitol 

ing.  These  elevations,  commanding  a  view  of  the  city  acd 
surrounding  country,  and  of  the  meanderings  of  the  Potomac, 
afford  admirable  sites  for  villas  and  private  residences. 

It  was  at  the  suggestion  of  Gen.  Washington  that  this  spot 
was  fixed  on  as  the  site  for  the  future  capital  of  the  Union* 
The  ground  on  which  the  city  stands,  was  ceded  to  the  United 
States  by  the  state  of  Maryland,  on  the  23d  Pec,  1788.  The 
city  is  laid  out  on  a  plan  of  great  magnitude ;  and  will,  if  the 
design  of  its  founders  be  carried  out,  and  their  anticipations  real- 
ised, be  at  once  a  magnificent  memorial  of  the  great  man  from 
whom  it  is  named,  and  a  city,  the  gigantic  proportions  of 'which 
shall  harmonize  with  the  power  and  extent  of  the  mighty  repub- 
lic of  which  it  will  be  the  capital.  The  ground  on  which  the 
city  is  built,  has  an  elevation,  for  the  most  part,  of  about  40  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  river.  The  streets  cross  each  other  at 
right  angles,  those  running  n.  and  s.  being  iAtersected  by  others 
running  e.  and  w.  The  difTerent  parts  of  the  city  are  connected 
by  broad  avenues.  Where  the  intersection  of  these  avenues  with 
each  other  and  with  the  streets  would  form  many  acute  angles, 
rectangular  or  circular  spaces  are  left.    The  avenues  and  prin 


WASHINOTOR. 


276 


a^C* 


cipal  streets  radiate  iirom  important  public  points,  and  are  from 
130  to  160  feet  wide.  The  former  are  named  after  the  states  of 
the  Union ;  the  latter,  beginning  at  the  Capitol,  are  ranged  in  the 
order  of  the  letters  of  the  alphabet — as,  A  North  and  A  South, 
B  North  and  B  South,  &.c. ;  and  edst  and  west,  they  are  desig- 
nated by  numbers — as,  1st  East,  1st  West,  &c.  Pennsylvania 
Avenue,  from  the  Capito4  to  the  President's  house,  is  the  most 
compactly  built  and  much  the  handsomest  thoroughfare  in  the 
city.  Of  the  avenues,  five  radiate  from  the  Capitol,  and  five 
others  from  the  mansion  of  the  President, — ^thus  affording  these 
prominent  place?  the  readiest  communication  with  all  parts  of 
the  city.  .*,j^  ^^ 

Of  the  public  buildings  of  Washington,  the  Capitol,  situated 
near  the  centre  of  the  city  plot,  on  "  Capitol  Hill,"  is  the  most 
splendid.  This  edifice,  in  its  ample  proportions,  in  the  style  and 
execution  of  its  architecture,  and  in  its  embellishments,  both  ex- 
terior and  interior,  is  believed  not  to  be  inferior  to  any  other 
senate-house  in  the  world.  Elevated  72  feet  above  tidewater,  it 
afibrds  a  commanding  view  of  the  different  parts  of  the  city,  and 
of  the  surrounding  country.  From  its  immense  size,  and  its  ele- 
vated position,  it  v*  the  first  object  that  fixes  our  attention  ou 
approaching  the  city.  The  building,  which  is  of  freestone,  oc- 
cupies an  area  of  more  than  an  acre  and  a  half.  Including  the 
wings,  the  front  is  352  feet  in  length  ;  and  the  depth  of  the  wings 
is  121  feet  The  projection  on  the  east  or  main  front,  including 
the  steps,  is  65. feet  wide ;  and  that  on  the  west,  with  the  steps, 
is  83  feet.  The  projection  on  the  east  front  is  ornamented  w<Mi 
a  splendid  portico  of  22  lofty  Corinthian  columns  ;  and  a  portico 
of  10  columns  in  the  same  style,  adorns  the  west  projection.  In 
grandeur  of  design  and  beauty  of  execution,  the  portico  on  the 
eastern  front  has  no  superior.  To  the  top  ^  the  dome,  the  height 
of  the  building  is  120  feet.  The  Rotunda,  in  the  midd'  ^  of  the 
building,  under  the  domo;  is  95  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  same  in 
height.  From  the  cupola  which  crowns  this  apartment,  there  is 
a  fine  view  of  the  city  and  the  surrounding  country  The  walls 
of  the  Rotunda  are  adorned  with  magnificent  paintings  by  Trum- 
bqll,  the  figures  in  which  are  as  large  as  life.  These  fine  national 
pictures  represent  interesting  incidents  in  American  history — the 


i 


\'i-fiV^^m; 


27t5 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Presentation  to  Congre<n  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence ;  the 
Surrender  of  Burgoyne ;  Surrendr?  r  of  Cornwallis ;  and  Washiug- 
ton  Resigning  his  Commission.  Ci  ngresshas  recently  further  ea- 
riched  the  Rotunda  by  the  addition  of  two  fine  pairfings — the 
Baptism  of  Pocahontas,  by  Chapmiiu,  and  'he  Embi^rkatiob  of 
the  Piii^rims,  by  Weir.  This  room  is  also  fdorned  wiU:  sculp' 
tures  in  alto  relievoSf  representing  the  rescue  of  Smith  b>  the 
luterpK.«i3ltion  of  Pocahontas  ;  the  Luadiag  of  the  Pilgrims ;  Dan- 
iel '^oone's  conflict  with  Indians ;  and  Penn  trf mting  with  tho 
Indian.^  if  Coaqueuac.  T>  the  other  attractions  of  thc^  Ca- 
pitol, h»e  litaly  h'^ca  added  Greenough's  splendid  atat;;,©  of 
Washingtouy  r  co)^  s»i  figuro,  In  a  f?!tting  posture,  twice  as  large 
as  life.  The  library  room..  .»>.  the  vrmt  of  the  Rotunda,  is  92  by 
34  feet,  and  'i6  foet  hig>,  anu  contains  upwards  of  28,000  vols. 
There  is  heiti  nlsu  a  v.*!aiiijil6  collection  of  historical  medals,  de- 
signed by  De)ui>,  the  Egyptian  traveller ;  and  paintings,  Biatu- 
ary,  medallions,  &c.,  are  distributed  about  the  room.  Thf:^  Sen- 
ate>Chamt)&r,  in  the  northern  wing,  is  78  feet  long,  and  45  high, 
and  of  a  senr.circular  form.  The  vice-president's  chair  has  a 
eauopy  of  rich  crimson  dr&pery,  held  by  the  talons  of  an  eagle. 
in.  front  of  the  vice-president's  chair  is  a  light  bronze  gallery, 
chieily  appropriated  to  ladies.  Above  and  behind  the  chair  is  a 
galloiry,  supported  by  fine  Ionic  columns  of  variegated  marble 
from  ihQ  Potomac.  The  walls  richiy  ornamented  v;ith  stucco, 
the  magnificent  chandelier,  the  gorgeous  lamps  and  furniture. 


&c.,  give  the  room  an  imposing  appearance.  Adjoining  the 
Senate-Chamber  is  the  office  of  the  sec;retary  of  the  senate. 
Under  this  room  is  the  apartment  in  which  the  Supreme  Court 
holds  ite  sessions.  It  is  nearly  as  large  as  the  Senate-Chamber, 
but  is  niuch  less  elegant.  The  Hall  of  the  House  cf  Represen- 
i  vLives,  in  the  south  wing,  is  semicircular,  like  the  Senate-Cham- 
bei,  but  larger,  being  96  feet  long,  and  60  feet  high.  The  -Hii^me 
of  the  Hall  is  supported  by  24  boautiful  cdumns  of  the  PoU-  .us 
mai'ble,  with  capitals  of  Italian  marble,  of  the  Corinthiai 
The  seats  are  so  arrang'  'hat  the  members  face  '^^•>  t^ 
who«te  chair  is  consideral>  .evatod  above  the  floor,  -  >  .- 
proached  by  avenues  that  radiate  from  his  chair  aa  u  c  ■•r  tre. 
galiory  for  men  surrounds  tho  circular  wall  op[HMite  tJ,^!'   ^  u.kar^ 


■•,^r 

t.eir, 

ap- 

A 


WASHIROTOK. 


2T7 


ap- 


and  that  appropriated  to  ladiea  is  in  the  chord  of  the  arc  back  of 
the  speaker's  chair.  The  room  is  ornamented,  like  the  Senate- 
Chamber,  with  fine  statuary  and  paintings,  and  its  whole  appear- 
ance is  imposing  and  elegant^ — ^The  Pr$9ident'»  Hou§e,  at  the 
intersection  of  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  Connecticut,  and  Ver- 
mont avenues,  is  a  superb  edifice,  built  of  freestone.  The  build- 
ing, which  has  a  length  of  170  feet,  and  a  depth  of  86  feet,  is 
ornamented  on  its  north  front,  facing  La  Fayette  Square,  with  a 
portico  of  four  Ionic  cohimns,  projecting  with  three  others.  The 
garden  front,  or  that  on  the  south,  is  embellished  by  a  circular 
oolonnado  of  six  Ionic  columns.  The  nwth  entrance  opens  into 
a  la^  hall,  whence  a  cdumnar  passage  leads  into  a  richly  fur- 
nished apartment  of  an  oval  form.  On  either  nde  of  this  is  a 
room  appropriated  to  the  reception  of  official  and  ceremonial  visits. 
Hence  these  are  designated  "reception  rooms."  The  "East 
Room,"  or  banqueting-room,  is  a  spacious  and  splendid  apartment 
at  the  east  end  of.  the  building.— ^On  each  side  of  the  President's 
house  are  two  large  builduigs.  That  on  the  n.  w.  is  occupied  by 
the  war  department ;  that  on  the  s.  w.  by  the  navy  department ; 
that  on  the  n.  je.  is  devoted  to  the  state  department ;  and  that  on 
tiie  s.  w.  to  the  treasury  department  The  new  treasury  buUding 
is  30Q  feet  long,  with  a  wing  in  the  rear  100  feet  long,  and  has  a 
qplendid  colonnade  in  front  457  feet  long,  comprising  32  massive 
columns. — ^The  General  Poet- Office,  corne?  of  North  and  Sev- 
entli  sts.,  is  an  extennve  and  beautiful  marble  structure,  with  two 
winf  %  In  front,  and  at  the  ends,  it  is  adorned  with  fluted  mar- 
ble columns. — ^The  Patent  Office,  built  of  freestone  and  marble, 
b  a  beautiful  specimen  x£  architectural  taste  and  skill.  In  the 
upper  story  of  this  building  is  a  room  375  feet  long  and  65  wide, 
designed  as  a  d^Kwitory  of  patents,  but  which  for  the  present  is 
appropriated  to  the  gi-aac.  collections  of  the  National  Institution. 
ImmcQiat^.  >tiow  '-hh,  llierew  is  a  room  125  feet  long,  superbly 
rwshec'  .-A  disooxated  wit.s  fine  colnmns,  and  which  is  filled  with 
modo^l:  and  iq>ecii^'>ens  of  articles  pate.  ted. — ^The  Navy  Yard^  on 
the  Eastern  Branch,  about  three-fouiths  of  a  mile  s,  x.  of  the 
Ga{Mtol,  has  an  r^ea  of  27  aoriBs,  enclosed  by  a  substantia]  brick 
wall.  Withi...  this  enclosure,  besides  houses  for  the  officess,  are 
diops  and  warehouses,  two  large  ship-houses,  and  an  armory, 


d 


.  .1 ! 


378 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPAKIOIT. 


v 


which,  like  the  rest  of  the  ettabliihment,  ia  kept  in  the  finest 
order. — The  Navy  Magazine  is  a  large  brick  structure,  situated 
in  the  s.  b.  section  of  a  plot  of  70  acres,  the  property  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  on  the  Eastern  Branch. 

Washington  contains,  within  its  limits,  25  churches,  some  of 
which,  from  the  taste  and  skill  displayed  in  their  construction, 
will  attract  the  attention  of  the  visiter.  The  Episcopalians  have 
three  churches :  St.  John's,  cor.  of  N.  Eighth  and  W.  Sixteenth 
sts. ;  Trinity,  opposite  the  City  Hall,  in  W.  Fifth-st. ;  Chritt 
Church,  in  South  6,  between  E.  Sixth  and  Seventh  sts. — ^Thera 
are  three  Roman  Catholic :  St.  Patrick*9,  cor.  of  North  F  and 
W.  Tenth  sts. ;  St.  Mary* 8,  between  Capitol  and  W.  Fint  sts. ; 
St.  Peter' a,  cor.  of  E.  Second  and  North  D  sts. — The  Firtt  Pref 
jbyterian  Church  is  in  Four-and*a-half-Bt ;  Second  Preshyteriant 
in  First'St ;  the  Third,  in  W.  Fifteentli-st.— Of  the  four  Baptist 
churches,  one  is  on  the  corner  of  Pennsylvania  avenue  and  E. 
Fifth-st ;  one  in  South  D,  near  W.  Fourth-st ;  and  a  third  at 
the  corner  of  W.  Nineteenth  and  North  I  sts. — The  Methodittt 
have  chapels  oor.  South  Capitd  aiid  South  B  sts. ;  in  E.  7ourth> 
st  near  S.Carolina  avenue ;  cor.  W.  Fifth  and  North  F  sts. ;  cor. 
North  G  and  W.  Fourth  sts. ;  besides  three  or  four  others. — The 
Friends  have  a  place  of  meeting  in  North  I-st.,  between  W.  Ei^- 
teenth  and  Nineteenth  sts. — There  are  also  a  Oerman  church, 
on  the  corner  of  North  G  and  W.  Twenty-first  sts.,  and  e  Uni- 
tarian church,  cor.  of  North  D  and  W.  Sixth  sts. 

Washington  has  a  number  of  benevolent  institutions,  religions 
and  philanthropic.  The  Alnuhoute,  an  extensive  brick  building, 
has  a  workhouse  connected  with  it,  in  which  those  are  confined, 
and  made  to  labor,  who  have  violated  the  municipal  laws. — There 
are  two  orphan  asylums,  the  Washington  and  the  St.  Vincent's, 
— the  former  under  the  direction  of  some  ladies  of  the  city,  &nd 
the  latter  under  the  care  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  Both  of  them 
are  institutions  of  great  usefulness. — The  Howard  Society  is  de- 
signed io  benefit  industrious  females,  who  are  paid  a  fair  equiva- 
lent for  their  work. — Besides  the  above,  there  are  a  Colonization 
Society,  a  Clerks'  Fro'  dent  Society,  for  the  relief  of  <iie  v  'ows 
and  orphans  of  deceased  members,  a  Bible  Society,  ^liKMiurf- 
nnd  TVact  Societies,  e  Dorcas  Society,  &«.  he.  4' 


I 


Cii 

hi 
pui 

St./ 

^el 


1 


WASHINGTON. 


279 


The  8mith»onian  Institute  is  situated  on  a  19  acre  plot  oi 
ground,  granted  by  government ;  its  length  is  460  feet,  and  the 
width  160.  It  is  built  of  a  reddish  sandstone,  in  the  ancient 
style  of  Norman  architecture.  It  has  ten  towera,  one  of  which 
is  160  feet  in  height,  and  the  remaining  ones  100  feet  each.  The 
lecture-room  will  contain  1,000  persons.  The  amount  received 
by  the  U.  S.  of  the  Smithsonian  bequest  was  1616,169.  The 
interest  which  had  accrued  on  the  same,  up  to  the  1st  July, 
1846,  was  $242,129,  which  has  been  devoted  to  the  erection  ol 
the  building,  and  the  laying  out  of  the  grounds. 

Washiugton  has  several  excellent  literary  and  scientific  insti- 
tutions. Columbia  College  is  beautifully  situated  on  elevated 
ground  commanding  a  broad  view  of  tho  surrounding  country, 
including  Mount  Vernon,  15  miles  distant.  The  college  edifice., 
including  the  basement  and  attic,  is  five  stories  high,  117  ft.  long, 
and  47  wide.  There  are  also  two  buildings  for  the  professors, 
and  a  philosophical  hall.  A  medical  department  attached  to  the 
college  has  a  building  on  the  corner  of  Tenth  and  E  streets. 
The  college  has  a  library  of  about  5,000  volumes.  The  com- 
mencement is  on  the  first  Wednesday  o.T  Octof '". — The  Theo- 
logical Seminary t  (Catholic,)  is  a  flourishing  institution,  attached 
to  which  is  a  school  for  the  education  of  youth  generally. — Th^ 
Columbian  Institute,  for  the  promoiion  of  scientific  knowledge, 
and  the  encouragement  of  the  arts,  was  established  in  1816.—- 
The  American  Historical  Society,  a  recept  institution,  had  for 
its  object  the  illustration  of  the  eariy  history  of  the  cou.:try.  By 
its  means,  many  rare  and  valuable  documents  have  beun  rescued 
from  oblivion,  which  throw  much  light  on  the  diecovery  and 
primitive  history  of  our  continent.  It  had  already  Issued  several 
volumes  of  its  transactions,  when,  with  the  Columbian  Institute, 
it  united  with  the  National  Institution. — The  Columbian  Horti' 
cultural  Society  has  annually  an  interesting  exhibition. — ^The 
City  Libury,  on  the  comer  of  North  C  and  W  Eleventh  sts., 
has  a  collection  of  about  7,000  volumes. — At  the  Athenaum,  a 
public  reading-r".  TjonPennsylvaiv*  avenue,  comer  of  W.  Sixth* 
St.,  is  to  be  foi.^. :  noet  of  the  currenl  literature  of  the  day. — ^The 
National  Instil,  lion  for  the  Promotion  of  Science,  is  a  society 
I  et  in  its  infancy     F^w  institutions  have,  in  their  ojtset,  been 


w 


•■1 


i 


S80 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFAMIOV. 


batter  circumstanced  for  laying  broad  foundations  for  future 
fulness,  and  for  proposing  to  *V  >  ,i  thrives  the  accomplishment  of 
comprehensive  aims  and  ^u}b<:\i,  n  his  the  National  Institution 
l|as  done ;  and  if  its  •jejign  is  carried  out  in  the  spirit  which 
prompted  it,  the  institution  will  become,  not  only  an  honor  to  the 
country,  but  also  a  blessing  to  the  world.  It  has  been  organised 
under  the  auspices  of  the  general  government,  the  president  be- 
ing  made  patron  ;  while  the  heads  of  thf<  sf  v.  • ..  ^  .pnrtments  are 
constituted  six  directors  on  the  part  of  the  government  Six  dis- 
tinguished  literaiy  and  scientific  gentlemen  are  directors  ou  the  part 
of  the  institt .?  lou.  It  holds  stated  monthly  meetings  in  the  building 
of  the  Pateu ,  Office,  in  the  grand  hall  of  which  edifice  its  col- 
lections are  Ueixwited. 

The  Congressional  Cemetery,  a  celebrated  burial-place,  com- 
prises 10  acres,  near  the  Anacostia  or  Eastern  Branch,  about  a 
mile  and  a  half  from  the  Capitol.  Being  considerably  elevated 
above  the  river,  it  commands,  on  all  sides,  an  extensive  prospect 
of  beautiful  scenery.  The  griounds,  which  are  surrounded  by  a 
high  brick  wall,  are  tastefully  ornamented  with  trees  and  shrub 
bery.  Several  of  the  tombs  are  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of 
their^rchifcecture. 

The  City  Hall,  in  North  D  st,  between  Fourth  and  Fifth,  is 
in  an  unfinished  condition. — ^The  Penitentiary,  a  large  structure, 
of  freestone,  is  at  the  southern  ternination  of  Delaware  avenue^— 
The  County  Jail  is  a  large  new  building,  three  stories  high,  situ- 
ated north  of  the  City  Ko!l 

Though  it  does  not  advance  with  the  rapid  strides  that  charac- 
terize the  progress  of  many  of  the  cities  of  the  Union,  the  na- 
tional metropolis  has,  however,  had  a  steady  and  healthy  growth  ; 
and  recent  statistics  show  that  its  condition  for  the  last  six.  or 
eight  years  has  been  more  prosperous  than  ?X  any  former  period. 
From  1840  to  1846,  it  had  an  accep'  ou  of  2,044  buildings,  a 
large  portion  of  which  are  commodi  ^  sub^  antial,  and  elegant 
brick  edifices.  Allowing  au  average  cf  six  iiihabitants  to  each 
hou^r,  there  was  an  addition,  during  tkie  above  period,  of  1!2,264 
to  its  populalioD,  The  population  of  the  city  as  shown  by  the 
census  of  1850,  was  43,266. 

Washington,  in  the  month  of  August,  1814,  was  the  object  of 


BALTIMORE  AMD  OHIO  RAILROAD. 


381 


a  ferocious  attack  by  a  Britiih  force  under  Gen.  Rom.  Throw- 
ing aside  the  sword,  this  leader  of  the  forces  of  one  of  the  moat 
eirilized  nations  of  the  earth,  called  to  his  aid  the  firebrand.  The 
capitol,  the  president's  house,  and  the  public  offices  were  laid  in 
•shes.  The  library  of  Cougfress  was  burned.  The  patent>offioe, 
which  had  been  destined  to  the  same  fate,  was  spared  at  the 
earnest  solicitation  of  its  superintendent  Retribution  speedily 
followed  the  perpetration  of  this  outrage.  Gen.  Ross  was  killed 
in  the  attack  on  Baltimore,  on  the  12th  Sept  (For  continuation 
of  routes  to  Charleston,  New  Orleans,  &c.,  see  page  290-293.) 

Hotels. — These  places  of  public  accommodation  in  Washing- 
ton, as  also  private  boarding-houses,  &c.,  are  numerous  and  well 
kept  During  the  session  of  Congress,  and  at  some  other  times, 
they  are  crowded  to  overflowing  ;  and  at  such  times  the  price  of 
board  is,  as  a  matter  of  course,  higher  than  on  ordinary  occa- 
sions. The  following  are  among  the  principal  hotels :  American 
HousBt  Pennsylvania  avenue,  near  Fifteenth-st ;  Qad»by*»  Ho' 
tel,  Pennsylvania  avenue,  corner  of  Third-st ;  Indian  Queen, 
Pennsylvania  avonue,  near  Sixth-st ;  Maneion  House,  comer  of 
'ennsylvania  avenue  and  Fourteeuth-st ;  National  Hotel, 
Pennsylvania  avenue,  comer  of  Sixth-st ;  United  State*  Hotel, 
PeiMt<iylvania  avenue,  near  Third-st,  &c.  &c 

Haekney-Coachee,  ^e. — Vehicles  of  this  description,  in  Wash- 
ington, for  i.ie  convenience  and  accommodation  of  strangers  and 
others,  are  numerous,  and  may  readily  be  obtained  at  almost  any 
moment  They  are  all  numbered,  so  that  in  case  of  imposition, 
neglect,  &c.,  the  person  or  persons  aggrieved  have  only  to  make 
known  their  grievances  before  tL<«  proper  authorities,  and  rodidsa 
is  at  hand.  For  conveying  ea.  a  and  every  passenger  any  im^- 
tance  not  exceeding  1^  miles,  25  cents;  for  any  distance  over 
1^  miles,  and  not  exceeding 3  miles,  50  cents.  '  ^:.^iu 


^■^filifi.ta'.i'i/-;  -.'f^.ii'w  i-fi^ys::Vt^i  ri^  ^»:-'m^- 


.'•.»^if  :iy'i!f.'if         ——————— 

BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD. 


This  important  road  extends  from  Baltimore  to  Cumberland,  a 
distance  of  178  miles.  It  was  intended,  originally,  to  carry  it 
through  the  s.  w.  corner  of  Pennsylvania,  and  a  portion  of  Vir- 


983 


RAILROAD  AHD  STEAMBOAT  COMPAMIOIf. 


I  I 

( 


ginia,  to  the  Ohio  river  at  Wheeling  ;  and  for  this  purpose  the 
company  was  incorporated  in  1837,  by  the  legislatures  of  Mary- 
land, Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia,  and  the  building  of  the  road 
oonuneuced  July  4th,  1828.  In  1839  it  y/aa  opened  to  the  Relay 
House,  nine  miles ;  afterwards  to  Harper's  Ferry  ;  and  finally,  to 
its  present  terminus.  From  Cumberland,  the  original  route  is  to 
bd  changed.  By  a  late  report  we  find  the  company  has  resojved 
to  go  to  Wheeling,  via  Fish  creek,  that  city  having  consented  to 
the  establishment  of  a  depot  on  the  Ohio  river  at  the  mouth  of 
said  creek,  38  miles  below.  When  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road is  completed  to  the  Ohio  river,  it  will  form  the  nearest  route 
from  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  to  the  great  West.  During  the 
year  1847  there  had  been  transported  over  it  388,674  passengers, 
and  363,334  tons  of  freight.  The  cost  of  this  road,  including  the 
branch  to  Frederick,  three  miles,  was  $7,743,500. 

Route  from  Baltimorb  to  Frkderick,  Harper's  Ferry, 
Winchester,  and  Cumberland. — (See  Mups  Nos.  35  and  37.}— 
Cars  leave  Baltimore  from  the  depot  iu  Pratt^st,  and  proceed  to 
the  Relay  House,  nine  miles;  Ellicott*8  MilU,  15;  Monoeoey 
yiaduct,  58 ;  here  a  branch  runs  to  Frederick,  distant  from  Bal- 
timore 61  miles.  Usual  fare  $3.50.  From  Monoeoey  to  Point 
of  Roche  is  13  miles,  and  to  Harper's  Ferry  is  13  miles  farther, 
4>r  83  miles  from  Baltimore.  Fare  $3.35.  The  Winchester 
Railroad  leaves  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  at  Harper's 
Ferry,  over  which  passengers  are  conveyed  to  Winchester,  Va^i 
/33  miles.    Fare  from  Baltimore  $5.35.     Distance  114  miles.  )S\ 

From  Harper's  Ferry  we  proceed  to  Martinaburg,  100  miles 
Aom  Baltimore ;  to  Hancock,  134 ;  and  arrive  at  Cumberlundi 
178  miles,  in  about  nine  hours.    Usual  fare  $6.50. 

On  leaving  Baltimore,  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  is  car- 
ried over  a  splendid  bridge,  called  the  *<  Carrolton  Viaduct,"  built 
over  Gwynn's  Falls,  a  branch  of  the  Patapsco  river.  This  bridge 
is  360  feet  in  length,  and  elevated  65  feet  above  the  water,  which 
is  spanned  by  a  principal  arch  of  80  feet  It  is  built  of  granite,  iu 
the  most  durable  manner,  and  cost  about  $60,000. 
,  EllicotVe  Mille  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  hilly  and  irocky 
country,  on  the  Patapsco  river.  The  surrounding  scenery  is  iu  a 
high  d^giee  wild  and  romantic.    This  place  presents  a  business^ 


BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD. 


388 


'ike  appearance,  containing,  as  it  does,  leveral  large  manufaoto- 
rief,  and  extenaive  flouring-milli. 

Frederick,  the  capital  of  a  county  of  the  aame  name,  is  litu- 
ated  on  Carrol  creek,  three  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Monoco- 
cy  cre«k.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  with  broad  streets  crossing 
each  other  at  right  angles,  and  contains  several  handsome  public 
and  private  buildings,  and  about  a  dozen  churches  of  different 
denominations.  The  country  around  is  fertile,  and  made  produc- 
tive by  cultivation.  The  trade  of  Frederick  is  quite  extensive. 
It  is  the  second  place  in  importance  in  the  state,  being  inferior 
only  to  Baltimore.    Pop.  about  7,000. 

Harper's  Ferry  is  situated  in  Jefferson  county,  Va.,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Shenandoah  and  Potomac  rivers,  at  the  passage 
of  these  streams  through  the  Blue  Ridge,  here  upwards  of  1,200 
feet  in  height  At  this  point  the  two  streams,  in  search  of  an 
outlet  to  the  sea,  and  each,  as  it  were,  conscious  of  the  ineffi- 
ciency of  its  separate  exertions  to  overcome  the  barrier  that  op- 
posed its  progress,  united  their  waters,  and,  rushing  in  one  impetu- 
ous current  against  the  mountain,  rent  it  asunder.  Such,  it  is 
thought,  was  the  origin  of  a  scene  which  Mr.  Jefferson  has  char- 
acterized as  *<  one  of  the  most  stupendous  in  nature." 
^  The  scenery  here  is  all  of  the  wildest  and  most  majestic  de- 
scription. *'  Jefferson's  Rock,"  named  after  Mr.  Jefferson,  and 
the  spot  where  he  wrote  a  description  of  this  place,  in  his  "  Notes 
on  Virginia,"  is  a  pile  of  huge  detached  rocks,  leaning  over  tho 
ateep  cliffs  of  the  Shenandoah,  and  looking  into  the  mountam 
gorge  of  the  Potomac.  Its  top,  almost  level,  is  13  feet  square ; 
whilst  its  base  does  not  exceed ^oe  feet  in  width,  and  rests  upon 
the  top  of  a  larjjrer  mass  of  rock  jutting  out  from  the  hill.  It  is  a 
wild  **  eagle's  nest,"  which,  as  Jefierson  truly  declares^  il  is  worth 
a  trip  across  the  ocean  to  behold.  It  is  not,  however,  equal  to 
the  enchanting  scene  presented  to  the  view  from  the  opposite 
mountain,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  up,  on  the  Maryland  side. 
From  this  height  the  beholder  surveys  with  admiration  a  large 
extent  of  country,  fields,  woodlands,  and  plantations ;  while  the 
beautiful  Shenandoah,  as  it  breaks  upon  this  magic  picture,  ap- 
pears like  a  series  of  beautiful  lakes. 

The  United  States  Armory,  and  the  National  Arsenal,  at  thif 


S84 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


plaee,  deserve  the  attention  of  visiters.  In  the  latter  place  from 
80  to  90,000  stand  of  arms  are  usually  kept  Nearly  9,000 
■mall-arms  are  annually  manufactured  here,  employing  about 
840  hands.  A  bridge  750  feet  iojg  here  crosses  the  Potomac 
river,  connecting  this  place  xvich  the  Maryland  side.  The  hotels 
at  Harper's  Ferry  afford  excellent  accommodations  for  visiters. 

Cumberland^  beautifully  situated  on  the  n.  bank  of  the  Poto- 
mac, at  the  mouth  of  Wills  creek,  is  a  large  and  well-built  town, 
the  seat  of  justice  of  Alleghany  countVi  containing  in  1847  a  pop- 
Uation  of  7,000. 

R0X7TE  FROM  BALTIMORE  TO  FITTSBURa  AND  WHEEL- 
ZNO,  (see  Maps  Nos.  2^  and  27.) — Trains  leave  Baltimore  by 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad^  from  the  depot  in  Pratt-st., 
daily,  at  7\  o'clock,  a.  m.  and  4  p.  m.,  for  Cumberland  on  the 
Potomac  river;  178  miles.  (See  page  283.)  From  Cumberland, 
»tage»  leave  at  6  p.  m.  and  6  a.  m.  by  20  daily  lines  of  the  Na- 
tional Road  and  Good  Intent  Stage  companies,  and  arrive  in 
Pittsburg  or  Wheeling  next  evening  and  the  morning  following. 
Passengers  for  Pittsburg  take  the  steamboat  at  Brownseille,  a 
brisk  little  place,  with  a  population  of  about  4,500,  situated  at  the 
head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the  Monougahela  river,  60  miles 
s.  from  Pittsburg ;  and  passengers  for  Wheelings  leaving  Cum- 
berland at  the  same  time,  pass  over  the  National  Road  by  staged 
direct  to  that  place,  130  miles.  Through -tickets  can  be  pur- 
chased in  Baltimore.     Fare  to  Pittsburg  $10,  and  to  Wheeling 

811. 

In  passing  along  the  National  Road,  near  the  foot  of  Laurel 
Hill,  and  about  10  miles  e.  from  Union,  the  traveller  will  observe 
a  sign  (a  plain  shingle)  placed  on  a  tree,  upon  which  is  painted 
"  Braddock's  Grave,"  with  an  index  pointing  to  a  clump  of  trees 
about  200  yards  from  the  road.  This  is  the  only  monument  that 
indicates  the  resting-place  of  the  proud  and  brave,  but  unfortu- 
nate hero  of  the  old  French  War.  Upon  the  summit  of  Laurel 
Hill,  a  little  farther  on,  is  another  inscription — "  Dulany's  Cave 
and  Washington's  Spring."  This  cave  is  situated  about  two  miles 
south  of  the  pike.  The  entrance  to  it,  on  the  top  of  the  moun- 
Uin,  is  quite  small  at  the  mouth ;  but  once  entered,  it  is  found  to 


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ROUTE  FROM  BALTIMORE. 


286 


eoiitain  many  large  and  magnificent  apartments.  This  cave, 
which  has  been  explored  two  miles,  sinks  to  the  depth  of  1:300 
feet  The  Washington  Spring  is  in  the  vicinity  of  the  road.  Its 
water,  which  is  of  the  best  quality,  is  made  tc  issue  from  a  large 
artificial  orifice  in  a  rock.  Immediately  below  the  spring  \s  a 
bath-house,  to  which  the  water  is  conducted  in  pipes.  There  is 
a  beautiful  garden,  with  summer-houses,  near  the  spring.  For 
invalids  and  others  seeking  retirement  during  the  hot  summer 
months,  this  will  be  found  a  very  pleasant  resort 

Union  (usually  called  Uniontown)  is  a  large  and  flourishing 
place,  containing  about  3,500  inhabitants.  It  is  situated  on  the 
.^^ational  Road,  six  utiles  west  from  the  Washington  Spring,  and 
auout  60  miles  from  Gumberiand.  Many  of  the  buuilings,  which 
are  of  brick,  and  very  compact,  are  large  and  commodious.  The 
new  Courthouse  is  a  handsome  structure.  There  are  several 
excellent  hotels  here,  some  of  which  are  spacious  and  costly 
The  travel  over  the  National  Road  imparts  great  life  and  bustle 
t<>  Uniontown.  Scarcely  an  hour  iu  the  day  passes  when  a 
stage-coach  may  not  be  seen  wending  its  way  through  the  town. 
The  property  invested  in  these  lines  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  travelling  public  is  immense  (For  description  of  Pittsburg, 
see  page  257.) 

Washington,  Pa.,  capital  of  Washington  county,  is  a  large, 
finely  situated,  and  prosperous  town,  with  a  population  of  about 
3,000.  It  IS  surrounded  by  a  fertile  country,  and  is  noted  for  its 
salubrity.  Besides  a  new  and  handsome  Courthouse,  and  other 
public  buildings,  it  has  several  churches  of  various  denominations, 
and  is  also  the  seat  of  Washingtou  College,  an  institution  found- 
ed in  180G,  which  has  about  3,500  vols,  in  its  libraries,  and  pos- 
sessea  a  choice  mineralogical  cabinet.  It  holds  its  commence- 
ment on  the  last  Wednesday  in  September. 

Wheeling  is  situated  on  the  m.  bank  of  the  Ohio,  surrounded 
by  bold  and  precipitous  hills,  and  extends  along  on  the  high  bank 
of  the  river  for  about  a  mile  and  a  half.  It  is  the  most  important 
place,  in  regard  to  commerce,  manufactures,  and  population,  in 
Western  Virginia.  Th%  National  Road  passes  through  it,  making 
it  a  great  thoroughfare  tor  persons  travelling  to  the  West.  It 
contains  several  handsome  public  and  private  buildings,  numer* 


''*^. 


286 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


008  churches,  steam-engine  factories,  glass-houses,  and  other 
manufactories.  A  large  number  of  steamboats  are  owned  here, 
which  are  continually  passing  up  and  down  the  Ohio  river.  A 
magnificent  wire  suspension  bridge  is  now  constructed  over  the 
Ohio  at  Wheeling,  (by  the  same  skilful  engineer  who  constructed 
the  Niagara  suspension  bridge.)  Tt  is  said  to  be  the  largest 
structure  of  its  kind  in  the  world,  having  a  span  of  upwards  of 
1,000  feet ;  the  one  at  Freiburg,  the  longest  in  Europe,  being  but 
*.>05  feet  in  length.  Pop.  about  12,000.  (For  routes  from  Pitts- 
burg and  Wheeling,  see  page  295.) 


1*  iSV--  Mf-^V 


ROUTES  TO  THE   VIRGINIA  SFRINaS. 


.,.;*!yrfVi*i 


There  are  now  numerous  routes  and  modes  of  conveyance  to 
these  celebrated  Springs,  all  of  which  have  beeui.withi^,  a,  few, 
years,  greatly  improved. 

From  Baltimore  they  may  be  reached  by  a  variety  of  routes. 
One  of  the  most  pleasant  and  expeditious  is  over  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad  to  Harper's  Ferry  ;  thence  by  a  similar  con- 
veyance to  Winchester ;  and  thence  by  stage,  over  an  excellent 
road,  to  Staunton.  From  the  latter  place  we  may  proceed  di- 
rectly across  the  North  and  Warm  Spring  mountains  to  the 
Warm  and  Hot  Springs  ;•— or  may  proceed  to  the  Natural 
Bridge,  via  Lexington,  and  thence  to  the  White  Sulphur,  via 
DibreU's  Springs.  This  route  will  afford  the  visiter  an  opporta- 
uity  of  viewing  the  splendid  scenery  of  Harper's  Ferry,  and  also 
the  celebrated  Natural  Bridge.  He  will  likewise  pass  within 
seven  miles  of  the  noted  caves,  "  Weir's"  and  "  Madison's," 
which,  b>  a  short  detentior  on  his  journey,  can  be  readily  visited. 
(Seo  Map  No.  27.)     .■i'n^f:   vr^M...^^  --■^ii^^u:,^-^--  .  ..„rfVw....i-*i.  *,t 

Another  route  from  Baltimore  is  by  way  of  the  railroad  to 
Washington  City ;  thence  by  the  Potomac  steamer  (passing  in 
view  of  Mount  Vernon)  to  Acquia  Creek  ;  and  afterwards  by  the 
Richmond  and  Fredericksburg  and  Louisa  railroads  to  6ror- 
donsville ;  whence  we  are  conveyed  by  four-horse  pos'  coaches 
to  Charlottesville,  Staunton,  the  Warm  Springs,  White  Sul" 
phur  Springs,  &«.,  passing  in  sight  of  Mouticello  and  the  cele- 


VIRGINIA  SPRINGS. 


287 


brated  Univenity  of  Virginia,  and  avoidiug  night  travelling  By. 
this  route  the  Warm  Springs  are  reached  in  time  for  breakfast, 
the  second  day  after  leaving  Washington,  and  the  White  Sul-< 
phur  on  the  afternoon  of  the  same  day.  The  latter  springs  are 
305  miles  from  Baltimore. 

Or,  from  Fredericksburg,  (instead  of  going  via  Gordonsville,) 
we  may  proceed  to  Richmond,  Va. ;— or,  starting  from  Baltimore, 
may  reach  the  latter  place,  by  steamboat,  down  the  Chesapeake 
Bay,  by  the  way  of  Norfolk,  and  thence  up  James  river  to  Rich- 
mond, where  we  take  the  canal  to  Lynchburg,  150  miles  ;  and 
thence  proceed  by  stage  either  by  the  road  leading  past  the  Nat- 
oral  Bridge,  or  by  the  way  of  Liberty,  Fincastle,  and  the  Sweet 
Springs — arriving  at  the  White  Sulphur. 

The  usual  mode  of  reaching  the  Virginia  Springs  from  the 
West  and  Southwest,  is  to  disembark  from  the  steamboat  at 
Ouyandotttf  on  the  Ohio  river,  and  thence  proceed  by  stage  to 
the  springs,  the  White  Sulphur  being  about  160  miles  distant 

Travellers  from  the  states  south  of  the  Virginia  Springs,  take 
the  railroad  at  Wilmington,  N.  C,  for  Richmond ;  at  which 
place  they  will  take  conveyance,  as  before  described.  Or  they 
may  proceed  farther  on  to  the  junction  of  the  Louisa  Railroad ; 
thence  to  Gordonsville ;  and  thence  by  stage  to  the  springs. 


pic-t-^ 


.Uh>.:v 


vmamiA  spRiNas. 


.  i  u- 


'-  Of  these,  the  most  celebrated  and  most  generally  visited  are  the 
White  Sulphur  Springs,  situated  on  a  branch  of  the  Greenbrier 
river,  in  the  county  of  Greenbrier,  and  in  the  valley  of  Howard's 
creek  They  are  to  the  South  what  the  Saratoga  Springs  are 
to  the  North.  Thousands  annually  resort  to  them,  either  in 
search  of  recreation  and  amusement,  or  to  enjoy  the  benefit  of 
their  waters,  which  have  been  found  to  be  very  efficacious  in  the 
cure  of  dyspepsia,  jaundice,  rheumatism,  liver  complaint,  gout, 
diseases  of  the  skin,  and  many  other  complaints.  The  waters 
contain  sulphate  of  lime,  sulphate  of  soda,  carbonate  of  magne- 
sia,  chloride  of  calcium,  sulpho-hydrate  of  sodium,  carbonate  of 
lime,  chloride  of  sodium,  per-oxide  of  iron,  organic  matter,  iodin«> 


288 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFAlflON 


1, 


■ulphate  of  magnesia,  phosphate  of  lime,  and  precipitated  ful- 
phur.  The  gaseous  contents  are,  carbonic  acidi  sulphureted 
hydrogen,  oxygen,  and  nitrogen. 

These  springs  are  situated  in  an  elevated  and  beautifully  pic- 
turesque valley,  hemmed  in  by  mountains  on  every  side.  They 
are  in  the  midst  of  the  celebrattu  ^ting  region,  having  the  Hot 
•nd  Warm  Springs  on  the  Ni,  the  former  35  and  the  latter  40 
miles  distant ;  the  Sweet,  17  miles  to  the  x. ;  the  Salt  9M  Red 
on  the  s.  w.,  the  former  24,  the  latter  41  miles  distant ;  and  the 
Blue  Sulphur,  fiSi  miles  to  the  west.  ,  vav  mail^:  »!>,;, u,i 

The  Warm  Springs,  in  the  county  of  Bath,  are  among  the 
oldest  of  the  watering-places.  The  water,  which  has  a  tempera- 
ture of  98°  Fahrenheit,  is  very  transparent  The  accommoda- 
.tions  for  bathing  are  excellent. 

h:  The  Hot  Springs  are  situated  in  a  valley,  deeply  embosomed 
among  mountain  peaks,  in  the  county  of  Bath,  five  miles  s.  from 
the  Warm  Springs.  Bathing-houses  have  been  erected,  and 
every  accommodation  provided,  for  both  male  and  female  patients. 
The  baths  are  six  in  number,  each  being  supplied  with  water 
from  a.sepajate.spuug*.    Tiiey  range  in  t^mporatu;^  froiq  93°  to 

The  SwKKT  Springs  are  situated  in  a  wide  and  beautiful  val- 
ley in  the  eastern  extremity  of  Monroe  county,  and  are  justly 
celebrated  for  the  tonic  power  of  their  waters,  used  either  inter- 
nally or  externally.     Their  temperature  is  73°  Fahrenheit 

The  Salt  Sulphur  Springs,  situated  in  the  county  of  Mon- 
roe, are  encircled  by  mountains  on  every  side.  These  springs 
enjoy  a  high  reputation,  not  only  for  the  virtues  of  their  waters^ 
but  also  for  the  excellent  accommoil;<tions  with  which  they  are 
furnished.  They  are  in  consequence  much  visited  by  invalids. 
Their  temperature  varies  from  49°  to  56°. 

The  Red  Sulphur  Springs  are  in  the  southern  part  of  Mon- 
roe county,  17  miles  from  the  Salt,  and  33  from  the  Sweet 
Springs.  The  water  is  clear  and  cool,  its  temperature  being  54° 
Fahrenheit  .43 

>  The  Blue  Sulphur  Spring  is  rituated  in  a  narrow,  butbeauti- 
flilly  picturesque  valley,  on  Muddy  creek,  a  small  tributary  of 
Greenbrier  river    It  has  comfortable  accommodations  for  about 


^r-- 


TIRGINIA  SPRINGS. 


SOD  peraoiitr.    The  medical     vtueb  of  its  waters  dra'v  thither, 
dnrittg  the  seamon,  a  large  nur^  er  of  visiters. 

The  Natural  Bndge  of  Virginia  is  one  of  the  greatest  natui-al 
ctirioBities  in  the  country,  if  not  iu  the  world.  It  consists  of  a 
stupendous  arch  of  limestone  rock,  over  an  unimportant  and 
small  stream,  called  Cedar  creek.  The  tourist,  who,  while  in 
this  vicinity,  could  pass  this  imtural  wont^  x  ai'  ■  3ded,  would  be 
as  great  a  curiosity  as  'the  Bridge  itself.  The  viei^  from  the  top 
is  awfully  grand ;  yet  one  should  go  to  the  brow  oi  the  precipice' 
that  descends  to  the  level  of  the  cree\,  v  ..ere  the  view,  equally 
sublime,  will  ^  e  found  far  more  interesting,  I  ling  divested,  in  a 
great  measui  of  tho  awe  which  is  sensibly  i6!t  on  looking  from 
the  bridge  down  into  the  dreadful  gulf.  The  height  from  the 
stream  to  the  top  of  the  bridge  is  215  feet,  its  averaga  width  is 
80  feet,  and  its  extreme  length,  at  the  t(^,  is  95  feet  The  chasm 
over  which  it  passes  is  50  feet  wide  at  bottom,  and  90  feet  at  top. 
It  is  covered  with  earth  tu  the  depth  of  about  five  feet,  which  is 
made  firm  by  trees  and  shrubbery  ;  whilBt  its  Pides  are  protected 
by  rocks,  forming  a  natural  wall.  It  is  156  mil9B  w.  from  Rich- 
mond, two  miles  n.  of  James  river,  41  from  Lynchburg,  and  63 
miles  s.  e.  from  the  White  Sulphur  Springs. 

Weir*9  Cave,  17  miles  n.  k.  from  Staunton,  }^  deemed  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  caverns  in  the  world.  It  exua  ^a  about  2,500 
feet  in  length,  although  its  exploration  in  a  r^/ect  line  does  not 
exceed  1,800  feet,  and  is  divided  into  several  apartments  of  vari- 
ous  sizes.  The  walls  are  formed  of  the  most  beautiful  crystal- 
lized carbonate  of  lime,  or  calcareow  spar.  The  crystalu,  which 
vary  in  form,  are  of  alt  sizes  and  colors,  and  reflect  with  mucli 
brilliancy  the  torch-lights  with  which  each  v''^i*er  is  provided.. 
Thin  sheets  of  similar  incrustations  are  seen  in  some  parts,  resemr^ 
bling  the  appearance  of  rich  and  graceful  drapery  ;  and  frohi  the 
lofty  roof  of  one  of  the  halls  is  a  sheet  that  app'^'^rs  as  if  floating 
in  the  air.  It  has  received  the  appellation  of  ii^lijah's  Mantle. 
Some  of  the  most  extensive  apartments  have  received  the  names 
of  "  Washington  Hall,"  "  Congress  Hall,"  "  Organ  Room," 
"  Solomon's  Temple,"  "  Deacon's  Room,"  &c.  This  cavern  is 
under  the  charge  of  a  person  whoso  bixcJu^:  i*  i,\  to  render  eveiy 
c^e  and  attention  to  visiters. 

lit 


990 


RAILROAD  A    u  s>T£AMBOAT  COMFANIOH. 


Madison* 9  Cjve  is  a  uhort  distance  from  the  precedicf;^,  '*ad 
•omewhat  resembles  that  curiosity,  although  much  less  extensivey 
its  length  not  exceeding  300  feet. — The  Blowing  and  Saltpetre 
Caves  are  situated  about  40  miles  to  the  n.  w.  of  the  two  prece- 
ding ones. 


'.1'. 


FROM  BALTIMORE  TO  CHARLESTON,  AND  INTERME. 

DIATE  PLAGES. 

From  Baltimore  to  Charleston  the  traveller  will  haye  a  choice 
•of  two  routes,  as  follows : — 

l«it.  From  Baltimore  to  Washington  City,  by  railroad,  40 
miles  4  thence  by  steamer  down  the  Potomac  to  Acquia  Creek, 
55  miles ;  here  we  again  take  the  cars,  and  proceed  to  Freder- 
icksburg,  Va.,  15  miles  ;  to  Richmond,  the  capital  of  the  state 
of  Vtrgiuia,  60  miles;  to  Petersburg,  22  miles;  to  Weldon, 
N.  C^  62  miles  ;  tc  Wilmington,  N.  C,  160  miles.  Total,  414 
miles.  From  W  Irru'Ji^ton  to  Charleston,  S.  C,  160  miles,  is 
performed  by  2>l<r  a^nbo8>; — making  the  entire  distance  from  Balti- 
more 594  miles,  v/l;!c!i  is  performed  in  about  48  hours.  Fare 
from  Baltimore  to  Peteisburg,  $7.50  ;  to  Weldon,  $10.00  ;  and 
to  Charleston,  $20.00. 

Passeagers  arriving  in  Baltimore  by  the  morning  line  from 
Philadelphia,  had  better  remain  in  that  city  until  6^  o'clock  the 
next  morning ;  or  they  can  go  on  to  Washington  at  5  p.  u.,  and 
remain  there  until  9  a.  m.  the  next  day.      ,.    ?^  .    !  ,.    '.  ;We-^^i 

Passengers  going  to  Washington  by  the  train  of  5  p.  h.,  are 
takea,  if  they  desire  it,  by  the  Company's  omnibus,  at  once, 
without  charge,  from  the  Washington  depot  to  the  Potomac 
steamboat,  where  they  lodge  free  of  charge,  and  lay  over  (if  they 
desire  to  do  so)  with  their  through-tickets,  for  a  few  days,  at  the 
following  places,  viz :  Washington,  Richmond,  Petersburg,  and 
Weldon.  For  further  information  and  "  through-tickets"  apply 
-  »i  the  Southern  ticket-office,  adjoining  the  Washington  Railroad 
ticket-office,  Pratt-st.,  Baltimore. 

2d.  From  Baltimore,  steamboats  on  this  route  leave  Spear's 
'  wharf  daily,  running  down  Chesapeake  Bay  to  Norfolk,  Va.,  188 


mm 


ROUTES  FROM  BALTIMORE  TO  CHARLESTON. 


291 


''  '^milea,  and  from  theuce  up  James  river  to  City  Point,  95  miles  j 
thence  by  railroad  to  Pcteraburg,  Va.,  12  miles ;  there  coU' 
necting  with  the  railroad  to  Wilmington,  N.  C,  and  by  steam- 
boat  to  Charletton,  as  before.    Total  distance  from  Baltimore  by 


Hout  9 16. 

*i,  and  wealthy 
it.  is  in  N.  Lat. 

-ao  57»  27".     In 

u  the  federal 


this  route,  697  miles.    Time  55  hours.     / 

Charleston,  S.  C,  is  the  largest,  most  y 
city  on  the  Atlantic  sea-coast,  s.  of  Baltin 
32«'  46'  33",  and  in  W.  Long,  from  Gree  .w 
1840  its  population  was  29,261,  and  acco 
census  of  1860,  it  was  82,182.  This  city  is  well  situated  for 
trade  and  commerce,  on  a  peninsula  seven  miles  from  the 
ocean,  which  is  formed  by  the  confluence  of  Ashley  and  Cooper 
rivers,  which  here  enter  the  harbor,  and  is  two  miles  across. 
Opposite  the  city,  Ashley  river  is  6,800  feet  wide,  and  Cooper 
river  4,200  feet :  both  here  have  a  depth  of  from  30  to  40  feet. 

Charleston  is  built  on  slightly  elevated  ground,  being  but  nino 
feet  above  high-water  mark ;  it  is  about  two  miles  long,  some- 
thing over  a  mile  broad,  and  is  regularly  laid  out,  although  iiot 
uniformly  so.  Its  streets,  which  extend  from  river  to  river,  run 
from  E.  to  w.,  and  generally  parallel  to  each  other,  and  are 
crossed  by  others,  nearly  at  right  angles :  they  vary  in  width 
from  30  to  70  feet  Many  of  the  buildings  in  the  city  are  con- 
structed of  brick,  which  is  now  the  only  material  permitted  by 
law  to  be  used  within  its  limits.  Those  of  wood  are  neatly 
painted,  and  frequently  have  piazzas  extending  to  the  roof,  beau- 
tifully ornamented  with  vines.  In  the  outskirts  of  the  city  the 
houses  have  fine  gardens  attached,  planted  with  orange,  fruit, 
and  ornamental  and  other  trees,  with  vines  and  shrubbery  in  pro- 
fusion. 

The  public  buildings  are  a  City  Hall,  an  Exchange,  Court- 
house, Custom>house,  Jail,  a  State  Citadel,  two  arsenals,  a  col- 
lege, a  medical  college,  asylums,  libraries,  a  theatre,  several 
banks,  and  about  30  churches  of  various  denominations,  with  nu« 
merouB  hotels,  some  of  which  are  costly  and  magnificent  struc- 
tures, where  the  stranger  will  meet  with  every  attention  and 
comfort.     • 

Charleston  possesses  great  facilities  for  trade  with  the  interior 
country,  by  means  of  the  railroad  extending  through  South  Caro- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WnSTtR,N.Y.  USM 

(716)  •72-4503 


-^w^* 


392 


BAILHOAi)  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Ima  and  Georgia»  and  tenninating  on  the  Tenneasee  river.  This 
will  in  time  be  extended  to  the  a.  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  opponte 
Cincinnati,  there  uniting  the  navigable  waters  of  that  stream  with 
Charleston  harbor.  A  branch  road  also  extends  from  the  South 
Carolina  Railroad  at  Branchville  to  Columbia,  the  capital  of  the 
state,  130  miles  distant  Numerous  steamboats  also  pAy  between 
Charleston  and  Savannah,  Wilmington,  St  Augustine,  and  other 
place&  Lines  of  steamships  ply  regularly  between  Charleston, 
New  York,  and  Philadelphia.  Lines  of  packet  ships  run  to  New 
York ;  and  other  vessels  sail  for  most  of  the  large  cities  on  the 
coast,  and  for  Europe. 


FROM  OHABLBSTON  TO  NEW  0BLBAN8.  '^ 

4 

From  t!harleston  passengers  proceed  by  railroad  to  Augutta, 
Ga.,  or  rather  to  Hamlfurgt  136  miles,  which  is  separated  from 
Augusta  by  the  Savannah  river,  which  is  also  the  dividing  line 
between  the  atates  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  From  Aa» 
gusta,  a  great  feeatern.  chain  of  raUroad,  making  trips  by  night 
only,  conveys  you  to  il<2anto,  171  miles ;  from  whence  C?r^fi, 
43  miles,  is  reached  by  a  partially  returning  trip  on  thp  Savannah 
and  Macon  route,  forming  an  acute  angle  with  the  Augustar  and 
Atlanta  line.  Fron^  Grifiin  to  Auburn  is  100  miles,  which,  is  per- 
formed  by  daily  lines  of  etagfi9^j^\^gt^i^J^efi^^^^  |pf- 
^an^,.and  Weatpoint.  .  „,'j  ,,>■     V-^y  ,:';■,-,•  \y::-'-r:-T:--,  -'■■■i,'' 

The  distance  from  Auburn  to  Montgomery,,  60  miles,  is  per", 
formed  by  railroad.  Total  distance^  from  Charlestpa  to  Mo^tn 
gomery  510  miles.  Fare  $26.50.  Time  through,  53  hours,  iuf 
eluding  stoppages.    . 

From  Montgomery  to  Mobile  by  the  Regular  {in^,  of  l||^t;|dvafi 
steamers.  Time,  from  48  to  50  hours: /ar4  jQllO.  ,  OjT:  from; 
Montgomery  to  Mobile,  200  miles,  by  the  daily  m«U«cp|M^jFiin^i. 
extras  for  20  paasmigers.    Time  40  hours :  fare  $8*  i„<<,n  ^irotctfu 

From  Mobile  to  New  Orleana,  178  miles,  by  the  daily  line  of-r 
mail  steamers.    Time  20  hours :  fare  $5.    The  total  distance, 
from  Baltimore  to  New  Orleans  by  the  above  described  route*  is 
IJ^Mm.  Time  through,  six  days  22  hours :  fare  $5^^>io 


ROUTES  FROM  CHARLlSTON  TO  NEW  ORLEANS. 


293 


From  Charleston,  via  Savannah,  Macon,  and  Columbus. — 
By  steamboat  from  Charleston  to  Savanndht  Ga.,  140  miles. 
Time  11  hours.  From  Savannah  to  Macon,  hy  railroad,  190 
miles.  Time  12  hours.  From  Macon  to  Barnenille,  by  rail« 
road,  40  miles.  Time  three  hours.  From  Barnesville  to  Auhttntt 
by  stage,  105  miles.    Time  10  hours.    From  Auburn  to  Bfont- 

K  gomeiry,  by  railroad,  60  miles.  Time  four  hours.  From  Mont- 
gomery to  Mobile,  and  also  from  Mobile  to  New  Orleans,  as  be- 
fore described. 

Savannah,  the  largest  and  most  important  city  in  the  state  of 
Georgia,  lies  in  N.  Lat.  32°  4'  56",  and  in  W.  Long.  81°  8'  18" 
from  Greenwich.  Its  population  in  1860,  was  20,000.  The  city  is 
built  on  a  sandy  plain,  elevated  40  feet  above  the  water,  on  the 
s.  side  of  Savannah  river,  18  miles  from  the  Atlantic.  The  har- 
bor is  one  of  the  finest  on  the  southern  coast,  being,  at  its  entrance 
over  the  bar,  a  mile  wide,  and  having  a  depth  of  water,  at  low 
tide,  of  from  18  to  21  feet  Vessels  drawing  but  13  feet  of  water 
,^  can  come  close  up  to  the  wharves  of  the  city ;  whilst  those  re- 

quiring a  greater  depth  find  a  good  anchorage  a  few  miles  below. 
The  plain  on  which  the  city  stands  extends  a  mile  along  the  river 
B.  and  w.,  and  continues  for  several  miles  s.,  increasing  in  width 
back  from  the  river.  The  streets  of  the  city  are  regularly  and 
beautifully  laid  out;  between  every  other  one  is  a  handsonie 
public  square,  surrounded' and  interspersed  with  trees  of  various 
kinds,  forming  miniature  parks  covered  with  grass,  which  give  the 
city,  during  the  spring  and  summer  months,  a  cool,  airy,  and  ru> 
al  appearance.  Many  of  the  streets  are  lined  on  either  side 
with  trees ;  some  have  single,  and  others  double  rows,  running 
through  their  centres,  the  latter  forming  perfect  arcades,  and 
serving  at  all  times  for  delightful  and  shady  walks.  The  city 
contains  a  number  of  handsome  public  and  private  buildings,  nu- 
merous churches,  benevolent  societies,  &c.  The  warehouses  are 
numerous,  generally  lining  the  wharves,  and  built  of  brick  or 
stone,  mostly  three  or  four  stories  high. 

*^  Savannah  is  the  centre  of  a  large  inland  trade,  and  which, 
from  her  fortunate  position  upon  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  this 

4]    part  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  must  continue  greatly  to  increase. 
.     Already  a  stretch  of  railroad  exists  between  her  and  the  interior 


1 


■,'S»ai|J«»-.-V*K-«':- 


294 


BAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


eouDtryi  tenninating  on  the  banka  of  the  Tennessee,  nearly  500 
mflee  distant ;  thereby  opening  to  her  enterprise  the  trade  of  the 
great  West  Other  roads  will  eventually  be  made,  connecting 
her  commerce  and  interests  with  those  of  her  sister  states  lying 
immediately  west  A  regular  steamboat  communication  is  also 
kept  up  between  Savannah  and  Charleston,  and  St.  Augustine, 
Flo.,  and  other  places  on  the  coast ;  and  a  line  of  sailing  vessels 
runs  regularly  :to  New  York. 

Mobile  is  situated  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river  of  the  same  name, 
at  its  entiance  into  Mobile  Bay,  and  about  30  miles  from  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  It  is  in  N.  Lat  30°  40',  and  in  W.  Long.  88<'  21' 
from  Greenwich.  Its  population  in  1840  was  12,672 ;  it  is  now, 
in  1860,  about  16,000.  The  city  is  pleasantly  situated  on  an  ex- 
tended plain,  elevated  15  feet  above  the  highest  tides,  and  has  a 
beautiful  pronpect  of  the  bay,  from  which  it  receives  refreshmg 
breezes.  As  a  cotton  mart  and  place  of  -export.  Mobile  ranks 
next  to  New  Cleans  and  Charleston.  The  city  u  supplied  with 
excellent  water,  brought  a  distance  of  two  miles.  The  entrance 
to  the  bay  is  defended  b;''  Fort  Morgan,  (or  Bowyett)  built  on  a 
low  sandy  point  opposite  Dauphiu  Island,  30  miles  from  the  city. 
Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  New  Orleans,  and 
for  Montgomery.  A  line  of  sailing  vessels  runs  regularly  to  New 
York.    (For  description  of  New  Orleans,  see  page  303.) 

The  journey  from  New  York  to  New  Oriaans  may  be  di- 
vided as  follows : — Ist  From  New  York  to  Baltimore :,  time  12 
hours.  2d.  From  Baltimore  to  Charleston :  time  53  hours. ,  3d. 
From  Charleston  to  Montgomery :  time  53  hours.  4th.  From 
Montgomery  to  Jlfo6t7e  .*  time  40  hours.  5th.  From  Mobile  to 
New  Orleans  :  time  20  hours.  Total  7^  days.  The  delays  of 
from  two  to  five  hours  between  each  division,  make  up  ^  tlH^  of 
eight  days  and  some  two  or  three  hours.  rj  ./i^ 

Route  vroh  New  York  to  Memphis,  Tenn. — Fridiii^ .  New ' 
York  to  Washington,  by  railroad,  224  miles  From  Washing- 
ton to  Aequia  Creek,  by  steamboat,  55  miles.  Fjrhjpi  Acquia 
Creek  to  Wilmington,  by  railroad,  319  miles.  Fnun  Wilming- 
ton to  Charleston,  by  steamboat,  180  miles.  From  Charleston 
to  Augusta,  by  railroad,  136  miles.  From  Augusta  to  Atlanta, 
by  railroad,  171  miles.    From  Atlanta,  to  Kingston,  by  railroad. 


> 


II  ^M  M  jiiilii  I  iiM 


•Vv 


BOtJTES  DOWN  THE  OHIO. 


290 


( 


If 


U^ 


Roni^ 


60  miles.  From  Kingaton  to  OunUr'9  Landing,hy  poit-ooaohes, 
90  milea.  From  Gunter*!  Landing  to  Deeatur,  by  steamboat, 
60  miles.  From  Decatnr  to  Tuaeumbia,  by  railroad^  43  miles; 
and  from  Tuscumbia  to  Memphit,  by  post-ooaohes,  170  miles. 
Totol  distance  1,507  milee;  through  in  abont  eight  days.  Fare 
is  as  followir:^frbm  Kew  York  to  Philadelphia,  ^.00.  From 
Philadelj^ia  to  Baltimore,  1(3.00.  !Frpm  Baltimore  to  Charles- 
ton, $16.00.  From  Charleston  to  Memphis,  $S8J0O.  Total 
fare,  $48.00. 

Memphie,  whicb  is  situated  Ooi  Ihd '  k.  bank  of  tiie  Sf  isiisBipiH 
river,  can  be  reached  also  by  taking  ihe  can  from  Baltimore  to 
Cumberland,  and  stage  to  Wheeling ;  thence  by  steamboat  down 
the  Ohio  and  Missisrippi  rivers  to  Memphis. 

Routes  !noii  Fittsburo,  (contmued  from  page  260.) 
Pittsburg,  and  also  from  Wheeling,  first-claas  steamboats  run 
regularly,  and  c<mvey  passengers  with  as  little  delay  as  posrible, 
to  Cincinnati,  St.  Louie,  New  Orleane,  and  oU:  «r  places  in  the 
South  and  West. 

Prineipal  Places  and  Dietancee  on  the  Ohio  and  Mieeieeippi 
rivers,  from  Piitsburg  to  CHndnnaii,  8t,  Louis,  and  New 
Orleans. 

Ron  Wnm 

ptaM  to  plaet.  Pitubofc. 
lihMii  Pitt$iurg  to^  MilM.         MilM.* 

Steabenvilte,0. 71 

WHUUHOfVa. S3....     94 

Marietta,0. 88....   176 

Parkenbuig,  Va. 19....  188 

Gallipoli8,0 87....  975 

6iiyaiidotte,Ya. 37....  319 

Pwtsmoutti,  O SI....  383 

OiMO»MATi,0. 114....   477 

«r      Loal«fme,Ky 133....  610 

Calio,  mouth  of  the  Ohio  Biyer. 389....  960 

NewMwlrid,|l6 79.. ..1,078 

Monphis,  Teim 166....1>M4 

Yiokiburg,  Min. 486.. ..1,630 

Natchez,  Mias 116.. ..1,746 

Nbw  Orlbamb,  La. 970.. ..9^ 

fWm  Cairo  to— 

Br,  Louis 175. . . .  1,174 


•iSrTTCs 


»'>th.,  y-jHWAf; 


396 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COllFAinOR. 


FVwn  St.  Louis  to  the  Falh  of  St.  Anthony. 

From  '     Tnm 

_  pUec  (0  plaea.     St.  Louto. 

Rram  St.  Lotus  to—  If  Um.  Milu. 

MoathorBfiawuil  Biver .18 

AUon,n] 5........  23 

QtdDey.m...... 149 ITS 

NsuTOOiDl 54 a^    . 

Bariingkm,  Iowa. 33 250 

DayeniKNTt,  lows.. ,.. 93 352 

Du  Baqae,Iowa.. 102 .454 

PniriedaChlflii 72 516 

FALL!  or  Br.Aimioinr S76 792 


•■ 


FROM  NEW    YOBK  AND  BOSTON  TO  OINOINVATI,   VIA 
XiAXE  ERIE,  THE  MAD  RIVER  RAILROAD,  fto. 

From  New  Yorit  to  Albany,  by  steamboat,  145  miles :  usual 
time,  8  hours.  From  Boston  to  Albany,  by  railroad,  200  miles : 
time  10  houn.  The  above  routes  meet  at  Albany ;  from  that  place, 
therefore,  the  route  to  Cincinnati  will  be  the  same  to  the  trav- 
eller both  from  New  York  and  Boston.  From  Albany  to  Buffo- 
lo,  by  raiboad,  325  miles:  time  22  hours.  From  Bufialo  to 
Sandusky  City,  250  miles,  by  steamboat,  over  Lake  Erie :  time 
20  hours.  F^m  Sandusky  City  to  Cincinnati,  by  the  cars  of 
the  Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  railroad,  and  Little  Miami  rail- 
road, a  distance  of  218  miles:  time  15  hours.  Total  distonce 
from  New  York.  938  miles :  time  65  hours.  From  Boston,  993 
miles :  time  67  hours. 

CiNoiNNATr,  the  most  populous  city  of  the  western  states,  is 
rituated  on  the  n.  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  opposite  to  the  mouth  of 
Licking  creek.  It  is  in  N.  Lat  39<>  06'  30",  and  W.  Long. 
70  24'  25".  The  population  in  1800  was  750  ;  m  1810, 2,540 ;  in 
1820, 9,602;  in  1880, 24,880;  in  1840, 46,883;  and  by  the  census  of 
1860, 116,108.  The  city  is  near  the  eastern  eitremity  of  a  val- 
ley about  twelve  miles  in  circumference,  surrounded  by  beauti' 
ful  hills,  which  rise  to  the  height  of  800  feet  by  gentle  and  vary- 
ing slopes,  and  whidi  are  mostly  covered  with  native  forest- trees. 
It  is  built  <m  two  table-lands,  the  one  elevated  from  40  to  60  ft 


1  ^• 


?  1 


( ' 


FROM  NEW  YORK  AND  BOSTON  TO  CINCINNA  TI. 


297 


[A 

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8. 


above  the  other.  The  city  ie  Iwd  out  with  great  regularity,  the 
streets,  some  of  which  are  60  feet  in  width,  intersecting  each 
other  at  right  angles.  Many  of  them  are  well  paved,  and  ex- 
tensively shaded  with  trees,  while  the  houses  are  ornamented 
with  shrubbery. 

The  shore  of  the  river  Ohio  at  the  principal  landing-place  is 
substantially  paved  to  low-water  mark,  and  is  supplied  by  float- 
ing wharves,  adapted  to  the  great  rise  and  fall  of  the  river, 
which  renders  the  landing  and  shipping  of  goods  at  all  times  con- 
venient 

The  city  is  well  supplied  by  water  raised  from  the  Ohio  by  a 
steam-engine,  and  forced  into  two  reservoirs  on  a  hill  700  feet 
distant. 

The  trade  of  Cincinnati  is  very  great ;  its  commanding  position 
on  the  Ohio  yearly  brings  to  it  a  large  accession  of  business. 
During  the  year  ending  Sept.  1847,  its  imports  amounted  to  the 
sum  of  $49,991,833.97,  and  its  exports  to  $55,735,352.27,  ma- 
king a  total  of  $105,727,086.24.  In  the  year  1843,  $14,500,000 
were  employed  in  manufactures,  and  articles  produced  to  the 
amount  of  $17,500,000. 

This  "  Queen  City  of  the  West"  enjoys  great  facilities  for 
trade  and  commerce ;  by  the  Ohio,  and  other  rivers  connect- 
ing with  it,  she  has  a  water  communication  of  some  thou* 
sands  of  miles.  In  1840,  88  steamboats  belonged  here,  33  of 
which  were  built  during  that  year.  It  is  also  the  greatest  pork 
market  in  the  world  ;  more  than  250,000  hogs  were  slaughtered 
here  in  1844,  which,  when  prepared  for  exportation,  were  esti- 
mated to  be  worth  upwards  of  $3,000,000. 

By  means  of  her  canals  and  rttilroads,  and  fine  macadamized 
roads,  she  has  an  immediate  intercourse  with  a  large  extent  o^ 
country,  and  also  with  Lake  Erie. 

Steamboats  leave  Cincinnati  daily  for  St  Louis,  New  Orleans, 
and  Pittsburg,  and  intermediate  places.  Care  also  leave  for 
Sandusky  City ;  and  by  steamboat  from  thence  to  Bufialo,  from 
which  place  travelleiE  san  proceed  to  Niagara  Falls,  Montreal, 
Quebec,  and  other  places  in  Canada ;  or  can  go  from  BuJSalo  to 
New  York,  Boston,  Saratoga  Springs,  Sec.  Stages  leave  Cin- 
cinnati for  St  Louis,  and  other  places ;  at  Xenia  they  connect 


■'■'MMMr- 


■'.JUT 


398 


RAILBOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


with  the  railroad,  carrying  paMengeri  ftoni  thenoe  to  Cleyo^ 
land,  &o.  /  .  >  5         . 


ROUTE  FROM  BUFFALO  TO  DETROIT  JJXJi  OHZOAaO. 
(Continned  from  page  900.) 

Steamboat!  leave  Buffiilo  for  Detroit  and  the  great  upper  lakea 
daily.  On  our  counse  from  Bufihlo  to  Detroit  we  Aiake  Mveral 
landings,  as  follows : — 

Erie,  Pa.,  90  miles,  is  situated  on  a  bluff,  affording  a  fine  pros- 
pect  of  Presque  Isle  Bay,  the  peninsula  which  forms  it,  and  the 
lake  beyond.  Its  harbor,  which  is  four  and  a  half  miles  long  by 
half  a  mile  wide,  is  one  of  the  best  on  Lake  Erie,  and  is  gener- 
ally free!  from  ice  a  mdnth  earlier  than  that  of  Bufiklo.  The 
building  and  equipment  of  Perry's  victorious  fleet  in  the  war  of 
1812  took  place  here.  In  70  days  from  the  time  when  the 
timber,  of  which  it  was  constructed,  was  standing  in  the  forest,  it 
was  ready  for  action. 

Our  second  landing  on  the  lake  is  at  Athtahula,  Ohio,  135 
miles ;  and  from  thence  we  proceed  to  Clbviland,  in  the  same 
state,  194  miles,  and  one  of  its  most  important  places.  It  has  a 
fine  situation  for  commerce,  the  lakes  giving  it  a  ready  access  to 
a  wide  extent  of  country.  Its  harbor,  which  is  formed  by  the 
mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga  river,  is  equal  to  the  best  on  Lake  Erie. 
A  portion  of  the  city  lies  on  the  river,  where  the  land  is  but  little 
elevated  above  the  level  of  the  lake ;  but  it  rises  by  a  steep  as- 
cent to  a  flat,  gravelly  plain,  80  feet  above  the  lake,  on  which  the 
city  is  mostly  built.  This  elevation  is  coutinueJi  to  the  shore  of . 
the  lake,  from  which  there  is  a  water  prospect  of  boundless  ex- 
tent In  1847,  the  population  was  12,769,  having  increased  6,698 
since  1840.  The  usual  fare  from  Bufialo  is  $2.00 :  tune  about 
16  hours.  The  following  are  among  the  best  of  the  hotels  in 
Cleveland : — the  New  England  HoutefOne  of  the  most  extensive 
and  splendid  in  the  country,  the  Franklin' Hdute,  Mantion 
House,  American  House,  Merchant^  Hotel,  &43. 

Huron  is  2^  miles,  and  Sanduskt  Cmr  250  nules:  the  latter 
is  situated  on  the  s.  side  of  Sandusky  Bay,  frontmg  the  opening 
into  Lake  Erie,  three  miles  distant,  of  whidb  it  has  a  delightfol 


- 


flgggimimmmmtmm 


R0UTJB.8  FROM  DETROIl  10  CHICAGO. 


?.lHl 


■ 


▼iew.  Excepting  during  the  winter  montlui,  ita  wharvee  are 
thronged  with  steamboata  and  other  lake  veasela,  arriving  and 
departing  coatinually.  Time  from  Buffalo  about  20  hours.  To- 
ledo, Ohio,  305  miles;  Monroe,  Mich.,  326  miles.  We  now 
arrive  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  372  miles  from  Bu&lo,  in  about  30 
hours.   "Fare  about  $5.00. 

Detroit  has  a  fine  situation  for  trade,  being  located  on  the  w. 
side  of  Detroit  river,  on  elevated  grouAd,  30  feet  above  its  snr* 
face — 7  miles  below  the  outlet  of  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  18.  miles 
above  the  w.  extremity  of  Lake  Erie.  It  has  already  become  a 
great  commercial  depot,  the  navigation  of  the  lake  and  river  be- 
ing open  for  two-thirds  of  the  year.  Pop.  about  20,000.  There 
are  here  several  excellent  hotels : — the  National,  Mansion  Houee, 
Michigan  Exchange,  Commercial,  Railroad,  Steamboat  Tern- 
perance,  Slc.  The  price  of  board  varies  from  75  cents  to  $lii5 
per  day 


t 


\ 


I 

i 


ROUTES  FROM  DETROIT  TO  OHIOAao. — Two  routes  now 
present  themselves:  either  by  the  way  of  lakes  Huron  and  Mich- 
igan ;  or  by  the  Central  Railroad,  and  stage,  across  the  state  of 
Mi<ihigau,  to  the  lake  of  that  name.  The  latter  is  the  most  ex- 
peditious, although  both  are  very  pleasant  and  agreeable  routes. 
By  the  railroad  line  the  traveller  will  arrive  in  Chicago  48  hours 
in  advance  of  the  lake  route. 

The  Railroad  Route. — ^The  cars  on  the  Michigan  Central 
Railroad  leave  Detroit  daily,  at  8  o'clock,  a.  m.,  and  arrive  at 
New  Buffalo,  (224  mile.-),)  the  termination  of  the  road  on  Lake 
Michigan,  in  about  1 2  hours.  A  steamboat  leaves  after  the  arrival 
of  the  cars,  conveying  passengers  to  Chicago,  a  distance  of  about 
65  miles.    Fare  to  Chicago,  if  paid  through  from  Buffitlo,  $6,50. 

From  Niles  there  is  a  steamboat  communication  with  St. 
Joseph,  a  place  situated  on  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  St. 
Joseph's  river.  Passengers  for  Wisconsin  and  Northern  Biinois 
can  take  conveyance  frum  this  place,  or  proceed  in  the  cars  to 
New  Bui&lo,  and  take  it  from  thence. 

Stc^e  lines  leave  Kalamazoo  and  Niles  for  places  in  Northern 
Indiana. 

Route  by  the  Lakes. — During  the  summer  season,  travellers 


m 


if        ■ 


800 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COBIFAHIOH. 


have  au  opportunity  of  going  from  BuffiUo'  and  Detroit  to  Chiea- 
go,  by  the  way  of  the  great  upper  lakea,  Huron  and  Michigan, 
stoppitag  at  all  the  principal  places.  The  distance  from  Detroit 
if  680  mileit,  and  from  Buffalo  1,05^2  miles. 

The  following,  which  is  a  summary  of  a  trip  taken  during  tM> 
summer  of  1847,  from  New  York  to  Chicago,  via  Alhany,  BuflSi- 
lo,  and  Detroit,  is  by  a  correspondent  of  one  of  our  daily  papers, 
and  will  convey  more  information,  for  those  about  taking  this  ex- 
cursion, than  any  description  we  could  give. 

Leaving  New  York  by  the  7  o'clock  boat,  on  Monday  evening, 
for  Albany,  you  breakfast  at  that  place  next  morning,  and  at  7^ 
o'clock  proceed  to  the  Railroad  Office,  and  get  a  through-ticket 
for  Buffalo,  for  which  you  pay  $6.60.  A  fter  an  hour's  ride  you 
reach  Scheuectady,  and  proceed  thence  on  the  way  to  Utica, 
where  you  stop  for  dinner ;  and  then  with  the  same  rapidity  fly 
away  to  Syracuse,  where  you  can  stop  till  morning,  if  too  much 
fatigued  to  ride  all  night ; — if,  however,  you  are  in  a  hurry,  you 
can  keep  your  seat  in  the  oars,  and  at  sunrise  the  next  morning 
will  find  yourself  in  Buffalo:  but  if  you  prefer  travelling  by  day- 
light, you  can  spend  the  night  in  Syracuse  or  Auburn,  and  the 
next  day  you  have  an  opportunity  to  see  the  beautiful  villages  of 
Geneva,  Canandaigua,  Batavia,  and  the  city  of  Rochester,  and 
arrive  in  Buffalo  in  the  evening  of  the  second  day — Wednesday. 

You  now  take  passage  on  one  of  the  large  and  elegant  Upper 
Lake  boats.  Here  you  generally  find  companies  of  ladies  and 
gentlemen,  bound  on  a  voyage  of  pleasure,  with  guns,  fishing- 
tackle,  harps,  flutes,  violins,  and  other  music.  The  next  morn- 
ing, which  is  Thursday,  you  land  nt  Cleveland  ;  and  here,  whQe 
the  boat  is  taking  in  wood,  &c.,  you  have  an  hour  or  two  to  ride 
around  the  town.  You  leave  Cleveland  at  11  or  12  o'clock,  and 
the  next  morning,  Friday,  at  daylight,  you  are  in  Detroit  An- 
other hour  or  two  is  spent  about  the  city,  and  you  are  off  for 
Mackinaw.  Saturday  morning  finds  you  moored  amidst  bark 
canoes  and  Indian  tents,  close  under  a  high  rocky  fort,  bristling 
with  a  hundred  cannon.  After  getting  a  breakfast  of  Mackinaw 
trout,  trying  your  luck  at  fishing  in  water  so  clear  that  you  can 
see  a  trout  twenty  feet  from  the  ^surface,  buymg  a  few  trinkets 

from  the  young  squaws,  visiting  the  forts  and  barracks,  jdki  sail 

-.  .•'.,■■■■  '■••.  f     ' 


r;.^  •^■:-. :.!,j^ 


ROUTES  FROM  DETROIT  TO  CHICAOt. 


801 


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a)  € 


forChioogOt  wh«re  yoa  arrive  on  Sunday  at  muuriM,  making  tha 
whole  trip  of  1,500  milea  in  five  daya,  at  an  expenae  of  $3l.00t 
all  told.  Tha^«r«  on  the  lakea  «  $8.00,  or  about  $3.00  a  day-' 
the  nune  as  at  an  hotel.    Thia  inclndea  pa«age  and  board. 

Chioaoo  if  ntuated  at  the  e.  end  of  Lake  Michigan,  on  both 
sidee  of  Chicago  river.  The  m.  and  s.  brancheo  of  the  river  unite 
three-fourtha  of  a  mile  from  the  lake,  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
city,  forming  a  harbor  from  50  to  75  yards  wide,  and  from  15  to 
35  feet  deep.  The  city  is  built  on  level  ground,  sufficiently  ele- 
vated to  be  secure  from  the  highest  floods.  The  surrounding 
country  is  fertile  and  pleasant  The  IUin(HS  and  Michigan  Canal, 
which  was  commenced  in  1836,  waa  completed  in  the  qnring  of 
1848.  It  unites  Lake  Michigan,  at  Chicago,  with  the  head  of 
navigation  on  the  Illinois  river  at  Peru,  thus  forming  a  connection 
between  the  Mississippi  river  and  the  lakes.  This  union  will  add 
greatly  to  the  importance  of  Chicago  as  a  commercial  depot  In 
1850  the  population  amounted  to  28,266.  The  Hotel§  are  the 
Sherman  Houte,  where  a  q>lendid  taUe  is  set ;  Lake  Houee, 
with  accommodations  equal  to  any  of  the  Eastern  hotels,  $li25 
per  day ;  the  Tremont  Houee,  Maneion  Houae,  Weetem  Hotelt 
Atneriean  Temperance  Houee,  and  many  other  excellent  houses, 
with  board  for  $1.00  per  day. 

Milwaukie,  in  Wisconsin,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  Milwau-/ 
kie  river,  near  iti  entrance  into  Lake  Michigan,  87  miles  n.  from 
Chicago.  Its  prowth  is  most  remarkable.  According  to  the 
census  taken  in  Dec.  1847,  the  population  wixe  14,071,  having> 
increased  since  June,  1846,  a  space  of  18  m<Miths,  4,563.  In  th« 
same  period  of  time  the  eountif  of  Milwaukie  had  gained  6JSSSir^. 
mcreasing  from  75,935  in  June,  1846,  to  83,747  in  Dec.  1847. 
This  place  is  the  natural  outlet  of  one  of  the  finest  regions  for  ce- 
real grains  in  the  United  Statee.  During  the  past  season  twa 
iarge  flouring  mills  have  been  erected  in  Milwaukie,  one  pro- 
polled  by  steam,  and  one  by  water-power;  and  it.is  ezpeoted 
that  two  more  will  go  into  operation  during  the  year  1848*. 
Ammig  the  hotels  in  Milwaukie  may  be  mentioned,  the  United 
Stote9f  Milwaukie  Houeey  and  City  Hotel*  Board  about  $1.35 
per  day.  During  the  season  of  navigation  steamboata  run  be  > 
tween  Milwaukie  and  Chicagoi    Pop.  in  1850,  20,086.i  m  ;  ^iir 


809 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Raeine,  in  Deo.  1847,  contained  3,000  inhabitant! — an  in* 
oroaae  of  388  within  eix  monthe ;  and  Southport  contained  at  the 
■ame  time  9,780.  Both  theee  placea  are  ■ituated'tti  Wieconain, 
on  the  w.  banic  of  Lake  Michigan,  ■.  from  Milwankle. 

FaoM  Chicago  to  Galena,  Illinois. — Stage  line*  ran  daily 
to  Oalena,  a  diatance  of  167  milee.  Fare  about  $8.00  time 
about  two  days.    A  railroad  is  projected  between  these  places. 

From  Chioaoo  to  St.  Louis. — By  stage,  or  by  the  Illinule  and 
Michigan  Canal  to  Peru,  on  the  Illinois  river,  100  miles;  and 
thence  by  tteamboat  down  the  river  to  St.  Louif.  "^ 

ST.  LOXns  is  one  of  the  most  important,  wealthy,  and  populous 
places  in  the  western  country.  It  is  situated  on  the  w.  bank  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  18  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri, 
— 174  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  river, — 1,194  above 
New  Oceans,  and  about  744  below  the  Falls  of  St  Anthony. 
Its  population,  according  to  the  census  of  1860,  was  81,000. 
The  situation  of  the  eity  for  commerce  is  not  surpassed  by 
fhat  of  any  other  place' in  the  west  or  southwest,  excepting  New 
Orleans, — having  the  Mississippi  and  Illinois  rivers  on  the  n.,  the 
Missouri  on  the  w.,  and  the  Ohio  and  its  tributaries  on  the  s.  ■. ; 
whilst  the  '<  Father  of  Waters"  furnishes  an  outlet  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  and  the  Atlantic  ocean  for  its  valuable  productions.  A 
vast  amount  of  furs  is  annually  collected  here.  In  the  year 
1847  it  owned  23,800  tons  of  steamboat  tonnage,  worth 
$1,547,000.  During  1846,  there  arrived  at  that  port,  exclusive 
of  801  flat-boats,  steamboats  with  a  tonnage  of  467,824  tons. 
The  total  annual  commerce  of  St.  Louis,  imports  and  exports 
included,  although  yet  in  its  infancy,  is  estimated  at  over 
$75,000,000,— equalling  nearly  one-third  of  the  whole  foreign 
commerce  of  the  United  States.  ??»  -,  j .'  *,  «?:«*? w  *5i.  I 

Numerous  steamboats  ply  regularly  between  St  Louis  and  all 
the  principal  places  on  the  Mississippi,  Ohio,  Missouri,  and  Illi- 
nois rivers,  dtc. ;  and  stages  depart  at  stated  intervals  for  places 
in  the  adjoining  states,  and  for  Louisville,  Cincinnati,  &c. 

FaoM  St.  Louis  to  Nbw  Orleans. — ^Take  the  steamboat  at 
St  Louis,  passing  down  the  Mississippi  river  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio,  174  miles ;  to  New  Madrid,  Mo.,  239 ;  to  Memphie,  Tenn., 
399 ;  to  Viekeburg,  Miss.,  784 ;  to  Natchez,  Miss.,  894 ;  to 


MEW  0RLBAN8. 


808 


Baton  Rouge,  La.,  1,074;  and  to  New  Orleane,  1,194  milea. 
Usual  time  about /our  dayi.  The  diatanoe  item  New  Orieana  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ia  104  milea. 


«•; 

ilf  of 
A 


NBW  OBLBANS,  the  capital  of  Louiiiana,  and  after  New 
York,  the  greateat  commercial  depot  in  the  American  Union,  k 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Miaiiaaippi  river,  104  miles  from 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  N.  Lat  29<>  57'  30",  and  in  W.  Long. 
90°  8'  from  Greenwich.  It  is  distant  from  New  York,  by  the 
shortest  route,  1,644  miles.  The  city  is  built  on  land  gently  de- 
scending from  the  river  towards  the  low  marshy  ground  iu  its 
rear.  The  Levee  is  an  embankment  of  earth,  raised  to  prevent 
an  overflow  of  the  waters  of  the  river ;  it  extends  from  Fort 
Plaquemine,  43  miles  below  the  city,  to  ISO  miles  above  it,  is  15 
feet  wide  and  four  feet  high,  and  forms  a  very  pleasant  prom- 
enade. The  poeition  of  this  city  as  a  vast  commercial  depot 
ia  unrivalled.  The  Mississippi,  with  its  numerous  tributaries, 
brings  to  its  market  the  products  of  30,000  miles  of  navigation. 
The  resources  of  this  great  valley  are  only  partially  developed. 
The  total  estimated  value  of  produce  received  from  the  interior 
from  the  1st  Sept.,  1846,  to  31st  Aug.,  1847,  was  $90,033,256; 
whilst  in  1844  it  was  only  $60,094,716.  The  total  receipts  of 
cotton,  from  let  Sept,  1846,  to  3l8t  Aug.,  1847,  were  740,669 
bales.  The  exports  were — to  Great  Britain,  385,368  bales ;  to 
France,  95,719 ;  other  foreign  ports,  83,920 :  total,  565,007.  The 
year  previous  835,775  bales  were  exported  to  foreign  parts. 

The  city  proper  is  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram,  extending 
along  the  river  1,320  yards ;  yet  its  whole  extent,  including  the 
fauxbourgs,  is  not  les^  than  five  miles  in  a  line  parallel  with  the 
river ;  and  extending  perpendicularly  to  it,  from  a  quarter  to  three 
quarters  of  a  mile ;  and  to  the  Bayou  St  John,  two  miles.  The 
view  of  the  city  from  the  river,  in  ascending  or  descending,  is 
beautiful.  During  the  busy  season  the  Levee  is  crowded  with 
vessels  from  all  parts  of  the  world  with  hundreds  of  steamboats, 
and  numerous  flat-boats  and  otner  craft.  Indeed,  nothing  can 
present  a  more  busy,  bustling  scene,  than  exists  here  at  this  time ; 
the  loading  and  unloading  of  vessels  and  steamers,  with  hundreds 
of  drays  transporting  tobacco,  cotton,  sugar,  and  the  various  and 


Il»i|iiij  .     .  mim    [J  III ,( I  I- 


«».'iiii>ii,   jH>||       iJiinmil  I 


t 


804 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFANIOir. 


imm^iiM  prodnett  of  the  fur  Weitj  make  a  riyid  imptmtAon  upon 
the  nund  of  the  ifaramger.  In  1840  the  popnlation  of  tiie  city  wall 
103,193  ;  according  to  the  cenaiu  taken  eeveti  yean  alterwiads^ 
it  had  decreased  9,570,  being  at  that  time  only  93,623  ;  and  all 
thiB  in  the  face  of  an  enlarged  trade.  Dnring  the  three  yean 
previooB  to  1847  there  had  been  aU  increase  of  $30,000,000  in 
the  receipts  of-  produce  alone,  from  the  interior  country.  From 
these  fieuiits  it  ha»  been  justly  c(mcluded,  that  an  error  must  have 
occurred  in  the  taking  of  the  census.   In  1860  it  was  146,000. 


MEXIOAir  GKJLF  BJUOiWAT^— Depot  in  New  Orleans,  comer 
of  Elyaian  Flekls  imd  Good  GhiMren-st,  Third  Municipality. 

To  ProcUHnnUe,  Lake  Bergae,  distance  27  miles.  Fm€  16 
c^nts.    Children  iuid  riaT^  35  cents  each. 

The  British  ste«tfBM  liirive  at  Ship  Island,  from  Southampton 
and  Havre,  dbout'the  Sd.^f  every  monthj  on  their  way  to  Vera 
Cms;  itadretainfhttn  thence  to  Shij:  lidand,  for  Havana  and 
Ei^l^toid,  on  the  31st  «nd  USld  of  eacli  month 


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